Background Human milk fortifier (HMF) composition has been optimized recently. But clinical evidence of its safety and efficacy is limited in Chinese population. The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of a new HMF in growth, nutritional status, feeding intolerance, and major morbidities among very preterm (VPT) or very low birth weight (VLBW) infants in China. Methods VPT/VLBW infants admitted from March 2020 to April 2021 were prospectively included in the experimental (new HMF, nHMF) group, who received a new powdered HMF as a breast milk feeding supplement during hospitalization. Infants in the control group (cHMF) admitted from January 2018 to December 2019, were retrospective included, and matched with nHMF group infants for gestational age and birth weight. They received other kinds of commercially available HMFs. Weight gain velocity, concentrations of nutritional biomarkers, incidence of major morbidities, and measures of feeding intolerance were compared between the two groups. Results Demographic and clinical characteristics of infants in nHMF and cHMF groups were comparable. Weight gain velocity had no significant difference between the nHMF (14.0 ± 3.5 g/kg/d) and the cHMF group (14.2 ± 3.8 g/kg/d; P = 0.46). Incidence of morbidities, including necrotizing enterocolitis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, retinopathy of prematurity, culture-confirmed sepsis, and feeding intolerance during hospitalization between nHMF and cHMF, were similar (all P -values > 0.05). The time to achieve full enteral feeding [13.5 (10, 21) days] in the nHMF group was significantly shorter than that in the cHMF group [17 (12, 23) days, HR = 0.67, 95%CI: 0.49, 0.92; P = 0.01]. Compared with cHMF group, the decrease of blood urea nitrogen level over time in nHMF group was smaller (β = 0.6, 95%CI:0.1, 1.0; P = 0.01). Conclusions The new HMF can promote growth of preterm infants effectively without increasing the incidence of major morbidity and feeding intolerance. It can be used feasible in Chinese VPT/VLBW infants. Trial registration This study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04283799).

To investigate the risk factors for death in critically ill neonates receiving continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). This retrospective study analyzed the clinical data of critically ill neonates receiving CRRT at two tertiary hospitals from January 2015 to December 2021. A multi-factor logistic regression analysis was performed, and the predictive value of relevant risk factors on death was verified by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. A total of 59 cases of critically ill neonates were included in this study, with a mortality of 37.3

目的 评价加强母乳喂养在降低新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)极低出生体重儿(VLBWI)坏死性小肠结肠炎(necrotizing enterocolitis,NEC)发生率的效果,分析VLBWI NEC发生的影响因素如危险因素或保护因素.方法 通过强化母乳喂养的方式,对前后两年在NICU住院的VLBWI进行持续质量改进管理.研究组为2016年1-12月医院NICU实施质量改进措施后收治的VLBWI,对照组为2015年1-12月NICU实施质量改进措施前收治的VLBWI,采用病例报告表的方式收集临床资料.对两组VLBWI的临床资料进行分析、总结,采用Logistic回归分析归纳NEC发生的影响因素.结果 NEC的发生率与母乳喂养、母亲妊娠期并发症[肝内胆汁淤积(intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy,ICP)、其他]、败血症、肺炎、肺炎合并休克、有血流动力学改变的动脉导管未闭(hemodynamic significant patent ductus arteriosus,hsPDA)、脐静脉置管(umbilical vein catheter,UVC)、出院时体重增长幅度等多种因素相关.对这些因素进行Logistic回归分析,结果显示:母乳喂养(OR=0.206,P=0.030)为极低出生体重儿NEC发生的保护因素,败血症(OR=6.222,P=0.013)是极低出生体重儿NEC发生的危险因素.结论 加强母乳喂养降低VLBWI NEC的发生具有良好效果.母乳喂养为VLBWI NEC发生的保护因素,败血症为VLBWI NEC发生的危险因素.积极提倡VLBWI母乳喂养,推动母乳库的建立,以降低其NEC发病率.

