"新唯物主义立脚点"问题事实上指涉的是马克思哲学"切中何种现实"的问题,这一问题是研究马克思哲学所应该回答的前提性问题.从马克思经典文本所呈现出的内容来看,"新唯物主义立脚点"既不是与资产阶级社会相对的共产主义,也不是政治立场层面的无产阶级以及被抽象理解的"实践"范畴.具体来说,"新唯物主义立脚点"中的"人类社会"即"人的社会性存在所构成的共同体";"社会化的人"即"处于一定社会关系下相互联系的人".从"人类社会或社会化的人类"所能提炼出的一个共同点就是"人的关系性存在"或者说"人的社会性存在".所以,"新唯物主义立脚点"是以人的关系性存在为前提的历史性、总体性的"社会存在".并且,马克思关注的还不是一般意义而言的社会存在,而是在"经验性社会存在"基础上"可感觉而又超感觉"的"社会关系".

"马克思哲学的本体论基础"作为马克思主义基础理论研究的一个"真命题",对于我们深刻领会马克思哲学的精神原貌和理论旨趣具有不可替代的意义.马克思哲学、包括现代西方哲学所提出的"终结本体论"实质上都是对传统哲学"实体本体论"的"终结".而要想使本体论的研究彻底摆脱"实体本体论",就必须从哲学思维方式这个前提出发,实现对本体论化的哲学思维方式变革.马克思哲学的"实践观点的思维方式"一反传统哲学的"知性思维方式",在综合传统哲学"两极"本体的基础上,对真正的"本体"作出了合理解释,即人的活动背后的社会关系.从马克思哲学思想发展的逻辑进程来看,马克思哲学不同时期的本体论可以用实践本体论、生产劳动本体论、社会存在本体论等"特殊本体论"进行概括.但是,从思想连贯性和总体性的角度来看,马克思哲学的本体论应该概括为以"社会关系"为表征的"基础本体论".

人类要想实现与自然的真正和解,就必须解决一个前提性问题,即如何看待和理解"自然".对于这个问题的回答也是将不同生态哲学流派区分开来的根本标志.生态现象学作为一种反传统知识论哲学的现代哲学,它试图通过建构一种自然意义、社会意义和文化意义相统一的"自然"概念——"生活世界化的自然",将自然原初的被隐匿了的价值意义重新凸显出来,以引导人类走上通往与自然和解的道路.生态现象学的自然观念既不同于生态中心主义所主张的脱离人的生活世界来谈生态保护,也区别于人类中心主义所主张的将自然仅仅看作是工具价值层面"为我而生"的对象性存在."生活世界化的自然"在"此在"的意义上来理解自然,是在日常生活中与"我"照面的,承载着各种价值意义,能够为人类的生命活动中所真切体验到的活生生的自然.生态现象学试图借助"生活世界化的自然"的"基底样式",推动人类在"遭遇自然"—"体验自然"—"审美自然"的交往过程中,赋予自然以人性的同时,重新唤醒人性的生态化一面,进而引导饱受工具理性摧残的现代人类实现与自然的真正和解.

在马克思的思想论域下,劳动作为人类最本质的生存方式和人类历史发展进步的基本动力,是历史唯物主义所关注的核心论题.因而在当代马克思主义生态思想的构建过程中,连接人与自然的中介——"劳动"是极其重要的研究维度.马克思劳动理论中关于"劳动创造美"和"美的规律"的相关论述,蕴含着丰富而深刻的生态审美意蕴.这一理论从人与自然关系连接的中介——人的劳动实践出发,倡导的是人与自然和谐共生、永续发展的"自然之美"和"人性之美"的统一.其具体表现为"美的规律""自由劳动"及"人的本质"的经典"三位一体"架构:劳动是建构人与自然生态审美关系的现实中介;自由劳动是生成人与自然之间"自然之美"的必要条件;"美的规律"是马克思劳动理论生态审美意蕴的内在尺度.科学阐释马克思劳动理论中的生态审美意蕴,不仅对于我们深刻理解马克思生态思想的历史唯物主义基础、捍卫历史唯物主义劳动理论的生态性具有重要理论意义;而且对于推动实践主体向生态人性的复归、培育与生态文明相适应的"真善美"道德意识和生态价值观具有重要现实意义.

