Sustainable recovery of critical resources demands catalytic platforms that are efficient, scalable, and low-energy. Contact-electro-catalysis (CEC) provides a promising route, yet conventional powder catalysts suffer from poor dispersion and limited recyclability. Here we introduce a prestressing strategy that regulates molecular ordering and interface charge states, yielding prestressed polytetrafluoroethylene (Ps-PTFE) films. Prestressing aligns dipoles, establishes a built-in electric field, and lowers the barrier for interface charge transfer under ultrasound-assisted, thereby amplifying reactive oxygen species generation. Relative to PTFE powders, Ps-PTFE films boost hydroxyl and superoxide radical production by 243.44 % and 152.29 %, respectively, delivering a 9.6-fold enhancement in catalytic efficiency. This enables highly efficient silver leaching from retired photovoltaic cells, with leaching, reduction, and overall recovery efficiencies of 97.37 %, 98.51 %, and 95.94 %, a 19.93 % improvement over conventional approaches. By establishing an all-film-state CEC platform, this work advances a recyclable, low-carbon, and scalable pathway for critical metal recovery, moving towards the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

Ocean, holds immense potential for sustainable energies, harnessing ocean stereo-energy (OSE) through scientific innovation is essential for fostering a harmonious balance between human progress and marine ecosystem preservation. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), an innovative technology for converting mechanical energy into electricity, have emerged as a promising solution for OSE harvesting due to their high efficiency, low cost, and exceptional adaptability to low-frequency, low-amplitude conditions. This review presents recent advancements in the design strategies, efficiency enhancement, and practical deployment of TENGs across diverse marine environments. TENGs demonstrate exceptional capability in harvesting OSE, enabling the realization of self-powered marine systems. Innovations in adaptive materials and structural engineering have significantly improved their durability and output stability under harsh oceanic conditions. Finally, this review addresses the key challenges and prospective directions for TENGs within the field of marine sustainable energy engineering, hold significant promise for advancing next-generation marine renewable energy systems.

Wave energy is a vital component of sustainable ocean resources, yet current energy harvesting technologies struggle with the intrinsic coupling effect of low-frequency resonance and low-amplitude viscosity in fluid-solid interaction, thereby constraining the overall energy harvesting performance. Here, we present an amplitude-amplified triboelectric nanogenerator (AA-TENG) enabled by resonance-enhanced fluid-structure coupling to address these bottlenecks. AA-TENG employs an elastic prestress modulation to deliver a transient mechanical release mechanism that increases the amplitude by up to 300%, achieving an energy conversion efficiency of 51.2%. A unit outputs a peak power of 5.2 mW at a wave frequency of 1 Hz, while scaling the volume fivefold raises the peak power to 52.48 mW, sufficient to power low-power marine monitoring devices. This work introduces a wave resonance-enhanced energy harvesting strategy, promising research into sustainable energy harvesting in the fluid-structure coupling, advancing the self-constructed marine microgrids.

Hydrogen derived from renewable energy is pivotal for enabling large-scale deployment of sustainable energy systems. Here we report a self-powered, solar-wind hybrid system that achieves highly efficient hydrogen evolution through synergistic integration of advanced photocatalysis and triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). We engineered an S-scheme CdS/Cu7S4 heterojunction to establish a robust internal electric field, thereby enhancing charge separation and accelerating interfacial redox kinetics. To complement solar-driven photocatalysis, a wind energy harvesting module incorporating a high-performance rotating-disk soft-contact TENG and adaptive power management module (PMM) was developed, delivering pulsed bias voltages that further reinforce the internal field and significantly boost hydrogen evolution. This dual-source system achieves a hydrogen production rate of 935.1 mu L min(-1) m(-2), representing 34.5 times higher than that of conventional photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and setting a new benchmark for reported hybrid energy harvesting approaches. This strategy demonstrates how hybrid renewable energy harvesting and rational heterojunction design can circumvent efficiency bottlenecks, offering a scalable route to economically viable green hydrogen production.

