Protein lysine crotonylation (KCro), a metabolically linked epigenetic modification, lacks comprehensive profiling methods due to expensive, cross-reactive antibodies. Herein, we developed an antibody-free strategy, MPA-KCro, exploiting 2-mercaptophosphonic acid (2-MPA) as a bifunctional probe. The thiol group undergoes selective Michael addition with the α,β-unsaturated crotonyl moiety, while the phosphonate handle enables efficient Ti4+-IMAC enrichment. Critically, the bio-orthogonal C-P bond resists enzymatic hydrolysis, preventing interference from endogenous phosphoproteins, and a characteristic immonium ion (m/z 294.09) enables unambiguous site-specific determination of Kcro. Applied to HeLa cell histones, the MPA-KCro method identified 22 crotonylation sites, including well-characterized residues (H3.1 K23, H2B K5) and 12 novel sites, enabling proteome-wide crotonylation mapping and functional investigation of the emerging epigenetic mark.

Developing diastereodivergent and enantioselective catalytic reactions to access structurally and stereogenically diverse molecules from identical starting materials remains a central challenge in organic synthesis. Optically active three-dimensional saturated oxabicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes (oxaBCHs) as hydrophilic aromatic ring bioisosteres are highly valuable in medicinal chemistry but remain difficult to prepare in their optically pure forms. This work achieves the asymmetric catalytic reaction of bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes (BCBs) and aldehydes, furnishing a practical lanthanum-catalyzed platform for the construction of optically active cyclobutene and oxaBCH scaffolds using a newly developed phenol-derived bisprolinate ligand. The diastereoselectivity can be switched by acidic or basic additives, featuring broad substrate scope, gram-scale synthesis, and facile access to hydrophilic aromatic bioisosteres. This method provides a practical strategy for constructing valuable three-dimensional optically active oxaBCH scaffolds, with mechanistic studies revealing a stereodirecting elimination pathway.

As an emerging class of crystalline porous materials, COFs have attracted increasing attention in fields such as photocatalysis. Understanding how the linkage chemistry of COFs influences their construction and photoelectrochemical properties and photocatalytic performance remains a significant challenge. Herein, two quinazoline-linked COFs are assembled by the condensation of 1,3,6,8-tetra (4-formylphenyl) pyrene (TFPPy) with 3,3'-dibenzoyl-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine (BD(Bz)) and 3,3'-dibenzoyl-4,4'-terphenyl diamine (BT(Bz)) respectively through a three-component reaction in the presence of an ammonia source. By integrating quinazoline linkage with pyrene structural unit, BD(Bz)-TFPPy-COF (COF-1b) and BT(Bz)-TFPPy-COF (COF-2b) exhibit electron donor-acceptor properties and possess high chemical stability as well, which demonstrated excellent photocatalytic performance for the selective synthesis of sulfoxides from alkenes and thiols. Incorporation of linkage chemistry and building blocks selection of COFs provides effective strategies for modulating its optoelectronic properties to improve photocatalytic performance.

We report a click chemistry strategy for synthesizing N3-triazole- and 2'-O-triazole-substituted glycosylated uridines and RNA oligonucleotides from N3-propargyl and 2'-O-propargyl uridines. Using β-D-glucopyranosyl azide, site-selective glycosylation was achieved at nucleoside and oligonucleotide levels, providing defined glycoRNA mimics for structural and functional studies.

Hypoxic tumors overexpress nitroreductase (NTR), providing an endogenous trigger for selective biomolecular activation. Here, we describe the synthesis of NTR-responsive clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) guide RNAs via the site-specific incorporation of a p-nitrobenzyl (p-NB) phosphoramidite at the 5' terminus of crRNAs. Click-mediated oligomerization into trimeric and tetrameric constructs effectively suppressed Cas nuclease activity. Enzymatic reduction by NTR induced linker cleavage, releasing active crRNAs and restoring DNA cleavage in vitro, establishing a strategy for enzyme-regulated CRISPR control.