中国经济社会发展已经到了必须处理好经济发展与生态环境保护关系的关键节点.为此,党和国家领导人在讲话中曾多次反复强调,保护生态环境就是保护生产力,改善生态环境就是发展生产力.生态环境本身已经成为生产力不可缺少的重要组成部分,是生产力的关键要素;生态环境是一种生态生产力;保护和改善生态环境的力量是一种社会生产力.新时代中国特色生态文明思想中关于生产力与生态环境保护关系的新理念与马克思主义生产力理论是一脉相承的,是马克思主义生产力理论中国化的最新理论成果.

The microstructure and wear behavior of AISI 304 stainless steel after Nd:YAG pulsed laser surface melting (LSM) were investigated. The microstructural features of the LSM layer were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscope and high-resolution transmission electron microscope. Experimental results showed that the microstructure was obviously refined to the nano- and sub-micrometer scales on the AISI 304 stainless steel surface after LSM treatment. Fine grains with grain size of less than 200 nm were obtained when the applied laser energy densities were in the range of 1.90×107 to 3.52×107J/m2 during LSM. The results indicated that the calculated surface temperature, cooling rate, and measured grain size are closely related to the adopted laser energy densities. The lower the laser energy density is, the lower the surface temperature, and the faster the cooling rate, the finer the grain size. In addition, the microhardness and wear resistance of the stainless steel was significantly improved. Finally, the wear mechanism after LSM process was revealed.

社区志愿服务事业作为基层社区治理的基础构成内容,在基层社区治理过程中的地位和重要性开始逐步显现,并且正日益成为现代社区治理体系的重要环节之一.当前,我国社区志愿服务存在制度不完善、体系不健全等问题.对此,应建立和完善相关的法律制度机制,对社区志愿者实行专业化分类,并对志愿服务实行项目化运作,以提升社区志愿者参与社区治理和服务质量.

进入21世纪以来,城市群建设已成为促进我国区域协调发展的重要方式.东北城市群主要包括辽中南城市群和哈长城市群,二者处于全国“两横三纵”城市化战略格局的北部、京广线纵向“动脉”的北线终端,是全国主体功能区的重要组成部分,在我国新型城镇化建设、区域协调发展等战略中占有极其重要的地位.构建以哈长、辽中南为轴带核心的立体化城市群,不仅可有效解决东北城市等级、规模、结构扁平化,以及省域单极核心城市带动效应不强、政企关系不协调、产业结构调整滞后、人才流失严重和生态环境恶化等现实困境,而且对于东北地区培育经济发展新动能、促进区域协调发展具有重要的现实意义.

有机马克思主义以怀特海的过程哲学思想为理论基础,以中国正在进行的社会主义生态文明建设为现实依据,在马克思的辩证法及历史唯物主义的理论视域下,将自然科学的有机性和社会历史运行的过程性实现了有机的结合,为批判资本主义生产方式的逐利本性所造成的生态灾难和现代主义假设的逻辑悖论提供了全新的理论场域.有机马克思主义的出场,在某种程度上为全球经济的发展提供了新的着眼点,也为当今中国正在进行的生态文明建设提供了许多值得借鉴之处.

TiBCN ceramic powders and Mn powders were mixed with the mess ratios of TiBCN:Mn = 100:0, 95:5, 90:10, 80:20, 60:40, respectively. Then the mixed powers were laser coated on the surface of Ti6-Al4-V(TC4) with a 5 kW CO2laser. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) attached with energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to analyze the morphology of TiBCN particles, microstructure and phase in the coated layer. There is no crack formed in the coating. TiBCN particles were partially melted and the melt was reacted with metal to form compounds such as TiN0.2, Al3Ti, TiAl and MnB. TiBCN particles were self-organized as dendrite structures. Mutual diffusion between TiBCN and matrix occurred. Al was dissolved into TiBCN to form quintuple solid solution Ti(Al)BCN. It was shown that the maximum hardness of laser coated layer was up to HV1300. Wear resistance of the coated material increased by a factor of 4 as compared with the matrix.