Abstract Objectives The present phenotype‐based disease classification causes ambiguity in diagnosing and determining timely, effective treatment options for primary immunodeficiency (PID). In this study, we aimed to examine the characteristics of early‐onset PID and proposed a JAK‐STATopathy subgroup based on their molecular defects. Methods We reviewed 72 patients (< 100 days) retrospectively. These patients exhibited various immune‐related phenotypes and received a definitive molecular diagnosis by next‐generation sequencing (NGS)‐based tests. We evaluated the PID‐causing genes and clinical parameters. We assessed the genes that shared the JAK‐STAT signalling pathway. We also examined the potential high risks related to the 180‐day death rate. Results We identified PID disorders in 25 patients (34.72%, 25/72). The 180‐day mortality was 26.39% (19/72). Early onset of disease (cut‐off value of 3.5 days of age) was associated with a high 180‐day death rate (P = 0.009). Combined immunodeficiency with associated or syndromic features comprised the most common PID class (60.00%, 15/25). Patients who presented life‐threatening infections were most likely to exhibit PID (odds ratio [OR] = 2.864; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.047‐7.836). Twelve out of 72 patients shared JAK‐STAT pathway defects. Seven JAK‐STATopathy patients were categorised as PID. They were admitted to NICUs as immunological emergencies. Most of them experienced severe infections and thrombocytopenia, with 4 succumbing to an early death. Conclusions This study confirmed that NGS can be utilised as an aetiological diagnostic method of complex immune‐related conditions in early life. Through the classification of PID as pathway‐based subtypes, we see an opportunity to dissect the heterogeneity and to direct targeted therapies.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the diagnostic and clinical utility of trio-rapid genome sequencing in critically ill infants. DESIGN: In this prospective study, samples from critically ill infants were analyzed using both proband-only clinical exome sequencing and trio-rapid genome sequencing (proband and biological parents). The study occurred between April 2019 and December 2019. SETTING: Thirteen member hospitals of the China Neonatal Genomes Project spanning 10 provinces were involved. PARTICIPANTS: Critically ill infants (n = 202), from birth up until 13 months of life were enrolled based on eligibility criteria (e.g., CNS anomaly, complex congenital heart disease, evidence of metabolic disease, recurrent severe infection, suspected immune deficiency, and multiple malformations). INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Of the 202 participants, neuromuscular (45%), respiratory (22%), and immunologic/infectious (18%) were the most commonly observed phenotypes. The diagnostic yield of trio-rapid genome sequencing was higher than that of proband-only clinical exome sequencing (36.6% [95% CI, 30.1–43.7%] vs 20.3% [95% CI, 15.1–26.6%], respectively; p = 0.0004), and the average turnaround time for trio-rapid genome sequencing (median: 7 d) was faster than that of proband-only clinical exome sequencing (median: 20 d) (p < 2.2 × 10–16). The metagenomic analysis identified pathogenic or likely pathogenic microbes in six infants with symptoms of sepsis, and these results guided the antibiotic treatment strategy. Sixteen infants (21.6%) experienced a change in clinical management following trio-rapid genome sequencing diagnosis, and 24 infants (32.4%) were referred to a new subspecialist. CONCLUSIONS: Trio-rapid genome sequencing provided higher diagnostic yield in a shorter period of time in this cohort of critically ill infants compared with proband-only clinical exome sequencing. Precise and fast molecular diagnosis can alter medical management and positively impact patient outcomes.

