Naphthalene, a representative semi-volatile organic compound (SVOC), poses significant challenges for optical quantification due to surface adsorption and the difficulty of generating stable standards. To address these issues, a deep-ultraviolet Incoherent Broadband Cavity-Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy (IBBCEAS) system (mirror reflectivity >99.25%, 245-275 nm) was developed. The system achieved a detection limit of 1.3 × 10-7 cm-1 A dual-mode sampling strategy was employed to validate quantitative performance. First, steady-state saturation transpiration measurements yielded naphthalene absorption cross sections that agreed excellently with high-resolution literature data which validated the system. Second, an Integrated Absorption Spectroscopy (IAS) strategy was implemented to quantify transient pulse injections. The method demonstrated a strict linearity (R2 ≈ 0.99) between the flow integrated optical signal and injected mass. Crucially, the physical validity of the IAS framework was rigorously supported by varying the carrier gas flow rate: a slope ratio of ≈2.0 was observed when the flow rate was halved, consistent with the principle of mass conservation. This work demonstrates that the IBBCEAS-IAS framework effectively mitigates quantification errors caused by adsorption desorption hysteresis. Furthermore, the proven capability for measuring transient pulses highlights the method's potential for coupling with preconcentration desorption techniques (e.g., adsorbent tubes or cold traps) to accurately quantify the total concentration of sticky SVOCs.

This work explores the fabrication of SnSe/ZIF-67 composites via a hybrid method that combines liquid-phase laser ablation for the synthesis of high-purity SnSe nanoparticles and hydrothermal procedures for their tailored integration into the cubic ZIF-67 framework. SEM and TEM images portray SnSe nanoparticles embedded in cubic ZIF-67 frameworks; XRD, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, and XPS analyses confirm the successful synthesis of SnSe/ZIF-67 nanocomposites; the band gap reduction in SnSe/ZIF-67 was observed; all these attributes imply effective energy transfer between SnSe and ZIF-67, elucidating whether their optical limiting performance exceeds that of SnSe or ZIF-67 individually. By conducting Z-scan open-aperture measurements using a 532 nm laser as an excitation source, the optical absorption transmittance curves for ZIF-67 and SnSe/ ZIF-67 transitioned from saturable absorption to reverse saturable absorption, whereas SnSe showcased only reverse saturable absorption. Although all samples possess optical limiting properties, only SnSe/ZIF-67 exhibits an optical limiting threshold and is distinguished by its lowest normalized transmittance across all input energies, suggesting that SnSe/ZIF-67 exhibits superior optical limiting capabilities compared to SnSe and ZIF-67 nanoparticles individually. Leveraging the enhanced absorption properties of SnSe/ZIF-67 yields superior Rhodamine B degradation performance when exposed to visible light in the 530-540 nm wavelength range, compared to that of ZIF-67 and SnSe separately. SnSe/ZIF-67 material has superior nonlinear optical properties when exposed to a coherent laser source, highlighting its prospective applications in optical limiting and photonics. Conversely, its enhanced optical absorption under broadband illumination showcases its appropriateness for solar energy harvesting and photodetection applications.

In recent years, lead halide perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) have exhibited immense potential in fabricating patterned light‐emitting layers for display devices. The laser‐induced in situ synthesis of PQDs is an attractive patterning method due to the advantages of high efficiency, high precision, and non‐contact processing. By leveraging laser‐induced photothermal, photochemical, or other effects, it triggers the crystallization of PQDs at specified locations on precursor films, thereby achieving simultaneous synthesis and patterning. This review systematically summarizes precursor system design, polymer matrix selection, and film preparation methods on in situ synthesis. And it focuses on the synthesis mechanisms under continuous‐wave and pulsed laser irradiation, encompassing photothermal and other laser‐induced reactions. Additionally, it demonstrates the technology's applications in high‐resolution, flexible, and multi‐color LED patterning. Finally, future development directions such as lead‐free systems and solvent‐free processes are discussed, while current challenges in environmental stability and process reproducibility are highlighted, providing insights for the scalable application of this technology.

