Context or problem: Breeding sugarcane genotypes for maximum sugar yield potential while exhibiting strong lodging resistance is crucial for the sustainability of sugarcane cropping systems. However, identifying and recommending with excellent and stable performance across multiple targeted traits and diverse environments remains a significant challenge. Objective and methods: This study applied two methodologies-Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) and Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) -to analyze the genotype x environment interaction (GEI), based on a three-year field experiment. The study involved 11 genotypes, assessed for 28 parameters. For integrating the mean performance and stability of a single trait, a superiority index (WAASBY) was used. A Multi-trait Stability Index (MTSI) was employed to consider multiple targeted parameters simultaneously, enabling more comprehensive genotype recommendation across different environments. Results and conclusions: Our findings confirmed that the BLUP model is highly effective for a single-trait selection, such as for sugar yield and lodging resistance; achieving excellent genotype selection accuracy ranging from 0.78 to 0.91. When focusing solely on sugar yield via the BLUP model, the genotypes G01 (Zhongtang 1) and G02 (SO5) exhibited both high mean performance and stability. However, other two genotypes were selected when the target trait shifted to lodging resistance, highlighting that genotype recommendations based on one trait can be somewhat biased. To overcome this limitation, we demonstrated the effectiveness of MTSI in recommending a variety with multiple desirable parameters, as validated through several analytical and statistical methods. Two ideal genotypes (G03: Zhongtang 3; G04: Guitang 58) were selected based on minimum MTSI (1.15-1.82). The MTSI always illustrated a strong relationship with WAASBY for sugar yield and lodging resistance (R2 = 0.56**). Notably, some key traits, such as root anchorage strength and related root parameters were major contributors to the overall lodging resistance and MTSI indicators. Implications or significance: These findings underscore the importance of prioritizing a rigid root system as a key criterion in future breeding efforts to enhance lodging resistance and overall sugarcane performance. Furthermore, the MTSI is a promising and user-friendly tool for breeders to identify and recommend superior genotypes based on multiple targeted traits, thereby supporting more informed and efficient breeding decisions.

Shanlan upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a traditional landrace native to Hainan Province, recognized for its exceptional nutritional quality. However, its broader adoption remains constrained by low yield potential under traditional rainfed cultivation. Although flooded cultivation can enhance rice yield, its effects on grain quality, particularly nutritional quality, remain unclear. Here, we evaluated the feasibility of flooded cultivation by assessing grain yield, appearance and milling qualities, and metabolites associated with nutritional quality in 26 Shanlan upland rice varieties grown under rainfed and flooded conditions. Flooded cultivation significantly increased grain yield and improved both appearance and milling qualities. However, flooded cultivation reduced the accumulation of several health-promoting metabolites, including vitamins, anthocyanins, and phenylpropanoids, indicating a diminished nutritional quality. These results provide metabolite-level evidence for a trade-off between productivity and nutritional value under contrasting water management strategies. Optimized water management and appropriate varietal selection are therefore essential to optimize grain yield, while maintaining nutritional quality in Shanlan upland rice.

The gene flow rate in rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a critical factor for establishing safe isolation distances between genetically modified (GM) and non-GM varieties and for ensuring varietal purity in rice breeding programs. This study refines existing gene flow models by disentangling two key components of rice pollen dynamics: quantitative pollen competition and genetic competitiveness. We define B as the proportion of GM pollen within mixed pollen, representing quantitative pollen competitiveness. The outcrossing parameter Cb reflects the likelihood of successful fertilization and seed development by foreign pollen, while the hybrid compatibility parameter Cp captures the relative fertilization success of GM versus non-GM pollen within the same pollen pool. Together, Cb and Cp characterize the genetic competitiveness of rice pollen. Our findings reveal a nonlinear relationship between B and the observed GM pollen rate G, which may exhibit either upward or downward curvature. A nonlinear model provides a significantly better fit to this relationship than a linear model, improving R2 by 4.1–21.4% and reducing RMSE by 9.9–47.8%. The parameters Cb and Cp play central roles in determining gene flow; higher values correspond to stronger GM pollen competitiveness, resulting in higher gene flow rates and greater dispersal distances. Specifically, Cb sets the range of the B–G curve, while Cp determines its curvature.

