High-voltage flexible solar arrays are critical for high-power spacecraft and large-scale space facilities due to their reduced transmission losses and lightweight advantages. However, electrostatic discharge (ESD) induced by space plasma remains a major reliability constraint under high-voltage operation. This work proposes a material-driven mitigation strategy for space solar arrays that suppresses ESD susceptibility through dielectric modulation and integrated encapsulation. Dielectric matching between pseudomorphic glass (PMG) and the substrate enables interfacial electric field regulation. The integrated encapsulation strategy further eliminates triple-junction regions, altering ESD-prone regions and interrupting the evolution toward permanent sustained arc (PSA). The flexible solar array maintains electrical performance comparable to rigid panels while offering reduced mass and volume. Meanwhile, compared with traditional coverglass-encapsulated rigid panels that experience PSA at 110 V, the proposed PMG-integrated flexible solar array exhibits no PSA events at 800 V under equivalent conditions. Apparently, the high-voltage flexible solar array in this study exhibits significant potential for enabling efficient and reliable space power generation, holding the promise for assuming a significant role in future space energy systems.

Two-dimensional (2D) spintronic devices based on van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures have potential applications in magnetic sensing and data storage. Here, we report vdW heterostructures fabricated by stacking an exfoliated ultrathin black phosphorus (BP) or violet phosphorus (VP) spacer between two exfoliated ferromagnetic Fe3GeTe2 (FGT) electrodes. The devices achieve high magnetoresistance (MR) ratios of 40.4% and 31.5% for the FGT/BP/FGT and FGT/VP/FGT heterostructures at low temperature, respectively. The magnitude of MR can be tuned by bias current and spacer thickness. Moreover, magnetotransport measurements confirm robust spin valve effect, showing angular-independent MR in FGT-based heterostructures. Our work opens a new avenue for the application of monoelemental phosphorus as spacer in novel spintronic devices.

The growing demand for energy storage systems makes it crucial to develop high-performance anode materials for sodium-ion batteries. This study proposes an innovative strategy for constructing a porous CuO@ fluorinated graphdiyne (F-GDY) composite anode guided by a F-GDY coating. The synergistic effect of Cu(OH)2 core contraction and F-GDY shell confinement led to the formation of a porous CuO structure while preserving the well-defined linear array morphology. The interfacial charge transfer between F-GDY and CuO modulates the electronic structure of CuO, significantly enhancing electron transport efficiency and sodium ion adsorption capacity. The porous structure effectively accommodates volume fluctuations during sodium-ion insertion/extraction, thereby facilitating the formation of a stable solid electrolyte interphase. Electrochemical tests demonstrate that the composite anode exhibits high reversible capacity (681 mAh g-1 after 100 cycles at 50 mA g-1) and excellent long-term cycling stability (maintaining 278 mAh g-1 after 1250 cycles at 2000 mA g-1). Mechanistic analysis further confirms that the sodium storage process is predominantly capacitive and possesses a high ionic diffusion coefficient. This study provides a new perspective for developing high-stability anode materials for SIBs that can accommodate volume changes.

The discovery of high temperature superconductivity in the nickelate system has stimulated enormous interest in the community of condensed matter physics. Recently, superconductivity with an onset transition temperature (Tc^onset) over 40 K was achieved in La3Ni2O7 and (La,Pr)3Ni2O7 thin films at ambient pressure due to in-plane compressive strain. This observation has sparked enormous attention because measurements on superconducting properties can be accessible with many commonly used experimental tools. On the other hand, the Tc in these thin films is much lower than that of the bulk bilayer nickelates under pressure. Here we report the enhancement of Tc^onset to over 60 K by applying hydrostatic pressure on the compressively strained superconducting bilayer nickelate thin films. The Tc^onset firstly ramps up with pressure, then it slightly drops down after reaching the maximum Tc^onset at about 61.5 K under a pressure of 9 GPa, showing a dome-like phase diagram. Hall effect measurements reveal that the dominant charge carriers are hole-like with a slight enhancement of charge carrier density with pressure in accompanying with the increase of Tc. Our theoretical results demonstrate that the enhancement of Tc arises from a cooperative amplification of magnetic fluctuations within and between the layers and increased metallicity under pressure. However, this enhancement exhibits saturation at higher pressures. These findings highlight the critical role of the interplay between interlayer and intralayer electronic correlations in bilayer nickelate superconductors and point to the potential of tuning Tc through controlled manipulation of the electronic structure and interactions.