Objective:To study the correlations of neonatal hemodynamic parameters with gestational age (GA) and birth weight (BW) using non-invasive ultrasound cardiac output monitor (USCOM).Method:From March to September 2019, neonates with stable hemodynamics admitted to the Department of Neonatology of our hospital were enrolled in this prospective study. According to their GA, they were assigned into <29 w group, 29~33 w group, 34~36 w group and ≥37 w group. According to their BW, they were assigned into <1 000 g group, 1 000~1 499 g group, 1 500~2 499 g group and ≥2 500 g group. Cardiac output (CO), cardiac index (CI), stroke volume (SV), myocardial contractility (inotropy, INO), flow time corrected (FTC), systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) and heart rate (HR) were measured using USCOM. The univariate linear regression method was used to analyze the correlation of hemodynamic parameters with different GA and BW.Result:A total of 120 neonates with stable hemodynamics were enrolled, including 69 males and 51 females. The average GA was (34.2±3.8)w and the average BW was (2 221±860) g. SV ( r=0.489, P<0.001), CO ( r=0.681, P<0.001), CI ( r=0.348, P<0.001), FTC ( r=0.266, P=0.003), INO ( r=0.446, P<0.001)and HR ( r=-0.322, P<0.001) showed significant linear correlations with GA. No linear correlation existed between SVRI ( r=-0.052, P=0.574) and GA. SV ( r=0.603, P<0.001), CO ( r=0.852, P<0.001), CI ( r=-0.390, P<0.001), INO ( r=0.576, P<0.001) and HR ( r=-0.440, P<0.001) showed significant linear correlations with BW. No significant linear correlations existed between SVRI ( r=-0.076, P=0.409) or FTC ( r=0.090, P=0.329) and BW. Conclusion:USCOM can monitor neonatal hemodynamic parameters in real-time.Hemodynamic parameters including SV, CO, CI and INO are significantly different among newborns with different GA and BW and these parameters are linearly correlated with GA and BW.

Objective:To compare the effect of SMOF lipids composed of soybean oil, medium chain triglycerides, olive oil, and fish oil with medium-long chain mixed fat emulsions(Lipofundin) on parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis(PNAC) in premature infants.Methods:Clinical data were collected from premature infants hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit of Shanghai Children′s Hospital from January 2018 to December 2019 with gestational age ≤34 weeks, birth weight ≤2 000 g, and duration of parenteral nutrition ≥14 days.They were devided into SMOF lipid group and Lipofundin group, and the incidence of PNAC, neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis(NEC), bronchopulmonary dysplasia(BPD), retinopathy of prematurity(ROP), periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage(PVH-IVH), late-onset sepsis and liver function were compared between two groups.Results:The incidence of PNAC in the SMOF lipid group was significantly lower than that in Lipofundin group( P=0.042). The average level of ALT and AST in SMOF lipid group were markedly lower than those in Lipofundin group( P<0.05). The time to reach full enteral feeding of SMOF lipid group was shorter than that of Lipofundin group( P=0.005). There was no significant difference in the incidence of NEC, BPD, ROP, PVH-IVH, and late-onset sepsis between two groups( P>0.05). Conclusion:Compared with lipofundin, SMOF lipid can reduce the incidence of PNAC in premature infants, and has no significant effect on the incidence of NEC, BPD, ROP, PVH-IVH and late-onset sepsis.

目的:探讨尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸转移酶1A1（uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyl-transferase 1A1，UGT1A1）基因突变与新生儿不明原因重度高胆红素血症的关系。方法:采用回顾性病例对照研究的方法，选择2015年1月至2020年9月上海市儿童医院收治的不明原因重度高胆红素血症且取外周血进行UGT1A1基因检测的患儿为高胆组，选择千人基因组数据库收录的211位健康中国汉族人基因数据为对照组。记录患儿突变位点及突变频率，应用SPSS 23.0统计软件对两组进行比较，分析各突变位点与新生儿重度高胆红素血症发生的关系。结果:高胆组纳入240例，对照组纳入211例。高胆组单突变位点突变主要包括c.211G>A、c.1091C>T、c.1456T>G、c.-3279T>G及TA7插入突变，其中c.211G>A突变率最高，为65.0%（156/240），A等位基因频率高于对照组（43.8%比19.0%），差异有统计学意义（ P<0.001）；高胆组c.1456T>G突变率3.8%（9/240），G等位基因频率高于对照组（1.9%比0.2%），差异有统计学意义（ P<0.05）。二元Logistic回归分析显示c.211G>A突变可增加重度高胆红素血症的发生风险（ OR=2.777，95% CI 1.870~4.123）。 结论:UGT1A1基因c.211G>A突变是新生儿高胆红素血症患儿最常见的基因突变类型，可增加新生儿不明原因重度高胆红素血症的风险。