Food waste is a major global issue due to its large volume and rapid putrefaction. Although composting is a common recycling method, its long processing time (20-60 d) drives the need for more efficient fertilization technologies. This study demonstrates rapid humification of waste potato (WP), as a model food waste, into fulvic-like acid (FLA) fertilizer (15 wt% FLA and 7.6 wt% K+) using microwave-triggered KOH/persulfate (MW/KOH/PS) process. Under synergistic MW irradiation (180 W) and KOH (2 wt%), PS (2 wt%) is activated to generate •OH and •SO4-. This process simultaneously dissolves organic matter and elevates system temperature, inducing humification of organic components within 10 min. Compositional analyses revealed Maillard reactions and amidation during humification. Compared to KOH/PS, microwave intensification reduces chemical consumption by 75%, while achieving comparable FLA yields and significantly lowering cost by 62.4%. Pot experiments validates the plant-growth promotion and soil-amendment capabilities of the humified product. Scale-up trials confirm the efficacy for practical vegetable residues and cooked food waste. Unlike composting, this process completes in 10 min without requiring optimal C/N ratio or moisture content, exhibited only 20.1% carbon loss (WP system), and operates in scalable reactor, thus enabling same-day waste valorization into fertilizer.

The inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reaction has emerged as a powerful tool for biomolecular conjugation, yet its application to nucleic acids has been largely limited to strained or synthetically demanding dienophiles. Here, we report a general and bioorthogonal strategy for RNA labeling by leveraging enzyme-installable allyl modifications as dienophile handles for tetrazine cycloaddition. Guided by frontier-orbital analysis, we identified 1,2,4,5-tetrazine-3,6-dicarboxylate (Tz 5) as an activated electron-deficient diene capable of engaging electronically unactivated allyl handles in IEDDA reactions under nonaqueous conditions. Tz 5 reacts efficiently with both N6-allyladenosine (a(6)A) and 2 '-O-allyladenosine (A(a)), forming stable cycloaddition adducts in nucleosides and within RNA oligonucleotides without perturbing canonical bases or phosphate linkages. The IEDDA labeling proceeds with high selectivity, and enzymatic digestion confirms site-specific conjugation exclusively at the allyl-modified nucleosides. These findings expand the scope of IEDDA chemistry to unstrained, electron-rich terminal alkenes in RNA and establish a(6)A and A(a) as versatile, orthogonal handles for tetrazine-mediated labeling. This article offers a broadly applicable platform for selective RNA functionalization and provides new opportunities for probing, imaging, and manipulating RNA in complex biological environments.

Food waste (FW) is a significant source of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and anaerobic digestion is an effective strategy to limit the spread of antimicrobial resistance. In this study, ARGs diversity and abundance, along with their relationship to the microbial community were investigated by metagenomic and qPCR during thermophilic anaerobic co-digestion of FW, kitchen waste (KW) and garden waste (GW). Results indicate that R FK (FW + KW) and R FG (FW + GW) effectively reduced 9 and 13 representative ARG subtypes (removal rates exceeding 1 log unit), and completely eliminated 16 and 30 ARG subtypes, respectively, outperforming RF (FW). The Redundancy analysis indicated positive correlations between ARG removal rates and methane content, and negative correlations with volatile short-chain fatty acids and ammonia nitrogen. Procrustes and network centrality analyses suggested that removing resistant bacteria like Firmicutes and Bacteroidota in R FK and R FG contributed to efficient ARG removal. Co-digestion enhanced ARG elimination by improving reactor performance and altering bacterial communities.

Our preliminary studies indicate that cevipabulin concurrently binds to both the vinca site and the gatorbulin site, and promotes tubulin degradation. To improve its antiproliferative activity and investigate the structure-activity relationships (SARs), thirty-eight cevipabulin derivatives were designed and synthesized based on the cevipabulin-tubulin cocrystal structure. Among them, compound 8g exerted optimal antiproliferative activity, with IC50 values ranging from 0.016 to 0.035 μM against three tested tumor cell lines. The cocrystal structure of the 8g-tubulin complex revealed that it simultaneously occupies both the vinca site and the gatorbulin site, while maintaining a binding mode similar to that of cevipabulin. Furthermore, 8g promoted αβ-tubulin degradation and displayed good oral bioavailability. In an HT29 xenograft model, oral administration of 8g at doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg every 3 days resulted in potent in vivo antitumor activity, with tumor growth inhibition (TGI) rates of 41.0 % and 49.5 %, respectively. Moreover, 8g exhibited significantly reduced toxicity and fewer adverse effects compared to cevipabulin, supporting its potential as a promising therapeutic agent for cancer treatment.

