Uterine microbiome homeostasis and antioxidant capacity are critical for sow fertility. While high-fiber diets and N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) individually enhance sow fertility, their synergistic effects on the antioxidant status, microbiota, metabolites, and transcriptome remain unclear. Here, sows were assigned to the low-fiber (3.73%) or high-fiber (7.46% crude fiber) group, each without or with 0.05% NCG, throughout the 114-day gestation. Sex hormones and antioxidants in serum were detected. Multi-omics approaches were employed to investigate the impact of a high-fiber diet supplemented with NCG (H + N) on uterine microbiota, metabolites, and gene expression profiles. The study revealed that H + N significantly increased total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) level in serum. Metagenomic analysis revealed an increased abundance of Clostridium disporicum in the uterine microbiota. Plasma metabolomics identified hydroxylysine as a key metabolite mediating this effect, and this metabolite was positively correlated with elevated abundance of Clostridium disporicum. Subsequent transcriptomic profiling revealed activation of the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, closely linked to improved T-AOC level. Overall, these findings demonstrated that H + N could modulate the uterine microbiota (specifically Clostridium disporicum), increase hydroxylysine production, and activate the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. These effects further enhanced hormonal activity and antioxidant capacity, ultimately improving sow reproductive efficiency.

The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effects of a high-fiber diet supplemented with N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) (H + N) on the gut microbiota, metabolites, and transcriptome in Landrace × Yorkshire sows using a multi-omics approach. Sows were allocated to four groups in a 2 × 2 design: Low-fiber or high-fiber diets, each with or without 0.05% NCG supplementation. The H + N treatment significantly increased litter weight at weaning. Metagenomic analysis revealed H + N significantly altered gut microbiota composition and function, particularly enriching Lactobacillus at multiple taxonomic levels from order to species (including Lactobacillus sp. 910 589 175). Plasma metabolomics identified two key lipid mediators, L-α-glycerylphosphorylcholine and taurocholic acid, whose abundances were significantly elevated by H + N and positively correlated with the enriched Lactobacillus. Transcriptomic profiling showed activation of the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway in response to H + N, which was associated with observed improvement in litter weight at weaning. Collectively, the multi-omics study uncovered a novel synergistic axis wherein H + N modulated the gut microbiome (specifically Lactobacillus enrichment), which in turn shaped the lipid metabolome to activate the PI3K-Akt pathway, ultimately enhancing sow reproductive efficiency.

Intramuscular fat (IMF) and subcutaneous adipose fat (SAF), located in distinct anatomical regions, play a crucial role in determining the quality and flavor of pork. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the heterogeneity in lipid properties between IMF and SAF remain poorly. This research investigates the lipid profiles of the longissimus thoracis (LT) and SAF in Fengjing pigs through non-targeted lipidomics and transcriptomics. We identified 1204 lipid molecules that exhibited significant differences, alongside 2805 genes that were markedly upregulated and 3134 genes that were notably downregulated in LT compared to SAF. Functional enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and lipids revealed significant enrichment in the glycerophospholipids (GPs) metabolism pathway, leading to the construction of a molecular regulatory network links DEGs and lipids associated with GPs metabolism. Through orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) and redundancy analysis (RDA), we identified a strong correlation among 12 key DEGs and 9 critical lipids. This study provides novel insights into the gene-lipid relationship, enhancing our understanding of the differences in lipogenesis and lipolysis between LT and SAF, which may inform future efforts to improve the meat quality and flavor of Fengjing pigs.