"人类中心主义"和"自然中心主义"的争论一直是环境伦理学的发展主线,但是理论前提预设的矛盾和混乱导致其并不能对环境问题作出科学的回答,因而只能对人类行为进行道德层面的要求。在反对环境破坏上,马克思主义与环境伦理学有着相同的理论旨趣,马克思从历史唯物主义出发,在实践的基础上科学阐释了人与自然究竟以何种关系存在,进而回答了环境问题的根本原因,在理论上极富前瞻性地消解了两种中心主义,为环境伦理学进一步发展提供了必要的理论基础。

乔纳森·休斯的《生态与历史唯物主义》一书从生态问题的定义出发,以马克思的基本文本为依据,在历史唯物主义理论视域的大前提下,为我们发掘、概括了马克思生态思想的几个基本维度。在这里,乔纳森·休斯将它们分别呈现为:生态依赖原则、生态生产力原则和真实需求原则。对这些基本原则的发掘不仅可以反驳当前环境主义者对马克思生态思想的诘难,而且更重要的是可以为我国正在进行的生态文明建设提供理论上的支持和实践上的指导。

As the logical basis of Marx’s"Communicative Practice Theory","Practice"has a unique ecological dimension in the communication mode of its multiple subjects. The establishment of multi-agent communication mode is based on practice. The concept of "practice"from the perspective of Marxism is totally different from the concept of "practice"used in politics and ethics by the former philosophers,which shows a multi-agent and double dimension communication characteristics. The article clarifies the theory of "Ecological Dependency Principle"and "Two-way Ecological Dimension"contained in the theory of multi-agent and double dimension communication practice,at the same time,it refutes some environmentalists’ doubts about the views on "Lack of Ecological Concern in Marxism". And the connotation of the theory can become the policy basis of the sustainable development in our country.

将TiBCN粉末用于45钢激光熔覆,为激光3D打印等增材制造探索新陶瓷添加材料,把TiBCN粉末和合金粉末混合作为熔覆材料,采用5kW CO2激光进行激光熔覆.用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)分析熔覆层TiBCN颗粒形貌和组织结构.激光熔覆层的TiBCN颗粒发生部分熔化,相互连接,自动组装成枝晶状组织;熔覆层底部与基体金属呈冶金结合状态;熔覆层的硬度随TiBCN含量增加而提高,含量为90％时达到1 200 HV,耐磨性比基体明显提高,4 000 W激光熔覆层的硬度和耐磨性优于3 500 W.研究结果表明,TiBCN粉末是一种适合激光熔覆的新陶瓷材料,有希望用于激光3D打印等其它激光增材制造.

报道一种新的TiBN薄膜制备方法和薄膜的导电性,该方法是以B4 C,SiC和KBF4作为固体渗硼剂,钛粉末材料作为Ti源,采用低成本固体渗硼法(以下简称渗硼镀膜法)制备成TiBN薄膜.对该薄膜的电阻率进行了系统检测,发现薄膜具有优良的电子导电性,电阻率达到0.495×10-7Ω·m,最好电阻率数值达到0.0778×10-7Ω·m,优于用PVD方法在同样基体上制备的TiN薄膜的电阻率(82.7×10-7Ω·m);优于Cu的电阻率(0.168×10-7Ω·m);优于石墨的电阻率(平行于石墨层的(25～50)×10-7Ω·m和垂直于石墨层的30000×10-7Ω·m);优于无定型碳的电阻率((5000.0～8000.0)×10-7Ω·m).经300,400,500和600℃,5 h氧化处理的TiBN薄膜仍然保持良好的导电性(600℃时电阻率为0.641×10-7Ω·m).TiBN薄膜厚度为微米级,颗粒尺寸为纳米级,可用于制备新型、 高效微电子器件、 储能器电极、 隔离体、 集电体,在电子元件和储能器领域有潜在的应用前景.