Objective:To study the efficacy of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(ECMO)combined with continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in the treatment of critically ill newborns.Method:The critical newborns treated by ECMO combined with CRRT in neonatal intensive care unit of the Shanghai Children's Hospital from November 2016 to December 2018 were studied retrospectively. The primary disease, the main cause of ECMO treatment, treatment age, birth weight, duration of combination therapy, complications, clinical outcomes of the 4 neonates were collected and studied. The changes of leukocytes, platelets, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, output and blood gas analysis were compared before and after ECMO combined with CRRT. T-test was used to analyze the data.Result:A total of 4 critically ill newborns were included, including 1 case of neonatal meconium aspiration syndrome and 3 cases of pulmonary hypertension. ECMO mode was arterial-venous ECMO and CRRT mode was continuous venous-venous hemofiltration dialysis. The statistical results were as follows: gestational age(38.8±1.6)weeks, birth weight (3 643±346) g, age of admission (9.8±6.6)h, ECMO on board age (68.0±70.7)h, oxygen index before ECMO 51.8±17.5, ECMO treatment time (135.0±73.0)h, CRRT time (90.5±56.2)h. One day after treatment, the fluid output was significantly increased compared with that before treatment [(4.30±1.66) ml/ (kg·h) vs. (1.24 ±0.50) ml/ (kg·h)] ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in leukocytes, platelets, creatinine, glutamic pyruvic transaminase and lactic acid before and after treatment( P>0.05). During the treatment, there were 1 case of intracranial hemorrhage, 1 case of hemolysis and 1 case of wound hemorrhage. 2 cases survived and 2 demised. Conclusion:ECMO combined with CRRT can achieve better results in the treatment of acute renal injury and fluid overload in critically ill newborns.

Background Sepsis is the leading cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The aim of the study is to explore the efficacy and security of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in the treatment of neonatal sepsis-related AKI. Method Totally12 sepsis-related AKI neonates treated with CRRT were hospitalized in the NICU of Shanghai Children’s Hospital between November 2012 and November 2019, and the clinical data of these 12 cases were retrospectively analyzed. Renal function, acid-base balance, electrolytes, blood pressure and hemodynamics indexes were recorded before CRRT initiation, 12/24/48 h after CRRT initiation and at the end of CRRT respectively. The efficacy of CRRT was evaluated and the clinical outcome was observed in these 12 sepsis-related AKI neonates. Repeated measurement analysis of variance was used for statistical analysis of the data. Result (1) Continuous veno-venous hemodialysis filtration (CVVHDF) was used in 12 cases of sepsis-related AKI neonates. There were 6 cases with oliguria, 3 cases with fluid overload (FO), 3 cases with septic shock. The duration of CRRT was 49 ~ 110 h, average (76.2 ± 23.5) h. (2) The blood pressure (BP) of 12 sepsis -related AKI neonates could reach the normal level (40–60 mmHg) 12 h after CRRT initiation, and the normal BP level could be maintained during the CRRT treatment. After 12 h CRRT, the blood pH value increased to the normal range (7.35 ~ 7.45). After 12 h CRRT treatment, the oxygenation index of 12sepsis-related AKI neonates could reach 200 mmHg. After 24 h CRRT treatment, it could rise to more than 300 mmHg. Serum potassium, serum urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels decreased significantly 12 h after CRRT initiation, and reached the normal range 24 h after CRRT initiation. The urine volume significantly increased 24 h after CRRT initiation. (3) Venous catheterization was performed successfully in all sepsis-related AKI neonates. We observed 2 cases of thrombocytopenia, 1 case of obstruction and 1 case of hypotension in the course of CRRT. There were no complications such as hypothermia, hemorrhage, thrombosis and infection.11 neonates were cured and discharged. One neonate was treated with CRRT and passed through the oliguria stage of AKI, but died after the parents gave up the treatment. Conclusions It is safe and effective to treat neonatal sepsis-related AKI with CRRT, which should be an effective measure for the treatment of sepsis-related AKI neonates.