Reproductive traits are critical for improving productivity and profitability in the pig industry, and genome-wide association studies (GWASs) are a powerful tool in detecting genetic markers related to target traits. Genome imputation provides an effective approach to obtain a greater number of genetic markers from low-density sequencing data. China's pig industry recently introduced an imputation panel and is now seeking to determine what types of data are required to meet breeding needs. In this study, we collected and analyzed two pig sequencing datasets, including Yorkshire pig (YY), Landrace pig (LL), and Duroc pig (DD), genotyped by either an SNP chip (n = 816) or genotyping-by-targeted sequencing (n = 314), and applied an imputation strategy before validation in a third dataset (n = 2401). The aim of this study was to identify SNPs associated with reproductive traits and compare imputation results of two different types of data to evaluate whether sample size or marker density more strongly impacts imputation-enabled GWAS performance. Through a GWAS, we identified 73 significant SNPs from imputed Chip data across seven reproductive traits, 94 SNPs from imputed GBTS data across three traits, and 34 SNPs from the combined dataset across seven traits. Seven of these SNPs passed validation and were associated with number born alive, number born healthy, and gestation length. Gestation length (GL) and number born alive (NBA) are the most noteworthy traits. LOXL2 and PTPRD are high-confidence candidate genes affecting GL and NBA, respectively. In addition to LOXL2, STC1, NKX2-6, HMGCLL1, MLIP, TINAG, FAM83B, GFRAL, HCRTR2, ENTPD4, MYH8, IER5L, and U5 are associated with GL. Moreover, in addition to PTPRD, KLHL32, U6, MMS22L, and FHL5 are associated with NBA. The results of this study indicate that sample size is of greater importance than marker density in imputation strategies and provide beneficial insights into genes affecting pigs' reproductive traits.

To study the differences in meat quality and nutritional components between the local Shanghai pig breeds Meishan pig (MS), Shawutou pig (SWT), Fengjing pig (FJ), and the commercial Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire (DLY) crossbred pigs, and to provide data support for the selection and breeding of superior pig breeds, this study selected 30 piglets each of three local pig breeds and DLY with similar birth ages and weights around 25 kg, fed them the same daily ration with uniform nutritional components, and slaughtered ten of them at around 100 kg weight for evaluation of differences in meat quality indicators (primarily intramuscular fat content, tenderness value, texture, etc.) and amino acid content among the varieties. The results indicated significant differences among the four pig breeds in intramuscular fat content, with MS having the highest content and significant differences in tenderness value compared to the other three breeds (p < 0.05). In terms of texture indicators, MS and SWT differed significantly from FJ and DLY in terms of hardness and fracturability indicators (p < 0.05), with certain differences existing among the four breeds in other indicators. In amino acid content, the differences in total amino acid content among the three Shanghai local pig breeds were not significant (p > 0.05), but all were significantly higher than DLY. Further analysis revealed significant differences in amino acid content between Shanghai local pig breeds and DLY, with Shanghai local pigs showing markedly higher levels of serine, proline, isoleucine, leucine, and histidine compared to DLY (p < 0.05). Regarding nucleotides, the cytidine monophosphate (CMP) indicator of MS differed significantly from the other three breeds (p < 0.05), SWT’s uridine monophosphate (UMP) indicator differed significantly from FJ and DLY, and FJ and DLY’s inosine monophosphate (IMP) indicator was significantly higher than MS and SWT (p < 0.05), while SWT’s adenosine monophosphate (AMP) indicator was significantly higher than the other three breeds (p < 0.05). The results of this study suggest that the meat quality and nutritional composition of Shanghai local pigs are significantly superior to DLY, with MS exhibiting significantly better meat quality and nutrition compared to SWT and FJ among the three local pig breeds.

Asthma has been extensively studied in humans and animals, but the molecular mechanisms underlying asthma in Meishan pigs, a breed with distinct genetic and physiological characteristics, remain elusive. Understanding these mechanisms could provide insights into veterinary medicine and human asthma research. We investigated asthma pathogenesis in Meishan pigs through transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of blood samples taken during autumn and winter. Asthma in Meishan pigs is related to inflammation, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle disorders. Related genes include CXCL10, CCL8, CCL22, CCL21, OLR1, and ACKR1, while metabolites include succinic acid, riboflavin-5-phosphate, and fumaric acid. Transcriptomic sequencing was performed on panting and normal Meishan pigs, and differentially expressed genes underwent functional enrichment screening. Metabolomic analysis revealed differential metabolites and pathways between groups. Combined analyses indicated that lung inflammation is influenced by genetic, allergenic, and environmental factors disrupting oxidative phosphorylation in lung mitochondria, affecting the TCA cycle. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, glutathione S-transferases, arginase 1 and RORC in immune regulation, the Notch pathway, YPEL4 in cell proliferation, and MARCKS in airway mucus secretion play roles in asthma pathogenesis. This study highlights that many cytokines and signaling pathways contribute to asthma. Further studies are needed to elucidate their complex interactions.