The development of high-performance optical limiting materials remains a significant challenge, and this work addresses it by creating integrated inorganic-organic composite materials via hybrid synthesis approaches. A novel manganese-iron-phosphorus-silicon-tin (Mn 1.25 Fe 0.7 P 0.44 Si 0.56 Sn 0.2 , MnFePSiSn) alloy/graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposite was synthesized by combining laser ablation in liquid (LAL) for MnFePSiSn nanoparticles with hydrothermal processing (120 °C, 12 h) for integration of MnFePSiSn/rGO for advanced optical limiting applications. Z-scan measurements under 532 nm laser irradiation demonstrate that the resulting MnFePSiSn/rGO nanocomposite exhibits remarkably enhanced optical limiting performance compared to its individual components. Specifically, the nanocomposite possesses an optical limiting threshold that is not only lower than that of pristine MnFePSiSn but also 1/50 that of pristine GO. At an incident intensity of 47.96 GW/cm², the composite shows a significantly deeper valley in its Z-scan trace, attributable to facilitated electron transfer within the hybrid structure that substantially strengthens the two-photon absorption (TPA) process. This study provides a facile and effective strategy for developing highly efficient optical limiting nanomaterials with ultralow thresholds, showcasing great potential for high-performance laser protection devices.

Electrochromic devices based on reversible metal deposition offer superior optical performance, with higher reflectivity and broader modulation ranges than conventional ion intercalation systems. Traditional devices use pre-deposited electrochromic layers on transparent conductive substrates, limited by material properties and ion migration rates. In contrast, metal deposition and dissolution devices achieve rapid, highly reversible color switching by directly controlling metal electrochemical deposition on transparent electrodes, expanding modulation range and response speed. This study proposes a multi-component deep eutectic solvent (MDES) electrolyte enabling reversible, efficient, dense zinc deposition, overcoming loose morphology, low transmittance, and low efficiency issues in aqueous electrolytes. MDES raises zinc nucleation overpotential, promotes fine, uniform particles, decreases light transmission, and enhances modulation depth; it also inhibits hydrogen evolution and zinc corrosion, improving stability and cycling. Trace Cu2+ further optimizes zinc kinetics, reduces interfacial polarization, and boosts reversibility and device efficiency. Using this electrolyte, a three-electrode multispectral device was assembled, showing four distinct optical states: fully transparent, semi-transparent blue, intermediate opacity, and nearly opaque. This enables dynamic visible and near-infrared light modulation, enhancing adaptive optical application potential. The work offers new design insights for metal-based reversible electrochemical systems, advancing smart windows, tunable filters, and energy-efficient displays with broad prospects.

Na4Fe3(PO4)2(P2O7) (NFPP) is a vital candidate for electrode materials in sodium-ion battery development. However, its low electrical conductivity causes poor cycling performance, limiting its application in highefficiency battery materials. To solve this problem, this study proposes a novel material design strategy. It involves constructing a 3D carbon-coating network on the surface of NFPP materials. This carbon coating is achieved by combining sol-gel technology with thermal treatment using pyrolytic carbon (C), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and graphene (GN). Compared to NFPP@C, the electrochemical performance of NFPP@C/CNTs/GN is enhanced, showing the most remarkable performance in half-cell tests. After 10,000 cycles at 10C, the material retains 68.9 mAh g- 1 with only 4.63 % decay, over twice the retention of conventional NFPP@C. This performance improvement is attributed to the conductive structure formed by the 3D carbon coating, which significantly shortens the diffusion path of Na+ and electrons within NFPP. Consequently, the transport kinetics of Na+ and the battery are improved. This work offers a concise strategy that simultaneously elevates electronic conductivity and structural stability in NFPP cathodes, positioning them to meet the stringent benchmarks demanded by practical high-energy sodium-ion batteries.