Plastic films are extensively utilized in agroecosystems, and their residues are accumulating in global soil at a worrying rate. Biodegradable films are employed as a substitute for polyethylene (PE) films due to their rapid degradation rate. Although the taxonomic diversity of soil microbiome in response to biodegradable films has been studied, its alterations in functional diversity remain unexplored. Here, we conduct a two–year field experiment in cherry tomato to address how PE and poly (butylene adipate–co–terephthalate) (PBAT) influences soil microbiota across multi–kingdom (bacteria, fungi, and protists) regarding its taxonomic and functional diversity. The results show that PBAT exposure reduces the taxonomic diversity while increasing functional diversity across multi–kingdom domains compared to PE exposure. We further find that the decreased taxonomic diversity under PBAT exposure reduces the complexity of microbial inter–kingdom and internal–kingdom networks. Conversely, PBAT exposure enhances microbial functional diversity (Shannon index) and average genome size, accompanied by elevated abundances of plastic–degrading genes as well as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulphur cycling functional genes. Overall, our study indicates that environmental filtration induced by PBAT exposure changes the microbial life adaptive strategies and leads to a decoupling between taxonomic diversity and functional diversity. PBAT plastic exposure decreases taxonomic diversity across multi–kingdom soil microbiota, while enriching functional diversity, genome size, and genes for plastic degradation and carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur cycling.

As a drought-resistant and water-saving rice (Oryza sativa L.), the Shanlan upland rice germplasm can provide solutions to the food security problems caused by frequent water shortages. In most nitrogen (N) fertilizer management strategies targeting maximum rice yields, lodging (both root and stem) is often ignored. Hence, this study aimed to determine an optimal N fertilizer management strategy that balanced the trade-off between yield and lodging in Shanlan upland rice. Our research employed the “safety factor” (SF) technique to explore the root-lodging resistance (represented by SFr) and stem-lodging resistance (represented by SFs) of Shanlan upland rice using three N fertilizer methods, including conventional N fertilization (CNF), split–postponed N fertilization (SPNF), and controlled-release N fertilizer (CRNF), and three N application rates (80, 120, and 160 kg N ha−1) for two consecutive years. Compared with CNF, the SFr improved by 14.9% for CRNF and 9.1% for SPNF. Likewise, the SFs increased by 22.7% for CRNF and 15.3% for SPNF. Moreover, Shanlan upland rice was found to be more prone to the risk of root lodging than stem lodging. At the same time, the grain yield and net benefit improved by 14.6% and 18.1% for CRNF, respectively, compared with CNF. Hence, employing the CRNF technique was more effective at reducing the lodging risk of Shanlan upland rice. Moreover, increasing the N application rate beyond 120 kg N ha−1 did not significantly increase the grain yield for CRNF but the lodging resistance and net benefit were reduced. In conclusion, with an N application rate of 120 kg N ha−1 for CRNF, Shanlan upland rice could achieve a relatively stable and high net income and can be recommended to growers for adoption.

Contexts or problem: Sugarcane is by far the most extensively grown sugar-producing crop worldwide. Unfortunately, its lengthy life cycle and erect stature have rendered it notoriously vulnerable to lodging. Whilst some studies have provided insights into the overall lodging of sugarcane, there is a lack of a detailed description that simultaneously considers both stem and root lodgings throughout the entire growth period of sugarcane and under different N rates. Objective or research question: The aim of this study was to identify the most sensitive stage of sugarcane towards lodging and determine traits that can confer tolerance, particularly under higher levels of nitrogen (N) application. Methods: Here, we explored the stem and root lodging resistance of field-grown susceptible (Zhongtang 1) and resistant (Zhongtang 3) sugarcane varieties using "safety factor" technique under different levels of N for three consecutive years. Results: The most sensitive stages for stem lodging and root lodgings were identified as 180 and 210 days after planting, respectively. An N rate of 300 kg ha-1 was found to be appropriate, balancing the trade-off between sugar yield and crop lodging resistance while ensuring the maximum achievable yield under current condition. Key traits that contributed towards lodging tolerance such as enhanced stem bending strength and root anchorage strength, flexural rigidity, and diameter and mass density of the lower stem, were also identified. Conclusions and implications: Root lodging was relatively more prevalent than stem lodging throughout the entire growth period. Future breeding programs should prioritize sugarcane varieties with rigid root systems by increasing biomass allocation to the roots, which can strengthen their mechanical properties and ultimately enhance lodging resistance.