Inbreeding can lead to the accumulation of homozygous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genome, which can significantly affect gene expression and phenotype. In this study, we examined the impact of homozygous SNPs resulting from inbreeding on alternative polyadenylation (APA) site selection and the underlying genetic mechanisms using inbred Luchuan pigs. Genome resequencing revealed that inbreeding results in a high accumulation of homozygous SNPs within the pig genome. 3' mRNA-seq on leg muscle, submandibular lymph node, and liver tissues was performed to identify differences in APA events between inbred and outbred Luchuan pigs. We revealed different tissue-specific APA usage caused by inbreeding, which were associated with different biological processes. Furthermore, we explored the role of polyadenylation signal (PAS) SNPs in APA regulation under inbreeding and identified key genes such as PUM1, SCARF1, RIPOR2, C1D, and LRRK2 that are involved in biological processes regulation. This study provides resources and sheds light on the impact of genomic homozygosity on APA regulation, offering insights into genetic characteristics and biological processes associated with inbreeding.

The study investigated the flavor variations in four different fresh pork cuts (longissimus thoracis, LT; trapezius muscle, TM; hamstring muscle, HM; Pork Belly, PB) from Chalu black pigs (ten castrated boars) using multiomics techniques. The research also explored the influence of muscle fiber type on the flavor profiles of these cuts. Results from quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) indicated significant differences in muscle fiber type across the four pork cuts in various anatomical locations. Each cut exhibited distinctive volatile organic compounds (VOCs) profiles, with HM displaying a sweet and fruity green flavor, LT showcasing a fatty and nutty taste, PB presenting a fresh, citrusy, and green flavor, and TM offering a floral and bitter note. Variations in fatty acid carbon number and saturation were observed among the cuts, with HM, LT, and PB being rich in fatty acids with C16-18, C19-21, and 3 double bonds, respectively. The metabolites specific to each cut were found to play key roles in different metabolic pathways, such as protein-related pathways for HM, arginine biosynthesis for LT, lysine biosynthesis for PB, and D-arginine and D-ornithine metabolism for TM. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were associated with amino acid metabolism for HM, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis for LT, and cellular aromatic compound organization for PB. Notably, HM and PB displayed unique flavor characteristics, while TM exhibited relatively neutral features. The study also identified correlations among VOCs, muscle fiber type, lipids, metabolites, and gene patterns specific to each cut, highlighting the complex interplay of factors influencing pork flavor.

为了解上海地区市售牛肉来源品种尤其是奶肉牛品种的肉用品质特点,为牛肉生产和牛肉产品的消费选择提供理论依据,选取市售牛肉的2 个来源品种中国荷斯坦牛和安格斯牛为研究对象(n =6),经宰后处理分别生产热鲜肉、冷鲜肉和冷冻肉3 种形态牛肉,测定其营养品质和食用品质指标,观察其肌原纤维微观结构,比较分析2 个品种的肉品质差异.结果表明:与安格斯牛相比,荷斯坦牛冷鲜肉的胱氨酸(Cys)和脯氨酸(Pro)含量、冷冻肉的甘氨酸(Gly)含量显著升高,冷冻肉的Pro含量显著降低,热鲜肉的甜味和芳香味氨基酸、冷鲜肉的鲜味氨基酸含量显著降低;荷斯坦牛热鲜肉的十三碳酸、热鲜肉和冷鲜肉的肉豆蔻酸和花生四烯酸、荷斯坦牛肉的二十一碳酸、亚油酸和α-亚麻酸的含量及多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)总含量显著升高;冷鲜肉棕榈酸、二十碳三烯酸的含量显著降低;荷斯坦牛热鲜肉肌糖原含量显著降低,冷冻肉系水力显著升高,各组化学成分、pH、剪切力等食用指标品种间无显著差异;荷斯坦牛热鲜肉的肌原纤维直径显著粗于安格斯牛,冷冻肉肌节长度显著短于安格斯牛,肌原纤维密度两品种间无显著差异.综上,荷斯坦牛的PUFA等脂肪酸含量显著高于安格斯牛;安格斯牛的热鲜肉和冷鲜肉呈味特性优于荷斯坦牛;荷斯坦牛热鲜肉的肌糖原含量显著低于安格斯牛,但该品种热鲜肉的肌原纤维直径显著高于安格斯牛;荷斯坦牛的基础营养、必需氨基酸(EAA)组成等营养品质、嫩度和色泽等食用品质可与安格斯牛相媲美.