The transmission of pathogenic bacteria via the contaminated surfaces of interactive touchscreens is an important route of infection. It is therefore imperative to develop a functional film with antibacterial properties to prevent cross-infection. In this paper, a bilayer thin-film structure composed of iron-doped and copper-doped zinc oxide (Fe-ZnO/Cu-ZnO) is synthesized through a spin coating technique based on sol-gel. The synergistic effects of metal ion doping, combined with the influence of the internal electric potential, during the photocatalytic reaction process, promote the separation and migration of photogenerated carriers. As a result, it notably boosts the photocatalytic properties. The nanofilm is demonstrated to achieve a rapid bactericidal effect (surpassing 90%) under sunlight irradiation. Furthermore, it is shown to completely kill bacteria after 20 min of illumination and to maintain excellent antibacterial performance (surpassing 90%) for a period of 30 days. Concurrently, the thin film displays both exceptional light transmittance (surpassing 90%) and noteworthy benefits, including environmental sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and the capacity for safe disinfection. The thin film exhibits considerable potential for implementation on surfaces subject to high-frequency public contact. It boasts extensive application prospects and serves as a foundational reference for the design of photocatalytic antibacterial thin films.

Metallic Tin (Sn) is an attractive anode material for aqueous batteries due to its high theoretical capacity, low redox potential and strong corrosion resistance. However, the uneven deposition of Sn and severe interfacial side reactions limit its wide application. Herein, a nanoscale fullerene (C60) coating on a Sn anode has been developed by the physical evaporation deposition technology to eliminate complicated side reactions. This coating improves the homogeneity of the Sn anode surface electric field, and reduces the formation of "dead tin". As a result, the C60-coated Sn anode can maintain a low voltage hysteresis cycle for more than 850 h. The aqueous NiO//Sn cell encapsulated by this anode achieves a maximum specific discharge capacity of 79.3 mAh·g−1 at a current density of 1.5 A·g−1. Moreover, as a proof of concept, we propose an aqueous electrochromic Sn battery, which can realize energy storage and reversibly color switch, yielding favorable optical modulation of about 61.1

Electrochromic supercapacitors (ECSCs), which visually indicate their operating status through color changes, have attracted considerable attention in the field of wearable electronics. The conductive polymer polyaniline (PANI) shows great potential for integrated intelligent devices by combining bi-functional electrochromic spectral modulation and energy storage capabilities. In this work, a microsphere-like structured PANI-based composite film was fabricated on a porous Au/nylon 66 electrode via a one-step electrochemical copolymerization process, using 1,3,6,8-pyrenetetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt (PTSA) as both the dopant and cross-linking agent for the PANI backbone, serving as the ECSC electrode. Compared to the pristine PANI electrode, the PANI-PTSA composite film exhibits lower intrinsic resistance and higher electrical conductivity, delivering a higher specific capacitance of 310.0 F g⁻1@1 A g⁻1 and an areal capacitance of 340.0 mF cm⁻2@1 mA cm⁻2, respectively. The dopant facilitates enhanced electrochemical performance by promoting charge transport within the PANI polymer network. Meanwhile, as a counter anion to the PANI backbone, PTSA regulates the growth of PANI chains and acts as a morphological controller. Furthermore, a symmetric ECSC based on the PANI-PTSA8:1 electrode was assembled, and its electrochemical properties were thoroughly investigated. The device demonstrated a high specific capacitance of 169.2 mF cm⁻2 at 1 mA cm⁻2, a notable energy density of 23.5 μWh cm⁻2 at a power density of 0.5 mW cm⁻2, and excellent cycling stability with 79% capacitance retention after 3000 cycles at a current density of 5 mA cm⁻2, alongside remarkable mechanical flexibility. Additionally, the working status of the ECSCs can be directly monitored through reversible color changes from yellow-green to deep blue during charge-discharge processes.

