Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE). Its global prevalence continues to rise, posing a significant public health burden. Macrophages (Mϕ), a key component of the innate immune system, regulate AR pathology through phenotypic polarization. Their roles include antigen presentation, modulation of inflammatory microenvironment homeostasis and tissue repair. Previous studies have primarily focused on single signaling pathways or specific cytokines, which is a limitation to a comprehensive understanding of the multidimensional role of macrophages in allergic rhinitis. This review breaks through the limitations of traditional research by systematically integrating the mechanisms of M1/M2 macrophage polarization in AR and the progress in targeted regulation studies. It particularly focuses on exploring regulatory strategies based on targeting macrophage polarization, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation and innovative directions for the clinical diagnosis, treatment, and mechanistic research of AR.

The incidence of allergic rhinitis is significantly affected by seasonal climate and is susceptible to autumn,which the specific pathological mechanism not clear yet.Based on the theory of"the lung corresponding to the autumn"in traditional Chinese medicine,combined with the influence of meteorological environment changes on human lung system and the homology of lung and nasal pathology,this paper proposed that the rhythm regulation of immune-pineal axis on allergic immune response may be an important pathophysiological basis of susceptibility to allergic rhinitis in autumn.

Background: Eczema is a common chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disease, which is characterized by intense itching. Acupuncture can be effective for eczema, and it is thus regarded as a common complementary treatment. Objective: The intention of this overview is to methodically appraise and synthesize evidence about systematic reviews/meta-analyses (SRs/MAs) on acupuncture in eczema. Methods: We searched for SRs/MAs of acupuncture with eczema in eight databases. We evaluated the methodological quality by Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews 2 (AMSTAR-2), the reporting quality with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA 2020 Checkist), and the evidence quality according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. Results: A total of 7 SRs/MAs were included. According to AMSTAR-2, all the SRs/MAs included were categorized as critically low-quality. According to the PRISMA 2020 checklist, none of the reviews completed all the 27 items, thus their compliance was relatively weak. On the base of GRADE system, 2 of the 12 outcomes were rated as moderate, and 5 outcomes were rated as low-quality, while the others were regarded as very low-quality. Conclusion: Compared with the control group, the included reviews of the acupuncture group were more effective and safer; however, the conclusion should be treated cautiously because the quality of evidence was not high enough to support it. In order to improve the quality, more rigorous, standardized, and comprehensive SRs/MAs need designing in the future.

中医病因学说具有独特的中医特色,是中医学理论体系的重要组成部分,对于实现中医基础理论课程和中医学专业目标起着重要的支撑作用.教师在中医病因学说教学过程中,以学生为中心,基于"点""线""面"三个层次进行详细的教学设计,遵循教学的规律性和层次性,寓能力价值观于学生培养过程中,有助于提升学生早期中医素养.

Since the Song,Jin and Yuan Dynasties,the theories of monarch fire,ministerial fire and life-gate have gradually become a hot topic for many doctors.SUN Yikui and ZHANG Jiebin reported to their predecessors,and systematically expounded the controversial phase fire theory and the life-gate theory,which further enriched the theory of fire.This paper analyzed the academic thoughts of SUN Yikui and ZHANG Jiebin on monarch fire and ministerial fire,life-gate and ministerial fire respectively from three aspects of physiology,pathology and clinical treatment.The article found that both SUN and ZHANG were influenced by the"Neo-Confucianism Taiji"ideology and incorporated it into their theory of life-gate.Both of them emphasized the importance of warming and nourishing the qi,but with different focuses.SUN focused on enhancing the original energy while ZHANG paid attention to the complementarity of yin and yang.In addition,this paper revealed the formation process of monarch fire and ministerial fire and their relationship with the theory of life-gate,and clarified the concepts of monarch fire,ministerial fire,and life-gate.Through this study,we hope to gain a deeper understanding of their thoughts of fire theory,grasp the connection between their academic views,and it is helpful to further understand the evolution of fire theory,for the later doctors to further understand and apply the fire theory to provide certain theoretical support.

湿疹是临床常见的皮肤科疾病.环境毒邪是一种新兴中医病因学说.随着人们环保意识的提高,该病因在皮肤病发病中地位也逐渐上升.其致病,或暴戾强烈,或积久邪伏,与湿疹的发病特点相似程度高.本文基于"天人相应"理论,从环境毒邪与现代环境污染的相关性出发,通过分析环境毒邪的病因学特点及致病特点,探讨环境毒邪与湿疹发病之间的关系,提出湿疹的防治原则,以期为临床防治提供一定的理论依据.

Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the efficacy of Shenlingbaizhusan (SLBZS) for antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD). Methods: Scientific databases such as PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), the Chongqing VIP information, the Wan -fang, and the SinoMed (CBM), were searched to identify randomized control trials (RCTs) relevant to SLBZS use in AAD. The search items included "antibiotic-associated diarrhea," "Shenlingbaizhusan," and "random." There were no limits on gender, race, or disease stage. RCTs of SLBZS combined with conventional treatment versus conventional treatment alone were eligible. Results: Eight RCTs involving 774 participants were included. Two reviewers independently extracted the data and analyzed them using Review Manager 5.3 software. The GRADEpro Guideline Development Tool generated the summary of the findings table. For AAD, adding SLBZS to conventional therapy achieved higher clinical efficacy rate (RR=1.19, 95CI %[1.12-1.25], P < 0.00001), shorter duration of frequency of diarrhea (MD =-2.38 [-2.67,-2.09], P < 0.00001), shorter duration of character of stool (MD =-2.43[-3.03,-1.84], P < 0.00001), shorter duration of bowel sound, higher peripheral blood CD3+ count, higher peripheral blood CD4+ count (MD=5.04 [4.28, 5.80], P < 0.00001), higher peripheral blood CD4+/CD8+ ratio (MD = 0.35 [0.24, 0.47], P < 0.00001), and lower peripheral blood CD8+ count (MD =-2.88 [-3.73,-2.02], P < 0.00001). No trials reported serious adverse events. Even then, the level of evidence was "low" or "very low" because of its small sample size, risk of bias, and imprecision. Conclusion: SLBZS is beneficial to patients with AAD. However, more high-quality RCTs with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm and fully elucidate the efficacy of SLBZS.

荨麻疹是临床常见的皮肤变态反应性疾病,环境毒邪是中医基于环境污染提出的病因学概念.近年研究显示,荨麻疹不仅在发病率方面与环境污染之间有显著相关性,而且在发病机制方面与环境毒邪的病因病机、致病特点也有一定程度的相似性.故本文以环境毒邪理论为出发点,发现其致荨麻疹的病机特点有四:或郁闭皮毛,循经传肺使肺失宣降;或由口入胃,邪侵中焦使运化无权;或邪扰心神,情志暴躁使心肝热盛;又或毒邪伏蛰于里,伺机而动.根据其病因病机特点又提出以攻为用、祛其毒邪与攻补并用、扶正祛邪的治则治法,以期为环境毒邪所致荨麻疹的临床防治提供一定的理论依据.

过敏性鼻炎属于临床常见的过敏性疾病之一,其病因病机复杂难辨.湿邪伤人多从口鼻而入,不仅影响鼻的生理功能,又内伤五脏六腑,易致过敏性鼻炎发作.文章从湿邪与过敏性鼻炎的相关性进行探讨,认为无论外湿或内湿皆可引发过敏性鼻炎.其旨在充实中医湿邪致病理论的同时,亦为临床防治过敏性鼻炎提供一定的研究方向.

血证作为临床常见病,其发病具有明显的季节性.四时主气不同,致病邪气有异,必然会产生不同的血证病变机制.探讨不同时令下的血证发病规律,对于丰富中医理论和指导临床实践具有重要意义.由于不同季节的时邪导致血证发病的机制不同,所以从时令角度辨证论治血证,对于预防和治疗血证具有积极意义.

鼻鼽发病受外界环境影响显著.脾土为肺金之母,脾与鼻窍关系亦密切,脾不独主一时,作为后天之本,在各个季节对常年性变应性鼻炎的发病皆有影响,从"脾主四时"角度探讨鼻鼽的病因、病机、治法方药,明确脾在该病中的地位,以及与其他脏腑在该病发生发展中的相互影响与联系,进而充实"脾主四时"的科学内涵,也为临床防治鼻鼽提供一定的理论依据.

过敏性鼻炎是临床常见的鼻黏膜非感染性慢性炎性疾病,目前尚无根治的有效治疗手段.近年来,随着环境气候及生活方式的改变,过敏性鼻炎发病率在全球范围内呈上升趋势,其发病受毒邪影响较深,无论是外毒还是内毒均可诱发并加重病情.文章从病因病机及防治角度初步探讨毒邪在过敏性鼻炎发病中的地位,以期为过敏性鼻炎的临床防治提供一定的理论依据.

络病理论是中医学重要的病机学说,过敏性鼻炎发病与络病理论密切相关,目前少见从络病角度探讨过敏性鼻炎发病的研究.本文首先提出络病的致病特点为"久、瘀、顽、杂",进一步从病位相应、病因相关、病性相似三部分,探讨络病理论与过敏性鼻炎发病的相关性,认为痰瘀同病是过敏性鼻炎的发病基础,气滞、津停、痰瘀是主要病理因素,并提出取藤入络、排毒解毒、顽疾缓攻的防治原则,为过敏性鼻炎的防治以及临床疗效的提高提供了一定的理论依据.