This study proposes a laser-induced polymerization-crystallization in-situ fabrication technology for transparent red-green dual-color integrated perovskite color conversion layer (CCL) films for smart display glass application. Specifically, a 355 nm picosecond(ps) laser was used to induce in-situ photopolymerization of perovskite precursor photoresist. The three-dimensional polymer was obtained by photopolymerization crosslinking and physical entanglement with APTS and PMMA. It has the blocking function and serves as barrier to hinder the exchange of Br− and I−, thereby preventing luminescent color shift and inducing in-situ crystallization of CsPbBr3 PQDs. After low-temperature short-time annealing to enhance film transparency, in-situ crystallization of CsPbI3 PQDs was induced by a 405 nm continuous-wave (CW) laser, and red-green dual-color integration was achieved by alternately arranging their patterns in a transparent film. The fabricated CCL film exhibits red emission at 691 nm (FWHM = 32 nm) and green emission at 516 nm (FWHM = 23 nm), with 124.2% NTSC chromaticity coverage and over 65% transmittance in 400 nm–800 nm.

Perovskite quantum dot (PQD) glass offers an effective approach to improving the environmental stability of quantum dots while maintaining their favorable optical properties. However, conventional melt quenching and annealing methods yield homogeneous PQD distributions, which lack the spatial controllability required for integrated photonic applications. In this work, CsPbBr3 PQD-embedded borosilicate glass was prepared via high-temperature melting and heat treatment. Picosecond laser direct writing was then employed to induce localized "secondary annealing" through thermal effects, significantly enhancing the crystallinity and photoluminescence intensity in the irradiated regions. Under UV excitation, the treated areas exhibited markedly stronger green emission, with the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) increasing from 14% to 22%, while allowing precise spatial control of the luminescent patterns. In contrast to femtosecond laser-based in situ synthesis of PQDs in glass, this method performs localized thermal repair on preformed PQD glass, optimizing existing quantum dots rather than creating new ones. This work provides a new, to the best of our knowledge, strategy for spatially selective optical tuning of PQD glass toward integrated micro-photonic devices.

One-dimensional lead halide perovskite nanowires (1D LHP NWs) synergize the excellent optoelectronic properties of metal halide perovskites with strong structural anisotropy, thus holding significant application potential in polarized optoelectronics. This review systematically summarizes the research progress on the preparation technologies and polarization properties of 1D LHP NWs. We first comprehensively overview and compare mainstream synthesis strategies-including hot-injection, room-temperature, solvothermal, ultrasonic, template-assisted, and vapor-phase growth methods-analyzing how key factors like ligand selection regulate morphology and crystal quality. Crucially, we delve into the structure-performance correlations, elucidating how crystal anisotropy and quantum confinement govern linear and circular polarization mechanisms, while also highlighting recent advancements in environmentally friendly lead-free alternatives. We further quantify their cutting-edge applications in polarized light emission and polarization detection, noting specific breakthroughs such as a high degree of linear polarization up to 0.84 and ultra-high detector responsivities up to 22.14 A W-1. Finally, the review identifies existing critical challenges and outlines three thematic future directions: resolving synthesis reproducibility and long-term stability, exploring atomic-scale chiral polarization mechanisms, and accelerating industrialization through multi-field integration and pilot-scale manufacturing.

The development of high-performance optical limiting materials remains a significant challenge, and this work addresses it by creating integrated inorganic-organic composite materials via hybrid synthesis approaches. A novel manganese-iron-phosphorus-silicon-tin (Mn 1.25 Fe 0.7 P 0.44 Si 0.56 Sn 0.2 , MnFePSiSn) alloy/graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposite was synthesized by combining laser ablation in liquid (LAL) for MnFePSiSn nanoparticles with hydrothermal processing (120 °C, 12 h) for integration of MnFePSiSn/rGO for advanced optical limiting applications. Z-scan measurements under 532 nm laser irradiation demonstrate that the resulting MnFePSiSn/rGO nanocomposite exhibits remarkably enhanced optical limiting performance compared to its individual components. Specifically, the nanocomposite possesses an optical limiting threshold that is not only lower than that of pristine MnFePSiSn but also 1/50 that of pristine GO. At an incident intensity of 47.96 GW/cm², the composite shows a significantly deeper valley in its Z-scan trace, attributable to facilitated electron transfer within the hybrid structure that substantially strengthens the two-photon absorption (TPA) process. This study provides a facile and effective strategy for developing highly efficient optical limiting nanomaterials with ultralow thresholds, showcasing great potential for high-performance laser protection devices.