To identify next-generation-sequencing (NGS) clinical usability and to propose a standard diagnostic routine for critically ill infants, aged less than 100 days and suspected of having a genetically heterogeneous condition, a retrospective study was conducted between January 2016 and December 2018 at neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) of three tertiary hospitals in Shanghai, China. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) or panel sequencing was performed on 307 patients. Trio-WES, trio-panel, proband-WES, and proband-panel diagnostic yields were 39.71% (83/209), 68.75% (22/32), 59.09% (26/44), and 33.33% (4/12), respectively. Definitive molecular diagnoses of 142 infants (46.25%) uncovered 99 disorders; 21 disorders displayed on 44.37% of the diagnosed patients. Genetic etiologies were identified for 61.73% (50/81) of the deceased infants. One in three (29.58%) diagnosed infants exhibited one of the following four clinical traits which had a higher odds of diagnostic rate: integument abnormality (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 19.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.5-156.3), complex immune-related phenotypes (aOR, 9.2; 95% CI, 1.4-83.5), mixed nervous system phenotypes and congenital anomalies (aOR, 5.0; 95% CI, 1.3-19.1), or mixed metabolism and nervous system phenotypes (aOR, 4.5; 95% CI, 1.0-21.5). Our results demonstrated that NGS was an effective diagnostic tool. Infants exhibiting integument, complex immune-related conditions, metabolism, and nervous signs have higher chances of carrying variants in known disease-causing genes. The number of specific phenotypes could be used as an independent predictor of a positive molecular diagnosis, rather than an isolated abnormality. We developed a molecular diagnostic procedure for the use of NGS for diagnosis in Chinese NICU population based on individual characteristics.

Flexible bronchoscopy (FB), developed in the 1960s, is widely used in the clinical practice of pediatrics and has demonstrated fundamental value in clinical diagnoses and treatment. However, as an invasive procedure, the use of FB is limited due to concerns regarding the tolerance of the procedure and the possible complications in neonatal units. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the clinical safety and efficacy of flexible bronchoscopy (FB) in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Neonates (n=54) who received FB in the NICU of Shanghai Children's Hospital between January 2012 and December 2016 were enrolled as the experimental group and another 54 neonates who required nebulization and tracheal secretion suction treatments were the control group. Indicators including blood gas, complete blood count, C-reactive protein (CRP), X-ray, patient breathing rate, temperature and blood pressure were monitored prior to and following the procedure. No significant differences in sex, gestational age, birth weight or postnatal age were observed between the experimental group and the control group (P>0.05). Among the 54 FB patients, several cases with side effect were identified, including 18 (33.3%) with respiratory tract stenosis, nine (16.7%) with malacia and stenosis and six (11.1%) with esophagotracheal fistula. Among the 54 members of the control group, 44 neonates (81.4%) were discharged with improved condition, five (9.3%) succumbed and five patients (9.3%) abandoned the treatment and left the hospital. Bronchoalveolar lavage demonstrated consistent results with respiratory secretion culture or tracheal tube culture. In comparison between the experimental and the control groups, no significant difference in pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) and HCO3 - was observed, while there were no statistical differences in the values of pH, PCO2 and HCO3 - (P>0.05). However, PO2 was significantly increased, and CRP was significantly reduced, following FB procedure compared with prior to FB (P<0.05). No pneumothorax, shock, other severe complications, fever or diffused pneumonia were observed during or after FB. The data from the present study demonstrated that FB is a safe and effective strategy for the diagnosis and differentiation of neonatal respiratory diseases in NICU.