鼻衄作为临床多发病,季节性特征明显,春季多发.春季为肝所主,肝之疏泄功能在春季多应时增强,藏血功能相对较弱.春季鼻衄多因肝不应春引发,具有量少次多易反复的特点.治疗春季鼻衄可从调节肝应春而变的功能入手.从"肝应春"角度治疗鼻衄有助于充实"天人相应"理论的科学内涵,为临床防治提供一定的思路.

湿疹是皮肤科常见的炎症性、变态反应性疾病,可由多种病因病机导致,伏燥即为其一.机体正气亏虚致外感燥邪未被及时祛除而内伏,影响肺主皮毛及宣发功能;或阴虚体质助燥潜伏,伏燥逐渐消耗体内阴液,肌肤失于濡养从而诱发湿疹.若内伏之燥久郁可产生化风、化火、化湿、化瘀等病机演化,从而加重湿疹症状.本文就伏燥与湿疹相关性展开论述,认为其可从多方面对湿疹发病及临床诊疗产生影响,在预防和治疗湿疹的过程中占有重要地位,这不仅可以丰富中医"伏邪温病"的理论基础,也可为防治湿疹提供新的思路.

目的:总结从火热论治鼻鼽的古文献用药规律.方法:收集《中华医典》和《中医方剂大辞典》中从火热论治鼻鼽的方药,基于中医传承辅助系统V2.5软件,对药物进行频次分析、关联规则分析、复杂系统熵聚类等数据挖掘方法,分析药物的四气五味、归经、使用频次、常用药对、中药组合及新处方组合.结果:筛选出符合标准的方剂61首共涉及117味中药,药物以辛温为主,集中于肺胃脾心四经,使用频率位于前五位的中药为甘草、黄芩、栀子、薄荷、桔梗,常用中药组合为"黄芩-甘草""栀子-甘草""黄芩-栀子"等,黄芩、防风、栀子、连翘、薄荷、桔梗、川芎、荆芥、甘草9味药是药物的核心组方.结论:古文献药物归经以肺、胃、脾为主,用药以清肺泻火、补益脾胃为先,肺胃郁热、脾胃虚弱为鼻鼽的主要病机,古文献鼻鼽用药特色对现代中医防治过敏性鼻炎具有一定的借鉴作用.

防治学说是关于疾病预防、治疗原则的理论,是连接中医基础理论和临床各科的中心环节,蕴含着丰富的防病治病思想和传统文化知识.以术载道、以道驭术,教师在防治学说的教学过程中以学生为中心,注重学情分析和课程教学规律,道术兼备、深化内涵,将知识传授与德育教育紧密结合起来,不仅有助于增强学生职业认同感,感悟文化和培养中医思维,对于实现"中医基础理论"课程目标和落实中医学专业人才培养方案也具有重要的意义.

过敏性鼻炎是临床的多发病,其发病具有明显的季节性,络病理论是中医学重要的病机学说,其致病特点与过敏性鼻炎症状相合.过敏性鼻炎的基本病理过程是鼻黏膜血管壁以及血容量的变化,中医络脉在结构与生理病理功能上都与现代医学的微血管和微循环概念相似,故过敏性鼻炎发病与络病理论存在相关性.本文以中医络病理论为理论基础,根据络病的病机特点,从"五脏应时"探讨了过敏性鼻炎季节性发病的机理,进一步研究过敏性鼻炎的病机演变规律,提出"行气通络,因时而治""取藤入络,寓通于补"的防治原则,以期从络病理论加强对过敏性鼻炎的临床防治.

傅青主谙习小儿生理病理特点,对于小儿疾病,承钱乙之旨,扬万全之意,重视五脏的辨证论治和小儿五脏有余与不足的生理病理特点,对于儿科的诊治以"脾胃为本,五脏整体为药",体现其五脏一体的中医整体观,通过健脾理气来调理脏腑气机,从而调肝、泻心、滋肺、养肾.傅青主在遣方用药方面,善师钱乙之方,继承和创新异功散、逍遥散等古方,理法严谨,配伍精当.

宋明理学继承和发扬了易道儒释文化,对当时及以后的中医学思想产生了重要影响.本文通过研究周敦颐《太极图说》对朱丹溪、张景岳阴阳思想产生了何种影响,得出朱丹溪以太极之理悟滋阴之道,张景岳从宇宙演化感阴阳之机,探究二者相悖之因,在于二人所在时代的行医风气不同及自身对理学的认知偏差.但寻根求源二人皆谓阴阳俱重,朱丹溪从阴阳相对立论,以言阴气之易亏;张景岳从阴阳互根立论,以言阳气之宜护,明确理学对二者阴阳思想的影响,有助于提高医者以中国古代哲学原理分析人体生理病理现象的能力,以加强临床诊断与治疗.