微冻技术是指将食材通过(超)低温微冻液进行冻结贮藏并实现保鲜的一种新型食材锁鲜保藏方法,可应用于农产品、水产品及各类畜禽肉类产品的保鲜,可为医疗机构生物样品提供冷冻保存,可开展基于冷诱导技术的作物育种.本文介绍了微冻保鲜技术的特点、研究应用进展,旨在为农/水产品和畜禽肉类产品的贮藏保鲜提供新技术,为微冻技术应用于更广泛领域提供参考.

为解析藏香杂野猪肉质鲜美的风味基础,分别对藏香杂野猪与杜长大(杜洛克×长白×大白)三元猪的背最长肌进行肉质性状和氨基酸含量分析测定.测定结果显示:藏香杂野猪背最长肌的滴水损失和剪切力显著低于杜长大三元猪(P＜0.05),亮度 L*值极显著低于杜长大三元猪(P＜0.01),肌内脂肪含量显著高于杜长大三元猪(P＜0.05);在检测出的16种氨基酸中,藏香杂野猪背最长肌中14 种氨基酸的含量极显著高于杜长大三元猪(P＜0.01),其余 2种氨基酸含量显著高于杜长大三元猪(P＜0.05).结果表明:藏香杂野猪猪肉营养丰富、肉质鲜美,与杜长大三元猪相比具有明显优势.

为了解 KISS1 基因疫苗对藏香杂野猪血液生理生化及免疫指标的影响,给实验组藏香杂野猪灌喂KISS1基因疫苗6次(每 2周灌喂 1次),同时给对照组藏香杂野猪灌喂等量饮用水,检测 2组实验猪血常规、血清生理生化以及免疫指标的水平.结果显示:与对照组相比,实验组藏香杂野猪的白细胞数、中性粒细胞绝对值、谷丙转氨酶活力、免疫球蛋白A质量浓度、免疫球蛋白G质量浓度均极显著升高(P＜0.01),淋巴细胞数、碱性磷酸酶活力、尿素氮浓度、白细胞介素-2质量浓度、γ干扰素质量浓度均显著升高(P＜0.05),血细胞比容显著下降(P＜0.05),其他指标两组间差异均不显著(P＞0.05).结果表明:免疫 KISS1基因疫苗对藏香杂野猪健康有一定的影响,可减弱猪只免疫力.

Currently, Chinese herbal feed additives (CHFA) are commonly utilized in domestic pig farms. However, their impact on the sperm quality and reproductive capacity of imported breeding boars has yet to be thoroughly explored. In this study, the effect of CHFA on the sperm quality and reproductive capacity of the imported Duroc boars was investigated. Sixteen boars were randomly divided into control group and experimental (CHFA treated) group and fed normal or CHFA-levels containing diets, respectively. The sperm quality and reproductive hormone levels were periodically tested, and the reproductive capacity with breeding sows were evaluated. The results showed that the CHFA treated group boars significantly improved sperm volume, sperm concentration, and motility and reduced the sperm abnormalities. Furthermore, the serum levels of reproductive hormone such as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone (T) in the CHFA treated group were significantly higher than those in the control group. Although there was no significant difference in the initial birth weight of piglets between the two groups, the CHFA treated group had a significantly higher average number of piglets born, the average number of piglets born alive, the number of piglets weaned at 28 days, and the weaning weight compared to the control group. These findings suggest that CHFA can significantly improve the sperm quality of breeding boars and enhance their reproductive hormone levels as well as the reproductive capacity, providing direct evidence for the further application of CHFA in the management of breeding boars in China.