目的 探讨上海市危重新生儿会诊抢救单中心超低(＜1000g)和极低(＜1 500g)出生体质量儿的救治、临床转归及并发症变迁情况.方法 选取2008年1月至2017年12月于上海交通大学附属儿童医院新生儿科住院治疗、出生体质量＜1 500 g的新生儿,对其临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 共纳入出生体质量＜1 500 g的新生儿690例,其中存活502例(72.8％),死亡96例(13.9％),自动出院92例(13.3％).近5年(2013-2017年)出生体质量＜1 000 g的早产儿存活率较前5年(2008-2012年)下降[45.2％(33/73) vs 64.7％(11/17),P＜0.05].低体温是超低、极低新生儿中发生率最高的并发症,近5年与前5年相比其发生率差异无统计学意义[81.0％(363/448)vs 82.6％(200/242),P＞0.05];新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征[70.1％(314/448) vs 26.9％(65/242),P＜0.01]、支气管肺发育不良[19.4％(87/448) vs 9.5％(23/242),P＜0.01]、新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎[16.3％(73/448) vs 6.2％(15/242),P＜0.01]和感染[50.4％(226/448)vs 29.8％(72/242),P＜0.01]的发生率近5年较前5年有所增加,而窒息[36.6％(164/448) vs 41.7％(101/242),P＜0.01]、早产儿视网膜病[1.3％(6/448) vs 5.0％(12/242),P＜0.01]、低血糖[11.2％(50/448)vs 17.8％(43/242),P＜0.05]的发生率较前下降.结论 出生体质量＜1 500g的早产儿存活率仍较低,窒息、感染等仍是威胁早产儿存活的重要因素,亟需进一步加强产科与新生儿科的协作以改善早产儿预后.

Xia Wang Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Xinhua Hospital Tianwen Zhu Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Xinhua Hospital Xiaohui Gong Shanghai Children's Hospital: Children's Hospital of Shanghai Fei Bei Shanghai Childrens Medical Center A liated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Li Ma Shanghai Children's Hospital: Children's Hospital of Shanghai Yan Chen Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Xinhua Hospital Dongying Zhao Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Xinhua Hospital Jingjing Sun Shanghai Children's Hospital: Children's Hospital of Shanghai Jian Wang Shanghai Childrens Medical Center A liated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Gang Qiu Shanghai Children's Hospital: Children's Hospital of Shanghai Jianhua Sun Shanghai Childrens Medical Center A liated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Yu Sun Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Xinhua Hospital yongjun Zhang (  zhangyongjun@sjtu.edu.cn ) Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Xinhua Hospital https://orcid.org/0000-0001-93261012

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the most common chronic lung disease (CLD) in premature infants. The present study was designed to elucidate the regulation of miRNA-547-3p on adrenomedullin (ADM) during the pathogenesis of BPD. We used Agilent Human 4x44K Gene Expression Microarrays v2 and miRCURY LNA (TM) microRNA Array to identify the differently expressed miRNA and its potential target genes, and certified them again by luciferase reporter gene analysis. We only retained target genes that met the following two conditions: first, coexisting in two databases, and second, expressing differences, and then identifying target genes by luciferase reporter gene analysis. Thus, we selected miRNA-574-3p and its target gene ADM for further research. We used real-time q-PCR to determine the expression of miRNA-574-3p and its target gene ADM in premature infants with BPD. We used microarray expression to analyze BPD samples and non-BPD samples and found that there were 516 differently expressed probes between them. The 516 differently expressed probes included 408 up-regulated probes and 108 down-regulated probes. The blood samples of BPD infants were detected by real-time q-PCR and found that the expression of miRNA-574-3p was decreased, while the expression of ADM was significantly increased. Luciferase reporter gene analysis showed that hsa-miR-574-3p can regulate the expression of luciferase with ADM 3'UTR, and decrease it by 61.84%. It has been reported in the literature that ADM can protect the premature infants with BPD. The target gene ADM of miRNA-574-3p may contribute to the prevention and treatment of BPD.