Industrial exhaust carries abundant recyclable airflow energy, yet its complex, highly fluctuating and unstable characteristics hinder efficient harvesting. Here, we present a Venturi-induced triboelectric nanogenerator (VI-TENG), which leverages the pressure gradient generated by the Venturi effect to achieve high-efficiency conversion of airflow energy into electricity. It is important that the rolling contact design of VI-TENG achieves an ultralow starting torque of 0.7 N & centerdot;cm, enabling start-up at 1.1 m s(-1) and delivers a high average power density of 11.16 W m-3. Remarkably, it maintains stable output across a range of temperature and humidity conditions and retains 95.1% of its initial performance after more than 50 000 cycles. Furthermore, develop an in situ self-power hygrothermograph, anemometer and carbon monoxide environment monitoring system. This design offers a practical route to expand industrial exhaust energy harvesting and in situ self-powered environment monitoring.

Contact-electro-catalysis (CEC) converts mechanical excitation into interfacial redox chemistry, yet polar mineral water interfaces remain insufficiently engineered, limiting the efficient translation of spontaneous polarization into contact driven charge transfer. Here, we use surface hydroxylation to regulate the polar interface of natural tourmaline for enhanced CEC. Experiments and first principles calculations show that hydroxyl groups preferentially anchor at surface Al sites, forming a hydroxyl enriched interface while preserving the bulk crystal framework. This interface reorganizes the charge distribution, enhances effective interfacial polarization, raises the surface potential, and reduces charge transfer resistance, thereby facilitating H2O and O2 activation. Under ultrasound excitation, hydroxylated tourmaline produces ·OH and ·O2 - signals 6.5 and 5.7 times higher, respectively, than those generated by spontaneous polarization alone. The enhanced CEC enables Rhodamine B degradation, heavy metal removal, and antibacterial activity. This work establishes hydroxylation regulated polar interfaces for mechanically driven environmental catalysis.

Wind energy, as a clean and renewable resource, plays a pivotal role in global sustainable development. The efficiency and reliability of wind energy conversion are strongly influenced by the aerodynamic and structural stability of wind turbine blades (WTB), where the coupled effects of airflow-induced vibration and aerodynamicstall give rise to severe fatigue and performance degradation. However, the intrinsic mechanism linking these two coupled phenomena-how aerodynamic instabilities and structural oscillations exchange energy and information-remains poorly understood. Here, we propose a triboelectric-based multiphysical energyinformation perception system that enables in-situ decoding of airflow-induced structural dynamics on WTB. Through energy transduction via the triboelectric effect, aerodynamic-stall and vibration in WTB are simultaneously mapped as correlated information carriers. This perception process is intrinsically self-powered, with the captured signals transmitted via an active wireless module to reveal the temporal evolution of fluid-structure interactions. The perception system achieves rapid identification of aerodynamic-stall within 96 ms (signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) = 13.76 dB) and high-precision vibration recognition with > 99% frequency accuracy (SNR = 37.67 dB). By correlating aerodynamic energy dissipation with structural vibration signatures, this work establishes a unified scientific paradigm for energy-information coupling in multiphysical systems, advancing the understanding of self-perceptive and airflow-interactive sensing systems.

Electrical double layers (EDLs) at solid-liquid interfaces mediate charge separation and ion transport, but their dynamic use for both energy harvesting and sensing in open water remains limited. Here we show that wave-driven multi-interface electrical double layers in a tubular dielectric architecture can couple power generation with environmental perception. Periodic water motion assembles and disrupts coupled inner and outer interfacial layers, producing a charge-relay and parallel-release process that enhances charge transfer and short-circuit current to levels sufficient for low-power sensing. The same ion motion that generates electricity also encodes hydrodynamic and spatial perturbations as current signatures. Inspired by weakly electric fish, we organize these signatures using a main-auxiliary electrode network that amplifies directional responses and enables coating monitoring, wave-state recognition and two-dimensional localization. This work establishes dynamic multi-interface electrical double layers as a physical platform for self-powered hydrospheric sensing and spatially resolved environmental perception. Hydrospheric systems need autonomous power, sensing and protection. Here, the authors show wave-driven electrical double layers generate electricity, enable self-powered corrosion protection and encode coating damage, wave states and spatial cues.