为了研究岔路黑猪肌肉中营养风味物质的特点,分别对岔路黑猪和杜长大(杜洛克×长白×大白)三元猪背最长肌中的脂肪酸和氨基酸含量进行测定.结果显示,在检出的 12 种脂肪酸中,岔路黑猪背最长肌中的豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、α-亚麻酸、花生四烯酸、硬脂酸和花生一烯酸含量与杜长大三元猪的相比差异极显著(P＜0.01),岔路黑猪背最长肌中的油酸和亚油酸含量与杜长大三元猪的相比差异显著(P＜0.05).岔路黑猪背最长肌中的 16 种氨基酸含量均极显著高于杜长大三元猪的(P＜0.01).结果表明:岔路黑猪肉质鲜美,与杜长大三元猪肉质相比具有明显优势.

[方法]以安格斯牛和中国荷斯坦奶牛为研究对象,比较分析同一品种内热鲜肉、冷鲜肉、冷冻肉3 种形态牛肉的营养品质、理化特性和微观结构.[结果]结果表明,3 种形态牛肉的营养成分和肉品质存在一定差异.冷冻肉水分和蛋白质含量最低(P＜0.05);安格斯牛热鲜肉和冷鲜肉的甜味和芳香味氨基酸含量最高(P＜0.05),荷斯坦牛热鲜肉的苦味氨基酸含量最高(P＜0.05);荷斯坦牛热鲜肉、冷鲜肉的十三碳酸、花生四烯酸含量最高(P＜0.05),热鲜肉、冷冻肉的花生二烯酸和二十碳三烯酸含量最高(P＜0.05).热鲜肉肉色深红,冷鲜肉和冷冻肉色泽稍亮偏黄(P＜0.05).安格斯牛热鲜肉最嫩,荷斯坦牛冷鲜肉最嫩(P＜0.05);冷冻肉保水性最差(P＜0.05).热鲜肉肌肉横断面排列紧密,冷鲜肉和冷冻肉排列疏松呈蜂窝状,冷鲜肉肌节长度最大(P＜0.05),冷冻肉肌纤维呈蜂窝状.[结论]本研究显示,同一品种不同形态牛肉的品质存在一定的差异,热鲜肉和冷鲜肉营养成分保存较完整、食用品质较好,可为牛肉产品的消费选择和优质生鲜肉加工提供理论参考.

In order to investigate the polymorphism of GRB7 gene in Shanghai,we analyzed the polymorphism of GRB7 gene in Duroc,Landrace,Large white,Meishan and Shennong pig populations by PCRRFLP.The results indicated that the length of 626 bp fragment of GRB7 gene was amplified,there were mutation sites at 163 bp and 243 bp of this fragment.CC genotype at 163 site was dominant in Duroc pig populations,CT genotype was dominant in Landrace,Large White and Shennong pig populations,and TT genotype was dominant in Meishan pig population.CT genotype at 243 site was dominant in Duroc,Large White and Landrace populations,and TT genotype was dominant in Shennong and Meishan populations.TTTT combined genotype was dominant in Shennong and Meishan pig populations,CCTC combined genotype frequency was higher in Duroc and Landrace pig populations,and CTCT combined genotype frequency was higher in Large white pig populations.