Objective To study efficacy and safety of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in the treatment of neonatal sepsis-related acute kidney injury (AKI).Method From June 2011 to June 2018,neonates with sepsis-related AKI hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit of our hospital and treated with CRRT were enrolled.Before CRRT,12 h,24 h,48 h after CRRT and by the end of CRRT,their clinical data including renal function,acid-base balance,electrolytes,blood pressure (BP)and the change of hemodynamic indexes were retrospectively analysed.The efficacy and safety of CRRT was evaluated.Kruskal-wallis H test was used for statistical analysis.Result A total of 9 cases of sepsis-related AKI neonates were enrolled in the study,all treated with continuous veno-venous hemofiltration dialysis.5 cases had oliguria,2 cases fluid overload and 2 cases shock.The duration of CRRT was 49 ～ 110 h (76.2 ±23.5) h.12 h after CRRT,BP were maintained at 40 ～60 mmHg and stable during the treatment,the blood pH value increased to 7.35 ～ 7.45 and the oxygenation index reached 200 mmHg.24 h after CRRT,the oxygenation index rose to more than 300 mmHg.Serum potassium,urea nitrogen and creatinine levels decreased significantly after 12 h of CRRT,and reached the normal range after 24 h of CRRT.After 24 h of CRRT,the urine volume significantly increased.Venous catheterization was performed successfully in 9 cases.2 cases had thrombocytopenia,1 case catheterization obstruction and 1 case hypotension during CRRT.No complications such as hypothermia,hemorrhage,thrombosis or infection occurred.All 9 patients were cured and discharged.Conclusion CRRT is safe and effective for the treatment of neonatal sepsis-related AKI.

Objective To explore the efficacy of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in the treatment of neonatal acute kidney injury (AKI).Methods Totally 17 critically ill neonates treated with CRRT were selected who were hospitalized at Department of Neonatology,Shanghai Children's Hospital,Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University,from June 2012 to June 2017,and among them there were 15 cases with AKI,and the clinical data of these 15 patients were retrospectively analyzed,while 15 AKI neonates were treated with CRRT combined with conventional treatment.The model for CRRT was continuous veno-venous hemofiltration dialysis (CVVH-DF) in 13 cases,plasma exchange (PE) in 2 cases.The changes of blood pressure(BP),renal function,electrolyte,acid-base balance index and hemodynamic indicators were analyzed respectively before CRRT treatment,12 h,24 h,48 h after treatment and by the end of CRRT treatment.The efficacy of CRRT treatment was evaluated in these 15 AKI neonates.Results Gestational age of 15 AKI newborns was 33 +4-40 +1 weeks,admission day age was 2-28 days,birth weight was 2.25-4.00 kg.Primary diseases were severe asphyxia in 6 cases,neonatal septicemia in 5 cases,congenital hereditary metabolic disease in 2 cases,traumatic asphyxia in 1 case,and liver failure in 1 case.CRRT treatment persisted for 49-190 hours.BP value [(50.8 ± 6.57) mmHg(1 mmHg =0.133 kPa)] could reach normal level after 12 h CRRT treatment,and blood pH value (7.31 ± 0.25) increased significantly after 12 h CRRT treatment,while blood K+[(5.51 ±1.86) mmoL/L],urea nitrogen (BUN) [(9.5 ±3.7) mmol/L],creatinine(Cr) [(93± 14)μmol/L] significantly decreased after 12 h CRRT treatment,and reached the normal range [K + (4.78 ± 2.95)mmol/L,BUN (7.5 ±2.1) mmol/L,Cr (54 ± 13) μmol/L] after 24 h treatment,but urine volume[(0.8 ±0.2)mL/(kg· h)] significantly increased after 24 h treatment.Partial pressure of oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen reached 200 mmHg after 12 h treatment and more than 300 mmHg after 24 h treatment.CRRT treatment of 15 AKI neonates turned out to be effective.Conclusions CRRT can effectively improve the internal environment of AKI neonates and reduce the death rate of neonatal AKI,which can provide an effective adjuvant treatment measures for the treatment of AKI neonates.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is by far one of the most advanced life support technology,which provides temporary cardiopulmonary support and earns precious time for patients waiting for the recovery of organ function.However,due to various factors and constraints,this technology is still at the initial stage of application in neonatal field in China.In the meantime,there are many problems to deal with.This article will mainly discuss about several aspects in ECMO management,including choice of patients,timing to start,choice of ECMO mode,management of running ECMO,complications and ethic issues.