Metal halide perovskite exhibits high quantum efficiency and tunable bandgaps, rendering them highly promising for application in high-definition displays. Through mixing halogens or quantum confinement, perovskite can achieve standard red, green, and blue (RGB) emission. However, the halogen segregation and crystal defects induced by the environment often deteriorate the spectral stability and color purity. Here, a spatially confined microreactor was constructed based on the synergistic confinement effect arising from perovskite-oriented growth by Ni(CH3COO)2 and the blocking crystallization by PEA+, resulting in a dominated formation of n = 2 phase in the single halogen system. In these perovskite composite films, the maximum brightness can exceed 200 000 cd/m2, and the LT50 under 1000 cd/m2 is above 1000 h. The CIE coordinates of RGB films are (0.696, 0.303), (0.134, 0.773), (0.147, 0.041), respectively, which represents 91.3% of the Rec. 2020 standard. Under intense illumination and thermal of LED beads (3.7 V), the CIE coordinates error of the film is only (+/- 0.01, +/- 0.01) compared to the initial (3.0 V), which is much smaller than that of the mixed-halide perovskite (+/- 0.1, +/- 0.2). The results confirm that the pure Br or I single-n-phase distributed perovskite film is an ideal material for future wide-color-gamut displays.

In Shanghai, nitrate often drives spring and autumn PM2.5, yet seasonal coupling between inorganic nitrate (NO3, inorg) and particulate organic nitrate (pON) is unclear. We conducted urban observations in spring and autumn to investigate the characteristics and environmental drivers for nitrate, with Aerosol Mass Spectrometer and constrained PMF. Organo-nitrate (NO3,org) contributed 8% of total nitrate in spring and 24% in autumn, with pronounced nighttime peaks in both seasons. pON accounted for 14.9% of organic aerosol (OA) in spring and 46.5% in autumn. During polluted periods (PM2.5 >= 75 mu g/m3), inorganic nitrate fractions significantly increased, especially in spring. Mechanistically, daytime OH and VOC oxidation and nighttime NO3 & sdot;/N2O5 chemistry jointly controlled NO3,org, whereas high RH above 50% preferentially enhanced multiphase production of NO3,inorg, dominating the nitrate increase. Elevated autumn Ox strengthened photochemistry and promoted NO3,org formation. The findings reveal a seasonal shift between photochemical and multiphase pathways that governs nitrate partitioning and PM2.5 increase in Shanghai, suggesting joint VOC and NOx control in autumn and reduction of humid, multiphase NO3,inorg accumulation in spring.

To improve optical limiting performance, low-dimensional materials coated with inorganic nanoparticles may synergistically integrate the nonlinear optical features of organic and inorganic nanostructures. The major novelty is in the particular combinations of inorganic constituents (MnFePSiB and MnTeSbS) that have not been previously integrated with rGO for nonlinear optical applications. This work explores the fabrication of organic/ inorganic composites through a hybrid method that employs Hummer's modified method for graphene oxide synthesis, laser ablation for the synthesis of nanoparticles from bulk alloys composed of readily available and cost-effective raw materials for MnFePSiB and MnTeSbS materials and hydrothermal procedures for integration of rGO/MnFePSiB and rGO/MnTeSbS composites. Morphological structure analysis showed that the MnFePSiB and MnTeSbS nanoparticles were scattered across the layered structure of reduced graphene oxide. XPS and EDS analysis revealed compositional purity, whereas UV, Raman and FTIR spectra showed the development of the composites and effective interaction among the components, which can display significantly enhanced nonlinear optical absorption performance compared to the individual samples. The optical limiting performance was observed by performing open-aperture Z-scan measurement with a 532 nm laser as an excitation source. Except for the rGO/MnFePSiB composites, which displayed only reverse saturation absorption, all of the other samples exhibited a change in optical absorption transmittance from saturable absorption to reverse saturable absorption. Interestingly, all samples showcased the optical limiting behaviour; however, rGO/MnFePSiB composites outperform other composites and individual nanoparticles in terms of lower optical limiting threshold, higher absorption coefficient, and minimum lowest normalized transmittance across all input intensities. The nonlinear optical properties of all the fabricated materials showcase their potential applications in photonics and optical limiting.