We herein report that a commercialized photosensitizer, Ru(bpy)3Cl2, can be successfully employed to "uphill" drive the rotation of Feringa motors via a singlet rather than an intuitive triplet intermolecular energy transfer mechanism, offering new insights into the sensitization strategy to power Feringa motors with more biocompatible light sources.

Conventional mineralization of high-concentration organic pollutants relied on intensive chemicals and high carbon emissions, necessitating resource recovery strategies. We developed a high-energy electron beam (HEEB)-activated persulfate (PS) system, transforming 99 % of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA, 2 g/L) into recyclable precipitates with ultra-low PS dosage (0.1 g/L) and short irradiation duration (24 kGy, 38.4 s), along with 98 % chemical oxygen demand removal. Therein, radicals (SO4•- and •OH) were generated to induce PVA degraded into oligomers and repolymerized into particles, finally aggregating to form precipitates. The system demonstrated robust performance across wide ranges of pH (4-10) and PVA concentration (0.5-10 g/L), and complex matrices containing inorganic ions, dyes and benzene derivatives, highlighting its industrial applicability. Crucially, the precipitates exhibited versatile reuse potential as adhesives or flexible conductive materials, with lifecycle analysis confirming net-negative carbon emissions and economic viability. This study offered a sustainable wastewater remediation approach for transforming persistent organic pollutants into functional materials.

To overcome the limitations of denitrification under high dissolved oxygen conditions, an efficient aerobic denitrifier, Stutzerimonas stutzeri os3, was isolated from shrimp aquaculture sediment. The strain os3 achieved complete removal of nitrate without significant nitrite accumulation, when sodium citrate was used as the carbon source, with a C/N ratio of 5, and at a shaking speed of 50 r/min. Moreover, the strain os3 demonstrated a high TIN removal efficiency, reaching 98.29 % - 99.28 % under various nitrogen sources. Whole-genome sequencing revealed the presence of denitrification genes (napAB, nirS, norBC and nosZ) in the strain os3, which combined with nitrogen balance analysis, confirmed that the strain os3 primarily utilized aerobic denitrification for nitrate removal under aerobic conditions, as follows: NO- 3 - N -* the strain os3 significantly increased the removal efficiencies of TIN and NO3 --N in shrimp aquaculture wastewater, reaching 90.20 % and 94.43 %, respectively. Therefore, the strain os3 contributes to enhancing aerobic denitrification, providing a biotechnological solution for improving nitrogen cycling in shrimp aquaculture water.

Bioaugmentation for enhancing the performance of thermophilic anaerobic digestion (TAD) is attracting more focus. This study aimed to investigate the effect and mechanism of bioaugmentation with Caldibacillus thermoamylovorans QK5 on improving the methane production via TAD using food waste (FW). The results demonstrated that the inoculation of C. thermoamylovorans QK5 could increase the cumulative methane production from 380.33 NmL g-1 VS to 477.56 NmL g-1 VS, with an improvement of 25.57 %. Metagenomic analysis revealed that this effect was achieved by enhancing hydrolysis and acidification stages of TAD. The addition of C. thermoamylovorans QK5 effectively intensified the genes encoding key enzymes involved in the hydrolysis, acidification, and complete oxidation of carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids into CO2, particularly various carbohydrate-active enzymes. Moreover, the C. thermoamylovorans QK5 can settle and reproduce in the TAD system, indicating that it is a reliable and effective strain for bioaugmentation of TAD from FW.

The phenomenon of Enteromorpha prolifera (EP) flooding caused by marine eutrophication has resulted in serious environmental impact. Here, we demonstrate an application of Fenton's reagent in the rapid recovery and utilization of EP. The humification of EP with water content of 80-90% is accelerated by adding H2O2 and FeSO4·7H2O. A notable self-heating phenomenon (from 22 to 86 °C) is observed within 10 min, and the sample is dried to obtain the EP fertilizer (EPF) after 60 min, which contained 25.5 ± 4.3% (wt%) of fulvic-like acid (FLA). Aromatization, amidation and carboxylation reactions induced by free radicals (mainly •OH) play a key role in EP (mainly polysaccharides and proteins) humification through degradation-polymerization pathway. A scale-up experiment is also carried out to confirm the feasibility of this technology. EPF increases the fresh weight of chickweeds (pot experiment) and cabbage (field plot experiment) by 27.1% and 609.7% compared with blank, respectively. This study opens a promising avenue for application of Fenton reaction in biowaste humification, which is beneficial for efficient EP recycling and agriculture sustainable development.