A novel type ofsingle phased TiBCN ceramic thin films were synthesized by vacuum evaporation of fcc-phased ceramic TiBCN powder at 1200℃ on Al2 O3 substrate.The impact of the deposition conditions,including but not limited to the evaporation and substrate temperatures,grain-size,deposition time and pressure,on the phase-structures and mechanical properties of the coatings was investigated with X-ray diffraction,energy dispersive spec-troscopy,scanning electron microscopy,and conventional mechanical probes.The preliminary results show that the fairly uniform TiBCN coating,consisting of dominant fcc-phased TiBCN and small portion of hexagonal phased boron nitride (hcp-BN),has lower hardness (20.55 GPa)than that (24 GPa)of the TiBCN powder,possibly because of the defects induced by formation of h-BN.The average grain size was found to be 400 nm.

Fcc-TiBCN powder synthesized by boronizing of Ti was pressured into monolithic block by hot pressing (HP) method. Then the block material was machined by wire-cut EDM. The machinability and the material removal mechanisms were discussed of Fcc-TiBCN block in wire-cut EDM. Results show that the machinability of Fcc-TiBCN is satisfying. The discharge current has little relationship on surface roughness in the range of factory-adjusted optimum settings. The discharge duration and pulse interval time play an important role on the quality of machined surface and EDM machining efficiency. In order to obtain excellent quality of the machined surface, the number of power tube turned on can not exceed 6, and the pulse interval time must be as long as possible. The mini roughness of machined surface is 0.4μm～0.6μm as the number of power tube turned on is 5, the pulse interval time and discharge duration is set in the range of 20～22μs and 65～75μm, respectively. There are three material removal mechanisms of TiBCN conductive ceramic in the EDM machining process: spalling, melting and evaporation. Spalling is the main mechanism resulted by thermal stress superposing.

TiBCN powder synthesized by boronizing was successfully sintered into the bulk sample by hot pressing.Then the bulk sample was machined by wire-cut EDM with variable processing parameters.By analyzing machined surface quality and observing SEM micro-morphology,the main factors which influence on quality of machined surface cut by wire-cut EDM and material removal mechanism were studied.The results show that it is possible to obtain suitable quality of TiBCN machined surface through wire-cut EDM processing,the minimum roughness Raof machined surface obtained is0.4μm;Discharge Current Ipand Pulse Interval tiare the main factors;longer Discharge Duration teis more favorable to increase removal rate,but surface crack are more easily formed if Pulse Interval is too short.The best range of processing parameters of TiBCN bulk sample cut by EDM are Ip=2-6,te=20-22μs and ti=65-75μs.Three types of material removal mechanism are identified,spalling,melting/resolidification and evaporation.

TiBCN powder, possessing NaCl-type fcc structure, synthesized by boronizing of Ti, was firstly used as additives to make TiBCN Ti-6Al-4V base composites on Ti-6Al-4V by laser cladding. The TiBCN powders and Mn powders were used to make powder mixtures with contents of 90TiBCN+10 Mn, 80TiBCN+20 Mn, 70TiBCB+30Mn, and 60TiBCN+40 Mn. Behavior of TiBCN particles in the TiBCN Ti-6Al-4V base composites were evaluated by SEM(scanning electron microscopy), EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy), and XRD(X-ray diffraction). It was found that TiBCN particles were partially melted during cladding and they were self organized as dendrite structures in laser clad layer. Al was dissolved in TiBCN to form Ti(Al)BCN. Maximum hardness of TiBCN-Ti-6Al-4V base composite was up to HV1200 and its wear resistance was increased by a factor of 4 compared to that of substrate. The studies have demonstrated that the TiBCN powder is an available material for fabricating metal matrix composite, especially for Ti-6Al-4V base alloys.