High-sensitivity and high-accuracy sensors are crucial for environmental and health monitoring. However, traditional distributed wind speed sensors commonly suffer from high start-up wind speeds and external power dependency. Meanwhile, wearable respiratory monitoring devices face challenges such as limited sensitivity and a lack of adaptive power supply. Herein, this work proposes a self-powered capacitive high-sensitivity triboelectric airflow sensor (CHTAS). This sensor exploits triboelectric-electrostatic induction and fluid-solid coupling effects to achieve an ultralow start-up airflow (0.1 m/s) and the corresponding equivalent dynamic pressure is only 0.006 Pa, breaking a new record for TENG-based airflow speed sensing. CHTAS features expeditious response (response time 29 ms, recovery time 27 ms) and a wide range (0.1-10 m/s). Integrated with self-developed software, CHTAS achieves high-precision wind speed detection. Furthermore, its ability to be miniaturized and integrated into face masks enables wireless, real-time respiratory monitoring, intelligent-assisted identification of sleep-disordered respiration and the exploration of potential interventions for sleep paralysis. Notably, by combining deep learning for respiratory state recognition, the system achieved a 91.06% recognition mean accuracy. This work paves a new technological path for the development of airflow sensing technology and wearable medical devices.

Nitrogen fixation is crucial for agriculture and environmental sustainability, but conventional methods, such as the Haber-Bosch process, suffer from high energy demands, a complex synthesis process, and significant carbon emissions. Here, we report an innovative direct conversion of N2 from water and air via contact-electro-catalysis (CEC) for nitrogen fixation, where dielectric fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) micropowder, water, and ultrasonication synergistically enable efficient, simultaneous synthesis of ammonia (NH3) and nitrate (NO3-), with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as byproduct under ambient conditions. Another key finding is the role of surfactant, which not only regulates reaction pathways in the nitrogen cycle but also improves the performance of FEP in water. With the assistance of fluorocarbon surfactant (Capstone FS-30), this method achieves a nitrogen fixation rate at 7.9 x 10 3 mu mol L-1 h-1 gcat-1, significantly enhancing the efficiency of current interface-driven nitrogen fixation techniques, and it offers a simplified synthetic process with lower carbon emissions than the traditional method. Our study provides a sustainable and highly efficient catalytic platform, broadening the scope and practicality of nitrogen fixation technologies.

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) represent a rapidly advancing energy harvesting technology that converts mechanical stimuli into electrical output, with promising applications in micro-nano-scale power generation, blue energy harvesting, and self-powered sensing. Despite their potential, the output stability and scalability of TENGs remain constrained by surface-interface tribo-charge (SITC), which governs charge density and energy conversion efficiency. Enhancing SITC has thus emerged as a fundamental pathway toward optimizing device performance. This review provides a systematic overview of recent progress in SITC enhancement, beginning with the working principles and operational modes of TENGs, followed by an analysis of the intrinsic limitations imposed by SITC. Four major strategies are highlighted, namely material selection, surface modification, charge injection, and charge excitation, each offering distinct mechanisms to boost interfacial charge generation and retention. Finally, we discuss the prospects and research directions for SITC engineering, aiming to advance TENGs toward reliable large-scale applications and broaden their impact in sustainable energy technologies.

Marine environmental monitoring relies on distributed sensor networks, yet sustainable power supply remains a critical challenge due to the limitations of batteries and inefficient energy harvesting under low-frequency wave conditions. While triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) show promise for blue energy harvesting, they often suffer from the trade-off between power output and durability, along with pulsed alternating-current output unsuitable for direct-current electronics operation. Here, we present a hybrid blue energy harvesting device based on a constant-voltage triboelectric nanogenerator (HCV-TENG). The system incorporates a soft-contact constant-voltage TENG (SCV-TENG) for wave energy conversion and a non-contact constant-voltage TENG (NCV-TENG) for wind energy harvesting, producing regulated direct-current output through an integrated rectification and phase modulation mechanism. The SCV-TENG achieves an average power density of 31.2 W/m(3) at 2 Hz and acts as a charge pump, boosting the output of NCV-TENG by over 160.2 times. In water waves, the system delivers an in situ average power density of 7.9 W/m(3). Remarkably, the HCV-TENG shows only 0.68% performance loss after 2.33 million cycles, demonstrating excellent longevity. By powering commercial sensors and enabling wireless data transmission, the HCV-TENG offers a robust and efficient solution for self-powered systems in marine environments, overcoming key limitations in output stability and device durability.