Soil contamination from polyethylene (PE) has emerged as a new global concern, yet its long–term legacy effects on soil microbiota remain poorly understood. Here, we conduct an eight–year field experiment to investigate how PE residues influence microbiota assembly across multiple microbial kingdoms (bacteria, fungi, and protists), and the consequent effects on soil antibiotic resistome. Our results reveal that bacterial communities are more stable and resilient than fungal and protistan communities in response to PE exposure. Bacterial assembly is predominantly shaped by deterministic processes under PE exposure, unlike the more stochastic patterns observed in the other domains. This bacterial deterministic assembly coincides with enhanced microbial biodegradation potential, evidenced by increased abundance of carbon–cycling functional genes in the plastisphere. In parallel, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are found to be more prevalent in the plastisphere under PE exposure. While bacterial hosts play a dominant role in ARGs dissemination, fungal and protistan taxa also contribute through broader inter–kingdom ecological interactions. Together, these findings highlight the critical importance of considering multi–kingdom microbiota assembly when assessing the environmental risks of plastic pollution. Bacterial hosts are identified as the main drivers of antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) dissemination under long-term polyethylene exposure, with fungi and protists contributing through cross-kingdom interactions.

Considering the minimum environmental concerns associated with biodegradable mulch (BDM) films, these are widely seen as a promising alternative to traditional polyethylene (PE) films. However, lack of an in-depth evaluation of BDM plastic films has hindered its largescale applications. To fill this knowledge gap, this study was planned to comprehensively evaluate the environmental impacts of BDM films as an alternative to the traditional PE film utilizing an advanced life cycle assessment (LCA) technique coupled with multiple field experiments, including three solanaceous crops i.e. eggplant, pepper and cherry tomato. These crops were grown at three different experimental sites comprising Chengmai, Qionghai, and Ledong; all located in Hainan Province of China. The results revealed that an in-situ biodegradation of BDM during the waste disposal stage greatly reduced the environmental pollution and cumulative energy demand (CED). But such a positive effect was largely nullified by the stimulated environmental cost during its manufacturing stage. And thus, the average environmental impact and CED from cradle to grave were reduced by only 2.6% and 9%, respectively, under BDM film when compared with PE. The seven sites/years-based field trials of three solanaceous crops revealed that the average crop yield under both plastic mulching cultivations was increased by 52%, while the integrated environmental impact per ton yield was reduced by 30%, compared with conventional bare planting (CP). Overall, it can be inferred that BDM film is a sustainable alternative to traditional PE mulch film based on its reduced environmental impacts.

Understanding the agronomic interventions that ensure higher crop yields and minimize their chances of failure is critical for meeting global nutritional demands. Rice is a staple food crop that is prone to lodging risk, particularly when higher yields are desired. The potential role of a combined application of Zinc (Zn) and Silicon (Si) in determining the grain yield and lodging resistance has been rarely investigated under field conditions. Thus, field trials were carried out to evaluate the grain yield and lodging resistance of rice at two different locations i.e., Qionghai and Wuzhishan, under three levels of Zn (0, 40, and 80 kg ha−1) and Si (0, 120, and 240 kg ha−1). The results showed that Zn application at the rates of 40 and 80 kg ha−1 increased rice yield by 9% and 5% at Qionghai, and by 5% and 6% at Wuzhishan, respectively. The improved grain yield due to Zn application could be attributed to the increased panicles m−2, splikelets m−2, and aboveground biomass. Meanwhile, Zn failed to show any remarkable impact on stem and root lodging susceptibility. Conversely, no significant influence of applying Si on grain yield was observed, while its application at the rates of 120 and 240 kg Si ha−1 enhanced the stem and root lodging resistance (denoted by their respective safety factors, for stem (SFs) and for root (SFr) by 32% and 22% at Qionghai, and by 11% and 34% at Wuzhishan, respectively, compared to zero Si application. The improved lodging resistance in terms of SFs and SFr could be ascribed to the increased stem bending strength and anchorage strength, while self-weight moment of whole plant decreased. In summary, a beneficial role of Si in lodging resistance and Zn in yield enhancement were evidenced in the present study across the two sites. It can be concluded that by combining 40 kg Zn ha−1 with 120 kg Si ha−1, both grain yield and lodging resistance could be simultaneously improved in rice crops.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important grain crop worldwide, and drought has become an important factor restricting rice yield. As a unique rice germplasm in Hainan (China), Shanlan upland rice has rich genetic diversity and certain advantage for breeding water-saving and drought-resistance rice. 48 varieties, including 41 Shanlan upland rice, 3 upland rice, and 4 irrigated rice varieties was cultivated in soil pots. The drought resistance was assessed at the seedling stage using the stress coefficients of seven indicators, as the D value calculating from five principal components to rank the varieties. Five cultivars with strong, medium, and low resistance, were selected for transcriptome sequencing. The results of the GSEA analysis showed that free amino acid content increased through the redistribution of energy in Shanlan upland rice to cope with drought stress. In addition, we found that Os03g0623100 was significantly up-regulated under drought stress conditions in varieties with high drought resistance, as compared with low resistance cultivars. The Os03g0623100 was predicted to interact with LEA protein in the STRING database, which may contribute to maintaining the energy metabolisms to under stress conditions. This study provides a view of Shanlan upland rice as a drought-resistant germplasm resource, and a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanism of crop drought resistance.