Metal foils have emerged as one of the promising materials for anode-free batteries due to their high energy density and scalability in production. The unclear lithium plating/stripping kinetics of metal foil current collectors in anode-free batteries was addressed by using the non-destructive distribution of relaxation times (DRT) analysis to systematically investigate the lithium transport behavior of 14 metal foils and its correlation with electrochemical performance. By integrating energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and galvanostatic testing, the exceptional properties of indium (In), tin (Sn), and silver (Ag) were revealed: the Li-In alloying reaction exhibits high reversibility, Li-Sn alloys demonstrate outstanding cycling stability, and the Li-Ag solid-solution mechanism provides an ideal lithium deposition interface on the silver substrate. The DRT separates the polarization internal resistance of lithium ions passing through the SEI layer (Rsei, τ2) and the polarization internal resistance of lithium ions undergoing charge transfer reaction at the electrolyte/electrode interface (Rct, τ3) by decoupling the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). For the first time, the correlation between τ2, τ3, and the cycle life/Coulombic efficiency of alloy/solid-solution metals was established, while non-alloy metals are not suitable for this method due to differences in lithium deposition mechanisms. This study not only illuminates the structure-property relationship governing the lithium kinetics of metal foil electrodes but also provides a novel non-destructive analytical strategy and theoretical guidance for the rational design of stable anodes in high-energy-density batteries, facilitating the efficient screening and optimization of anode-free battery.

The design of proton exchange membranes (PEMs) with superior mechanical strength and excellent proton conductivity is critical for enhancing the performance of proton exchange membrane water electrolysers (PEMWEs). The performance of proton exchange membrane water electrolysers (PEMWEs) is heavily reliant on proton exchange membranes (PEMs) that possess superior mechanical strength and excellent proton conductivity. Herein, we propose a facile approach to synthesize silica-encapsulated carbon tubes modified Nafionbased membranes. The addition of the one-dimensional silica-encapsulated carbon tubes alters the arrangement of the Nafion polymer leading to a strong phase separation, which results in significantly higher water uptake, ion exchange capacity and mechanical strength. The composite membranes achieve a proton conductivity of 228.4 mS cm(-1) at 80 degrees C and 100 % relative humidity (RH). Their performance was demonstrated in a PEMWE with the resulting electrolyser achieving a maximum current density of 2.56 A cm(-2) at 1.8 V, which is 1.65 times higher than that of the recast membrane. The higher performance of the composite membrane is attributed to the one-dimensional CNT@SiO2 skeleton, which tunes the arrangement of Nafion polymer through the hydrogen bonding network formed between Si-OH and sulfonic acid groups. These results demonstrate that Nafion-CNT@SiO2 composite membranes hold great potential for enhancing electrolytic performance in water splitting applications.

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their stable cycling performance, low cost, and abundance of sodium resources. Among cathodes of SIBs, sodium superionic conductors (NASCIONs) have garnered significant attention due to their unique 3D framework, high thermal stability, and high ionic conductivity. Activation of multiple electron transfer in NASICON materials is crucial for improving energy density, but the activation mechanism of the high-valent V-platform, especially V4+/V5+ redox, is currently understudied. To this end, we have synthesized Na3CrxV2-x(PO4)3 (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1) cathode materials with controlled Cr doping ratios. When meticulously tuning the Cr doping levels to x = 0.5, the specific capacity can be strikingly optimized with a high plateau at around 4 V (vs Na+/Na) and a higher capacity retention of 89.1% after 2500 cycles. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and theoretical calculations show that the spin angular momentum of unpaired electrons leads to spin polarization and their magnetic moment results in electron spin-nuclear spin coupling. Therefore, the overall magnetic moment of the material is increased after chromium doping. Meanwhile, the unpaired electrons filling the orbitals leads to the hybridized metal p, d, and f orbitals, which can reduce the V band gap and in turn lower the energy barrier for electron migration, promoting the V4+/V5+ redox coupling in Na3CrxV1-x(PO4)3. This discovery refines the doping strategy for vanadium-based cathode materials and facilitates the understanding of multielectron reactions in SIBs.