Aerocraft safety is the upmost important factor for space transportation. Structural health, dictated by the integrity of encapsulating materials and functional resilience, directly underpins this safety mandate. Vibration and deformation serve as the primary drivers of structural state evolution, governing fatigue progression and aeroelastic stability. Herein, we present a self-powered multimodal airfoil-structural-health sensing system (SMAS) with aerodynamic meta-optimization, based on the hybrid triboelectric-electromagnetic-piezoelectric (TEP) mechanism. SMAS realizes a mechano-electro-aerodynamic coupling through energy reshaping, converting ambient airflow energy into structural mechanical energy, which is subsequently transduced into measurable electrical signals via TEP mechanisms. The system integrates monolithic magnetically levitated unit for vibration acquisition and hybrid flexible substrate for deformation detection, enabling non-intrusive installation. Computational fluid dynamics simulation show that its streamlined housing effectively mitigates flow separation, increasing lift by 1.75 % and reducing drag by 0.8 %. A deep learning model, the multi-scale physics-aware attention network (MPANet), achieves an average inference accuracy of 98.16 % across 0-100 Hz vibration and 0-15 mm deformation ranges. With its self-powered, high precision, aerodynamic match, and non-intrusive integration, SMAS provides a reliable solution for ensuring flight safety in crewed aviation and unmanned aerial vehicle applications.

Wave energy is a promising sustainable energy yet to be fully exploited due to the low frequency and broad-banded wave fields, so much so that difficult to capture, resulting in low efficiency and limited power output from current many wave energy harvesters. Here, a topological defect gyro-multigrid triboelectric nanogenerator (TD-GM-TENG) is proposed that harnesses the mechanical energy of ocean waves to generate electricity and promotes the accumulation of triboelectric charge on the basis of realized from low to high rotation speed under the precession and gravitation acceleration effects. It benefited from topological defect strategy, TD-GM-TENG offers a charge transfer rate of 3.1 & micro;C s(-1) that when can reach to a speed of nearly 1000 rpm at the wave frequency of 1 Hz. Furthermore, the charge density reaches 90 & micro;C m(-)(2) in a cycle of 0.06 s, which is 1.6 times higher than the same kind of spherical-TENGs in the field of ocean energy harvesting. Finally, TD-GM-TENG unit outputs a peak power of 3.7 mW at the simulated water wave environment of 1 Hz and demonstrates its applicability and feasibility of being used as a distributed emergency power supply in the offshoring observation and early warning services.

Turbulence, a state of disordered and random air hydrodynamic phenomenon, constantly pits it against flight safety during aviation. In the interplay between safe flight and turbulence, the challenge of real-time in situ monitoring of the surface airflow state on aircraft has become a difficult but crucial challenge. However, due to constraints in materials science and technological advancements, a flawless solution for mapping the surface airflow of aircraft has not yet been developed. Herein, based on the strong conformability, strong positive tribomaterial silk fibroin and fluid dynamics biomimetic design, a self-powered, high signal-to-noise ratio in-situ aircraft surface turbulence mapping system has been developed based on the principle of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). On one hand, the system functions as a vortex generator during normal flight; on the other hand, the system can swiftly detect the degree of stall and enhance flight safety when the aircraft suffers airflow separation due to a high angle of attack. The backend signal of the system is transmitted by a self-developed wireless transmitter, suitable for various fixed-wing aircraft.

Visual diagnosis techniques can provide intuitive results for detecting bacterial infection of wound, where the detection speed and intuitiveness directly affect the treatment efficiency. Here, we present a bionic chargeenhanced interface (BCEI), and show the utility to reverse the visual preclinical diagnosis of bacterial infections. The BCEI inspired by skin-like immune emergency response that achieve the fast, accurate, and portable visual identification of bacterial metabolites by multidimensional design and charge-enhanced effect. Aim to enable a strong adsorption and immobilization of gases markers of inflammatory response, in which it provides a 60 % improvement in color change (White turns to black) capability for detecting bacterial metabolic Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas, a 37.5 % reduction in response time and a detection limit as low as 0.5 ppm. The detection capability of (E. coli infection group) and (S. aureus infection group) is improved by 65 % and 20 %, respectively. Furthermore, develop a wound status early warning system for visual bacterial pre-diagnosis, enabling to access wound conditions timely, accurately, and provide remote diagnosis.