Shanlan upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a unique upland rice variety cultivated by the Li nationality for a long time, which has good drought resistance and high utilization value in drought resistance breeding. To explore the origin of Shanlan upland rice and its genetic relationship with upland rice from other geographical sources, 214 upland rice cultivars from Southeast Asia and five provinces (regions) in southern China were used to study genetic diversity by using SSR markers. Twelve SSR primers were screened and 164 alleles (Na) were detected, with the minimum number of alleles being 8 and the maximum number of alleles being 23, with an average of 13.667. The analysis of genetic diversity and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that the differences among the materials mainly came from the individuals of upland rice. The results of gene flow and genetic differentiation revealed the relationship between the upland rice populations, and Hainan Shanlan upland rice presumably originated from upland rice in Guangdong province, and some of them were genetically differentiated from Hunan upland rice. It can be indirectly proved that the Li nationality in Hainan is a descendant of the ancient Baiyue ethnic group, which provides circumstantial evidence for the migration history of the Li nationality in Hainan, and also provides basic data for the advanced protection of Shanlan upland rice, and the innovative utilization of germplasm resources.

Additional file 8: Table S008. Function annotion of miRNAs target gene.

Background Drought has become the major abiotic stress that causes losses in rice yields and consequently is one of the main environmental factors threatening food security. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is known to play an important role in plant response to drought stress, while the mechanisms of competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) in drought resistance in upland rice have been rarely reported. Results In our study, a total of 191 lncRNAs, 2115 mRNAs and 32 miRNAs (microRNAs) were found by strand-specific sequencing and small RNA sequencing to be differentially expressed in drought-stressed rice. Functional analysis of results indicate that they play important roles in hormone signal transduction, chlorophyll synthesis, protein synthesis and other pathways. Construction of a ceRNA network revealed that MSTRG.28732.3 may interact with miR171 in the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway and affect the ability of plants to withstand drought stress by regulating Os02g0662700, Os02g0663100 and Os06g0105350. The accuracy of the regulatory network was verified by qRT-PCR. Conclusion Our results provide a theoretical basis for future studies on the potential function of lncRNA in plant drought resistance, and they provide new genetic resources for drought-resistant rice breeding.

Shanlan upland rice is a kind of upland rice and is suitable for planting in the mountains and in hilly terrain. It is mainly found in China’s Hainan province. To discover the drought-resistant genes in Shanlan upland rice, two representative varieties—Baishanuo (BSN) and Dongfang Manpoxiang (MPX)—were selected for transcriptome sequencing, after which gene expression analysis was used to confirm their gene expression patterns. The results demonstrated that 2791 and 829 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified for each variety, including 184 and 58 transcriptional factors, respectively. Expression analysis demonstrated that some genes with unknown functions, such as Os10g0505900, were highly expressed under drought stress treatment. The transcriptomic data and digital gene expression profiling data obtained in this study provide a basis for studying the drought-resistant mechanism in Shanlan upland rice.

油用亚麻(俗称胡麻)是我国重要的油料作物之一,也是干旱和半干旱地区的主要经济作物.近年来随着国家经济的发展和人们生活质量的提高,人们对油用亚麻的需求逐渐提升.建立一种快速高效便捷的油用亚麻遗传转化体系对油用亚麻分子育种具有重要意义.本实验以油用亚麻子叶节作为遗传转化的外植体,以草铵膦作为转基因植株筛选剂,通过农杆菌介导法转化油用亚麻,通过对各生长时期生长调节剂的配比筛选,优化出一套转化体系.该体系与传统的以下胚轴为外植体的转化方法相比,成苗时间能缩短至两个月,且阳性植株鉴定方法简便高效.该体系的开发为加快油用亚麻的分子育种与基因相关研究提供了有利条件.