Objective To evaluate the safety,feasibility,complications and outcome of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in neonates weighting less than 3 000 g.Method A total of 6 neonates weighting less than 3 000 g treated with CRRT in the Department of Neonatology,Shanghai Children's hospital,from January 2015 to December 2017 were studied.The birth weight,primary disease,indications of CRRT,treatment duration,age,complications and outcome of the neonates were collected and analyzed.Serum creatinine (Scr),blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and blood ammonia were analyzed before and after CRRT.T test was used for statistical analysis of the data.Result (1) Among the 6 neonates,2 were full-term infants and 4 were premature infants.The average gestational age of the neonates was (35.0± 2.1) weeks and the average birth weight was (2 542±586) g.(2) The catheterization was successful in all of the 6 neonates.The model for CRRT was continuous veno-venous hemofiltration dialysis,and the duration was 50(48,154)h,the neonates' age of CRRT was 3.0(2.0,4.5)days.The primary disease included 3 perinatal asphyxia,1 hemolytic uremic syndrome,1 ornithine transcarboxylase deficiency,1 jejunal atresia.There were 5 patients with acute kidney injury and fluid overload,and another one with hyperammonemia.(3) Compared with before CRRT,serum creatinine,urea nitrogen and serum ammonia all decreased significantly and reached the normal range after CRRT.(4)The complications of CRRT in the 6 neonates included 2 hypotension,1 hypokalemia,1 hypocalcemia and 1 hypophosphatemia.Catheter related infection,blockage and other complications had not occurred.(5) After treatment,3 patients survived,1 witdrew and 2 died.Conclusion The application of CRRT in neonates with weight less than 3 000 g is safe and feasible,the prognosis and survival rate of which can be improved with fewer and controllable complications.

目的 比较孕周35周以上无急性胆红素脑病的同族免疫性溶血高胆红素血症新生儿强光治疗6h后血胆红素水平降至换血阈值以下但降低水平＜34 μmol/L时,选择换血与继续强光治疗的效果.方法 纳入2015年1月1日-2018年10月31日上海市儿童医院孕周35周以上同族免疫性溶血高胆红素血症新生儿60例,分为换血组(28例)和非换血组(32例),统计黄疸消退时间,头颅MRI、脑干听觉诱发电位(BAEP)、新生儿神经行为评分(NBNA评分)异常发生率,核黄疸确诊、可能、疑似的患儿比例,以及输血或血制品不良反应的发生率.结果 住院期间,换血组黄疸消退时间为(6.5±1.2)d,显著短于非换血组的(9.5±1.8)d(P＜0.01);首次BAEP异常的发生率为10.7％(3/28),有低于非换血组37.5％(12/32)的趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);头颅MRI异常、NBNA评分异常和输血或血制品不良反应发生率分别为17.9％(5/28)、0和10.7％(3/28),与非换血组34.4％(11/32)、9.4％(3/32)和3.1％(1/32)的差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05).住院期间发生输血或血制品不良反应的4例患儿中,换血组3例,均为血小板减少;非换血组1例,为皮疹.出院后3～＜4个月复查,换血组和非换血组分别有2和5例失访,失访者均为住院期间首次MRI和BAEP正常者.换血组复查头颅MRI和BAEP异常的发生率均为3.8％(1/26),非换血组分别为18.5％(5/27)、14.8％(4/27),两组间的差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05).两组均无核黄疸确诊和可能病例;换血组核黄疸疑似息儿比例为7.7％(2/26),有低于非换血组25.9％(7/27)的趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).9例核黄疸疑似患儿中,换血组BAEP异常和MRI异常各1例,均为住院期间首次BAEP或MRI异常患儿;非换血组MRI异常3例,BAEP异常2例,MRI和BAEP同时异常2例,均为住院期间首次BAEP或MRI异常患儿.两组均未发现住院期间首次BAEP或头颅MRI正常而出院后3～＜4个月复查异常的患儿,非换血组住院期间首次BAEP异常的12例患儿中8例在出院后3～＜4个月复查时恢复正常.结论 孕周35周以上无急性胆红素脑病的同族免疫性溶血高胆红素血症新生儿,换血准备过程中强光治疗6h后血胆红素水平降至换血阈值以下但降低水平＜34μmol/L时,尽管换血治疗可以缩短黄疸消退时间,但并不能明确其对减轻听力损害和神经异常有确切作用,故需谨慎选择.