The low-altitude transport has demonstrated significant growth potential driven by rapid advancements in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) technology. Herein, rotor UAVs are increasingly favored by consumers due to their unique advantages. The UAVs motion is altered by adjusting propeller speed, which is governed by motor speed. Consequently, motor speed is a key factor influencing flight performance that is susceptible to environmental interference. Accurate and real-time monitoring of motor speed is essential. Conventional speed sensors are bulky, reliant on external power, and challenging to integration into compact UAVs systems. They also suffer from insufficient accuracy and unstable measurements, particularly with small motors. This article introduces a self-powered digital aircraft rotational speed sensor (SDARSS) utilizing a rotating triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) to address current challenges. This sensor is lightweight, energy-efficient, and self-powered, weighing only 2.185 g and measuring 3.43 mm in thickness, with an accuracy exceeding 99.94%. It measures speeds up to 10,000 revolutions per minute (rpm) with exceptional precision and stability. The sensor enables real-time monitoring of UAVs motor speeds, which is crucial for enhancing flight safety.

The sustainable development of the ocean requires sensors capable of detecting objects in underwater or high humidity conditions. However, traditional sensors struggle in complex underwater environments due to signal attenuation, biofouling, and flow interference, which seriously affect their performance and reliability. Inspired by the tactile system of octopus suckers, we developed a tactile sensor that mimics the structure of octopus tentacle suckers, ingeniously harnessing triboelectric tactile receptors (TTRs) to emulate the mechanism of cephalopod-specific chemoreceptors (CRs), aiming to address the challenging problem of underwater object recognition. Additionally, the superhydrophobic treatment enhances the microstructure of the sensor surface, effectively mitigating environmental interference and improving underwater performance, leading to a 67 % increase in voltage output, a sensitivity of 0.195 V kPa-1, and a remarkable response time of 85 ms. Most importantly, we have constructed an underwater material identification system (UMIS) to achieve 98 % accuracy by integrating machine learning, which enables precise identification and quantitative sensing of underwater objects, and offering novel insights and directions for the intelligence and autonomy of underwater robots.

Water flow energy in rivers and lakes is a huge clean energy source and widely distributed in nature. Its low water velocity makes it difficult for electromagnetic generators to effectively harvest this energy. Therefore, harvesting high-entropy water flow energy is of great significance to the development of distributed power supply and sensing. In this study, we present a double helix rotating triboelectric nanogenerator (DHR-TENG) that can effectively convert the ultra-low water flow energy into electrical energy. DHR-TENG is designed to optimize space utilization and has a reciprocating transmission mechanism to ensure the continuous operation, achieving a surprisingly high charge density of 356.69 mu C m-3 and peak power density of 11.66 W m- 3. Compared with similar structures reported by predecessors, the maximum elevation is about 242 times and 2 times, respectively. A stable electrical output performance was achieved by DHR-TENG at ultra-low water flow velocity of 0.4-0.8 m/s, the harvested energy can drive self-powered temperature sensor systems and wireless signal transmission systems. This work not only effectively improves the electrical output performance at ultralow water flow velocity, but also helps to promote environmental monitoring and provides a feasible method for establishing early warning in the environment.

Congenital insensitivity to pain (CIP) patients, face severe challenges in wound healing and are prone to exacerbated conditions from secondary injuries due to lack of pain perception. Here, a gasochromic-triboelectric-photodynamic multimodal patch (GTP-MP) is proposed to provide efficient wound sensing and healing for CIP patients, capable of monitoring the extent of wound infection and secondary damage, and achieving controlled treatment. Combined with the bionic structure design and intelligent learning algorithms, GTP-MP achieves an accuracy of 96.7% in detecting wound infections and 98% in identifying secondary injuries. In mouse models, GTP-MP enables visual monitoring by changing color in response to bacterial metabolites within the wound. Additionally, GTP-MP can perform photodynamic therapy based on color changes, with no significant toxic reactions observed post-treatment. This work offers a promising strategy for improving wound sensing and reducing complications.