为研究山栏稻对白叶枯病抗性,本试验以17个山栏稻品种为材料,在大田与温室大棚中同时种植,于大田中观察山栏稻在水、旱两种栽培模式下对海口当地白叶枯病菌的自然抗性并测产;在温室中检测水、旱两种栽培模式下山栏稻对菲律宾白叶枯病菌小种PXO99(P6)、PX145(P7)的抗性;并以基因功能性标记检测其抗性基因,分析各指标与抗病性的关系.结果 表明,大田环境下17个供试品种中有12个品种在水作栽培模式下感病指数高于旱作,有10个品种水作栽培模式下产量比旱作高.温室中用P6接种山栏稻,水作模式下仅有1个品种表现抗病,8个品种感病;旱作模式下2个品种表现抗病,3个品种感病.接种P7,水作时表现抗病和感病的品种数量分别为7个和2个;旱作时表现抗病的品种高达9个,仅1个品种感病.供试品种中有16个品种含有Xa1抗病基因,4个品种含有Xa27抗病基因,所有品种均不合xa13、Xa21抗病基因.因此认为,山栏稻对海口当地白叶枯病菌小种以及菲律宾白叶枯病菌小种都有一定抗性,且抗性受栽培条件的影响,山栏稻旱作时抗性强于水作.

以10份山栏稻(Oryza sativa L.)的种子为材料,利用超高效液相色谱?高分辨质谱联用技术进行山栏稻种子代谢数据库的建立,并对不同类型的山栏稻种子及种子不同萌发时期的代谢物进行定量分析,旨在为山栏稻营养品质的改良提供优良亲本和丰富水稻育种的种质资源.本研究成功构建了包含1058个代谢信号的山栏稻种子代谢数据库,其中,氨基酸、脂质、维生素和类黄酮等已知物质645个.与普通水稻种子代谢谱的比较分析表明,山栏稻种子中不饱和脂肪酸、维生素等物质的相对含量高于普通水稻;甘油磷脂和黄酮类物质低于普通水稻.在种子萌发过程中,山栏稻与普通水稻种子中代谢物的积累模式存在差异,其中,脯氨酸、亚麻酸乙酯、泛酸和吡哆醇的积累模式在山栏稻和普通水稻中存在差异.

作物学是海南大学“双一流”建设学科,农学专业是作物学一流学科对应的本科专业.《种子学》是农学专业的核心课程与骨干课程.为契合海南大学一流学科建设,总结出《种子学》课程教学中剖析基本概念与理论的方法.以种子的萌发为例,分别从种子萌发的概念、吸胀伤害与吸胀冷害、光照与种子萌发等方面探讨培养大学生的探究能力和逻辑思维能力的具体措施.

[目的]探索不同栽培模式下山栏稻源库流的变化及其对产量的影响,为山栏稻的高产栽培提供理论依据.[方法]以山栏稻山川24为试验材料,以传统旱作为对照,设普通水作、水作覆膜、水旱交替和水旱覆膜4种水旱栽培处理,测定其主要生育期剑叶的叶绿素含量、光合特性、茎鞘非结构性碳水化合物含量、产量及产量构成要素等指标,并于抽穗后10 d取样观察穗颈的横切解剖结构.[结果]与传统旱作相比,普通水作、水作覆膜、水旱交替和水旱覆膜处理均可提高孕穗期叶绿素含量和山栏稻灌浆期剑叶的净光合速率,提高源合成有机物的能力;普通水作和水作覆膜处理的茎鞘非结构性碳水化合物转运量、转运率显著高于传统旱作(P<0.05,下同);水作覆膜、普通水作和水旱交替处理的穗颈直径显著大于传统旱作,分别提高34.44％、24.44％和22.78％;4种栽培方式均可显著提高山栏稻的实际产量、每穴有效穗和库容量,库容量表现为水作覆膜>普通水作>水旱覆膜>水旱交替>传统旱作.[结论]与传统旱作相比,不同水旱栽培方式均可通过增加源库流的协调互作性来提高山栏稻产量,其中水作覆膜处理的穗颈结构相对较优,符合源足、流畅和库大的要求,实际产量最高,是较适合山栏稻山川24推广种植的栽培方式.

种子比重的测定是《种子学》实验教学中的常规验证性实验.种子学实验教材提供了排水法和比重瓶法测种子的比重,但经多年教学发现两种方法均存在一定的误差与缺陷.为此,本文通过对产生误差原因的分析,提出了相应的改进意见,并对相关计算公式进行了修正.