Nitrogen (N) deposition significantly impacts ecosystem carbon (C) cycling. However, most experimental N deposition studies applied N fertilizers in low-frequency, typically once or twice per year during the growing season. Few studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of high-frequency N deposition at varying rates on the formation and stability of soil organic carbon (SOC). Additionally, the effects of N addition on the two SOC fractions - particulate organic carbon (POC) and mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC) - and the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. To address these gaps, we conducted a long-term N addition experiment in a typical steppe ecosystem in Inner Mongolia, China, beginning in 2008. The N addition rates ranged from 0 to 50 g N m-2 yr-1, with a high frequency of N additions (once a month, 12 additions per year). After a decade of N addition, we observed a consistent decrease in SOC (by 3.9 +/- 0.51 %) and POC (by 17.5 +/- 2.31 %) and an increase in MAOC (by 5.8 +/- 1.68 %) compared to the control treatment (i.e., the treatment without N addition). The decline in POC was attributed to stimulated microbial decomposition due to improved quality of particulate organic matter and increased priming effect from SOC. The increase in MAOC was associated with enhanced mineral protection, resulting from increased solubility of iron/aluminum (Fe/Al) that are reactive in directly adsorbing SOC molecules to form stable metal-SOC complexes. However, this increase in MAOC does not offset the decrease in POC, leading to an overall decrease in SOC under N enrichment. This study reveals the crucial roles of microbial decomposition and mineral protection in determining SOC fractions in Nenriched steppe ecosystems.

Photo-irradiation of an appropriately designed caged hormones enables the control and manipulation of the corresponding biological processes with high spatial and temporal resolution. Caged trans-zeatin of various types of nitrobenzene carbonate related photoremovable protecting groups have been synthesized. A rapid irradiation liberates the trapped trans-zeatin molecule, permitting targeted perturbation of biological processes including degradation, glucosylation and recognition by appropriate enzymes.

Dry anaerobic digestion (DAD) of kitchen waste (KW) has low methane production due to the poor mass transfer and the low abundance of functional microorganisms. This study employed multi-enzyme pretreatment (PRE), bioaugmentation with Paraclostridium benzoelyticum (BIO), and their combination (COM) to enhance methane production. Interestingly, the COM group had the highest methane production, which was increased by 18.51 %, 9.91 % and 12.39 % compared with the control, PRE and BIO groups, respectively, which indicated that there was a synergy between multi-enzyme pretreatment and bioaugmentation. Further analysis of microbial community and metagenome was conducted to reveal the synergistic mechanism. The results showed that in COM group, the enrichment of the Rikenellaceae, Methanobacteriaceae and Methanosaetaceae was the directly reason for enhancing methane production. Additionally, key metabolic functions including biosynthesis of cofactors, methane metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation also played a pivotal role in boosting methane production. Furthermore, the enhancement of the hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis pathway has been demonstrated to be a critical factor in the synergistic effects. It provided a reliable theoretical basis for the practical application of the multi-enzyme pretreatment combined with Paraclostridium benzoelyticum bioaugmentation for DAD.

Clustered regularly interspaced shortpalindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated (CRISPR/Cas)-based genome editing has significantly advanced genetic engineering due to its precision, simplicity, and versatility. However, achieving precise spatial and temporal control remains challenging, restricting therapeutic and research applications. Herein, we introduce a novel class of star-shaped, multivalent crRNAs engineered for precise spatiotemporal control of CRISPR/Cas9 and Cas12a editing systems. These crRNAs are synthesized via single-site chemical modification and can be efficiently purified. By integrating distinct photo-responsive chemical linkages, we achieved selective activation of crRNA activity upon irradiation with specific wavelengths, enabling orthogonal regulation of multiple genetic targets simultaneously. This method demonstrated robust OFF-ON switching capabilities in vitro, characterized by minimal leakage and rapid activation. Importantly, the approach also proved highly effective for temporally controlled gene editing in mammalian cells in vivo, achieving considerable editing efficiency following brief photoactivation. Due to its target sequence-independent, single-site modification design, this strategy may serve as a universal solution for diverse CRISPR/Cas systems, eliminating cumbersome optimization processes. Future advancements incorporating long-wavelength responsive and reversible linkers promise further enhancement of tissue penetration and control, significantly broadening the applicability and impact of this approach in biological research and therapeutic interventions.