为了检测梅山猪气喘病的血液生理生化及免疫指标,并筛选抗气喘病分子标记基因的梅山猪,利用ELISA等方法对嘉定梅山猪保种场有气喘和没有气喘症状的梅山猪分别进行前腔静脉采血,检测血常规、生理生化及免疫等相关指标.结果表明,气喘病组的试验猪血液WBC、NEUT、NEUT％、LYMPH和LYMPH％等大于参考范围最大值,HCT、PDW小于参考范围最小值;气喘病组梅山猪的血清ALT、AST、ALP、Urea和CK这5项指标大于参考范围最大值,正常组梅山猪的血清中AST、ALP这2项指标大于参考范围最大值.血液常规指标方面,两组试验猪在WBC、P-LCR、NEUT、NEUT％、RDW-SD和PDW等6项指标上有极显著差异(P<0.01),在HCT、MONO和LYMPH％这3项指标上有显著差异(P<0.05),其他指标无显著(P>0.05)差异;血清的生理生化指标方面,两组试验猪在ALT、ALP、Urea这3项指标上有极显著差异(P<0.01),在AST指标上有显著差异(P<0.05),其他指标则无显著(P>0.05)差异;脂肪代谢指标方面,两组试验猪在LDH指标上有显著差异(P<0.05),其他指标无显著差异(P>0.05);微量元素指标方面,两组试验猪无显著差异(P>0.05);免疫指标方面,两组试验猪在IgA、IgG这2项指标上有极显著差异(P<0.01),在IL-2和IFN-γ这2项指标上有显著差异(P<0.05),其他指标则无显著(P>0.05)差异.

为了解夏季、冬季梅山猪气喘病发病规律,分别对夏季、冬季患气喘病梅山猪(各30头)进行前腔静脉采血,检测生理生化和免疫相关指标.结果表明,2组气喘病梅山猪均检测出异常的血常规指标有:白细胞数、血红蛋白质量分数、红细胞比积、血小板分布宽度、中性粒细胞数、淋巴细胞数、中性粒细胞百分比和淋巴细胞百分比;均检测出异常的血清生化指标有:谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶、肌酸激酶、乳酸脱氢酶活性和血糖、尿素氮、总胆固醇浓度.比较分析结果显示,2组气喘病梅山猪红细胞分布宽度标准差、血小板大细胞比率、谷草转氨酶活性呈极显著差异(P<0.01),白细胞数、红细胞数、中性粒细胞数、淋巴细胞数、单核细胞数、中性粒细胞百分比、淋巴细胞百分比、谷丙转氨酶活性、碱性磷酸酶活性、尿素氮浓度、肌酸激酶活性、白细胞介素-2、γ干扰素、IgA和IgG等呈显著差异(P<0.05).

The depot differences between Subcutaneous Fat (SAF) and Visceral Fat (VAF) are critical for human well-being and disease processes in regard to energy metabolism and endocrine function. Miniature pigs (Sus scrofa) are ideal biomedical models for human energy metabolism and obesity due to the similarity of their lipid metabolism with that of humans. However, the regulation of differences in fat deposition and development remains unclear. In this study, the development of SAF and VAF was characterized and compared in Bama pig during postnatal development (infancy, puberty and adulthood), using RNA sequencing techniques (RNA-Seq). The transcriptome of SAF and VAF was profiled and isolated from 1-, 3- and 6 months-old pigs and identified 23,636 expressed genes, of which 1,165 genes were differentially expressed between the depots and/or developmental stages. Upregulated genes in SAF showed significant function and pathway enrichment in the central nervous system development, lipid metabolism, oxidation-reduction process and cell adhesion, whereas genes involved in the immune system, actin cytoskeleton organization, male gonad development and the hippo signaling pathway were preferentially expressed in VAF. Miner analysis of short time-series expression demonstrated that differentiation in gene expression patterns between the two depots corresponded to their distinct responses in sexual development, hormone signaling pathways, lipid metabolism and the hippo signaling pathway. Transcriptome analysis of SAF and VAF suggested that the depot differences in adipose tissue are not only related to lipid metabolism and endocrine function, but are closely associated with sexual development and organ size regulation.

从岔路黑猪保种选育、分子选育及生物信息学应用3个方面对岔路黑猪育种研究进展进行综述,利用杂交优势筛选出最具遗传潜力的岔路黑猪组合,并从基因组学层面分析岔路黑猪优质肉质的成因,提出岔路黑猪种质资源保种工作具有十分重大的现实意义和研究价值.