Lead halide perovskite films show luminescence ideal for security, but artificial intelligence (AI) advancements have rendered their traditional display encryption obsolete. Herein, for AI recognition, we developed a facile and highly secure dual encryption method based on laser-induced perovskite multicolor and textures patterning. Precise control of the emission wavelength and surface texture of the perovskite composite film (PCF) was achieved by regulating the composition of the anion exchange solution and laser path. A Quick Response (QR) code consisting of squares with different emission wavelengths and textures was fabricated on CsPbBr3 PCF. The decryption process requires two keys. The first key is an optical filter, which is used to selectively isolate squares emitting at specific wavelength. Another key is the high resolution surface texture of the patterned squares. Further screening of squares with the specified texture is performed via pattern recognition using the YOLOv5 model, thereby achieving decryption of the QR code content. The YOLOv5 model achieved an average similarity of 89.5% in recognizing training samples, with a precision of 96.44%, which means the chosen model exhibited effective recognition performance. This strategy successfully realized dual encryption of information and provided a novel solution for information security protection with AI recognition.

Superhydrophobic materials play a critical role in extreme waterproofing applications, where their performance fundamentally depends on the synergistic optimization of chemical composition and surface morphology. In this work, we present a composite strategy integrating hydrophobic particle stacking with laser patterning. Specifically, hierarchical micro/nano structures were constructed through precisely controlled fluorinated silica particles in stacked configurations. Subsequent nanosecond laser treatment generated periodic air-trapping microarrays, synergistically enhancing surface hydrophobicity. The engineered surface achieved a water contact angle of 170 degrees with an exceptionally low sliding angle below 1 degrees, demonstrating a complete transition from Wenzel to Cassie-Baxter wetting states. This study provides new insights for designing advanced self-cleaning surfaces and anti-icing coatings.

Partially etched Ti 3 Al 1− x C 2 exhibit good saturable absorption properties and enhanced oxidative stability. The material size affects the optical response, which provides insights into the preparation of nonlinear optical materials.

Indoor combustion activities, including candle burning, incense use, and cooking, are significant but understudied sources of reactive nitrogen species and oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs). Using real-time high-resolution mass spectrometry, we comparatively characterize emissions from these sources in a residential setting. The tested unscented candles emitted 46.86 ± 26.27 ppb NOx and 1.63 ± 0.92 ppb HONO which is ten times higher than the specific scented candles while the tested incense combustion released biomass-burning tracers (e.g., methoxyphenols, acetonitrile) and nitrogen-containing heterocycle compounds (e.g., pyrroles). Cooking with vegetable oils generated aldehydes (e.g., hexanal, nonanal) via fatty acid decomposition, with peanut oil producing more oxidized OVOCs than olive oil. By comparing days with different OH level, we show that post-cooking aldehyde rebound occurs only when OH concentration exceed a threshold, providing direct evidence for OH-driven secondary formation. This observation is consistent with OH-initiated photochemical production of secondary aldehydes, though we acknowledge that physical transport from the kitchen to the sampling point cannot be fully separated in this real-world residential setting. The burning of the selected incense sticks emerged as an unanticipated source of isocyanates (∼0.38 ppb isocyanic acid), comparable to biomass burning. Ammonia (NH3), an underreported byproduct,increased by 3-9 ppb above backgroundduring candle/incense combustion, reaching absolute concentrations of 30-38 ppb. Our comparative analysis reveals the distinct chemical complexity of indoor emissions, their dependence on source-specific mechanisms, and the corresponding need for mitigation strategies to reduce human exposure to toxic pollutants.

Lead-halide perovskites are a new class of semiconductor materials that have excellent optoelectronic properties and can be easily transformed into bright luminescent colloidal nanocrystals. These characteristics bring great prospects for the development of high-efficiency optical devices. These materials possess unique anion-exchange properties that allow for post-synthesis adjustment of the bandgap. Anion exchange typically initiates at the surface: Perovskite nanocrystals have flexible lattice properties, which allow ions to gradually diffuse into the interior of the crystal with the help of vacancies, resulting in the formation of complete or mixed-phase perovskites. Various methods, such as liquid phase, gas phase, and solid phase anion exchange, enable precise control over the composition and bandgap modulation, thereby tuning the emission wavelengths of nanocrystals across the visible spectrum. The flexibility and precision offered by anion exchange facilitate effective phase control and engineering of the optoelectronic properties of lead-halide perovskites. This, in turn, opens up opportunities for their application in light-emitting diodes, solar cells, and detectors, thus driving further advancements in anion-exchange technology.

Perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) have garnered significant attention in the display industry as high-performance luminescent materials in recent years. However, in outdoor applications, it is highly challenging to maintain the luminescent performance of PQDs while simultaneously ensuring superhydrophobicity and self-cleaning functionality in rainy weather conditions. Here, we report a luminescent pixel array fabricated using superhydrophobic PQDs with a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 32%. The surface exhibits a high static contact angle of 168° and a rolling angle of <1°, demonstrating excellent self-cleaning ability. Specifically, by loading encapsulated PQDs onto fluorinated silica particles of varying particle sizes, a multilevel micronano hierarchical raspberry-like interface is formed. Simultaneously, local evaporation quenching induced by pulsed laser irradiation is employed to create a photoluminescent array with individual pixel diameters of 300 μm and a spacing of 80 μm. This achievement fills the gap in the application of PQDs for outdoor displays.

Incorporating perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) into photoresist (PR) and utilizing mature photolithography processes is an optimal strategies for achieving patterning, perfectly aligning with the requirements for large‐scale manufacturing. Consequently, enhancing the intrinsic stability of the red‐emitting CsPbBrI 2 QDs is paramount to enable their direct mixing with PR for subsequent lithographic processing. Herein, a B‐site‐doped CsPbBrI 2 QD is designed by introducing Sr 2 ⁺. This doping enhances the lattice stability and partially repairs surface defects. The Sr‐doped CsPbBrI 2 QDs solution maintains stability for 30 days, retaining 93.7% of its initial photoluminescence (PL) intensity with a PL peak barely shift, while the films show enhanced thermal tolerance. Owing to the high stability, the Sr‐doped CsPbBrI 2 QDs are mixed with commercial PR, and the blend maintained a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 61%. Photolithographic patterned films achieve the minimum feature size of 88.39 µm with better uniformity and luminescence intensity. Encapsulated within the PR matrix, the QD‐PR films confer exceptional water stability, retaining strong luminescence even after 48 h immersion, and resistance to polar solvents. Sr‐doped CsPbBrI 2 QDs and the commercial PR synergistically overcome compatibility barriers, facilitating simple and efficient photolithographic patterning.

Accurately estimating particulate organic nitrate under high NOx and oxidizing conditions is critical. This study compared the NOx+ ratio, unconstrained Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF), and Multilinear Engine-2 (ME2) methods to estimate particulate organic nitrate in Shanghai across different seasons. The factors associated with organic nitrate, as identified through two receptor methods, exhibited consistent daily patterns in spring, summer, and autumn, although source contributions varied. The NOx+ ratio method reported higher organic nitrate levels than the PMF and ME2 methods, likely due to the fixed RON/RAN parameter. Seasonal RON/RAN parameters were optimized based on precursor emissions in Shanghai, achieving values of 3.13 in spring, 2.25 in summer, and 1.88 in autumn. This optimization reduced discrepancies in organic nitrate using the NOx+ ratio to 3.2–7.4%. The optimized parameters in this study support the rapid and accurate estimation of organic nitrate during different seasons in urban areas.

This study presents a generalized, high-precision measurement system based on Integrated Absorption Spectroscopy (IAS) for determining gas-phase absorption cross sections of low-volatility organic compounds (LVOCs), particularly semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in the atmosphere. Accurate cross sections and their temperature dependence are essential for modeling atmospheric and high-temperature processes. We coupled a temperature-controlled inlet and cell (473 K) with a nitrogen carrier gas to measure the cross sections of 2-nitrophenol (2-NP) and naphthalene from 250 to 400 nm. At 473 K, peak cross sections for 2-NP were 2.31 × 10−17 cm2/molecule at 260 nm and 1.16 × 10−17 cm2/molecule at 335 nm. For naphthalene, values between 258 and 280 nm decreased from 1.62 × 10−17 to 1.28 × 10−17 cm2/molecule. Thermally induced spectral broadening and reduced peak cross sections align with thermodynamic theory. These high-temperature data resolve discrepancies among low-temperature datasets. For example, our maximum cross section for 2-NP (300–400 nm) is 29% lower than that reported by Chen et al. (293 K), whereas the value from Sangwan and Zhu (295 K) is 86.8% lower than Chen’s, supporting the higher reliability of Chen’s data. The IAS method thus offers a robust approach for quantifying absorption cross sections under atmospherically relevant conditions.