Contact infection is accelerating the spread of pathogenic bacteria, threatening the health of people all over the world. Herein, photoresponsive TiO 2 /N‐doped ZnO (TiO 2 /N‐ZnO) nanofilms are synthesized using atomic layer deposition and the sol–gel method to rapidly kill bacteria on electronic touch screens by strengthened photocatalytic sterilization. The enhancement of the photocatalytic performance of TiO 2 /ZnO is significantly attributed to the oxygen vacancy and crystal defect induced by nitrogen element doping, leading to the production of an increased quantity of reactive oxygen species from TiO 2 /N‐ZnO. Further, when bacteria engage with the nanofilm, there is an occurrence of electron transfer between the TiO 2 /N‐ZnO and the bacterial film, thereby consequently disturbing the electron equilibrium on the bacterial film. Upon exposure to simulated sunlight for a duration of 3 min (for Staphylococcus aureus ; S. aureus ) or 10 min (for Escherichia coli ; E. coli ), TiO 2 /N‐ZnO demonstrates superior antibacterial effects (>95%) on both bacterial strains. With the illumination time extended to 20 min, the antibacterial efficacy of TiO 2 /N‐ZnO against S. aureus and E. coli reaches up to 100%. Concurrently, the TiO 2 /N‐ZnO nanofilms demonstrate commendable light transmittance (>85%) and biocompatibility. As such, this study may offer a potential methodology for antimicrobial applications in electronic touch screens.

Layered V5O126H2O is a promising candidate for aqueous zinc batteries (AZBs) but with moderate electrochemical performances. Herein, the charge storage properties of V5O126H2O are markedly improved by building up the heterointerface on its surface using amorphous molybdenum trioxide as the heteromaterial. The amorphous molybdenum trioxide functioning as the proton reservoir enables the proton-involved electrochemical reactions and induces the formation of a built-in electric field along the [001] orientation at the heterointerface constructed by the (001) plane of V5O126H2O, which could provide new diffusion pathways and extra sites for ion storage. As a result, V5O126H2O with significantly improved kinetics realizes an ultrahigh capacity of 510 mAh g-1, better rate capability, and prolonged lifespan. This work provides general guidance for designing advanced cathode materials for AZBs with respect to heterostructure.

Lithium argyrodite sulfide has emerged as one of the most promising solid electrolytes for all-solid-state lithium metal batteries (ASSLMBs) due to its outstanding ionic conductivity and favorable mechanical properties. However, its application is significantly hindered by issues such as poor moisture and electrochemical stability. Herein, we implement a La2O3 doping strategy to enhance the chemical and electrochemical stability of the Li5.5PS4.5Cl1.5 electrolyte. Specifically, the large radius of La3+ ions induces a size effect that provides additional lithium-ion transport channels, preserving the high ionic conductivity of the original electrolyte. The introduction of O2- forms stronger P-O chemical bonds, stabilizing the electrolyte structure and improving its air stability. The optimized electrolyte, Li5.5 + 2xP1-xLaxS4.5-1.5xO1.5xCl1.5 (where x = 0.04, namely LPSC-La0.04), exhibits a remarkable room-temperature ionic conductivity of 6.23 mS cm- 1, a critical current density of 3.1 mA cm- 2, and stable lithium deposition/stripping behavior. The introduction of La3+ not only promotes uniform lithium-ion deposition but also enhances the lithium-ion transport across the passivation layer, especially at high current densities. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the passivation layer help to suppress dendrite growth more effectively. Notably, LPSC-La0.04 shows enhanced stability in both air and moisture environments. The material also maintains good structural stability after thermal treatment. LPSC-La0.04-based ASSLMBs using high-nickel cathodes and Li-In anodes demonstrate a high initial discharge capacity of 179.1 mAh g-1 at 1C, and a capacity retention of 83.6 % after 500 cycles. This study introduces a novel approach to simultaneously enhance the moisture and electrochemical stability of sulfide electrolytes, providing valuable insights for the development of high-performance ASSLMBs.

High superconducting transition temperature is favorable for the applications of superconductors. Some cuprate superconductors have the transition temperatures above 100 K, such as the Hg- or Tl-based 1223 and 1234 phases, but many of them contain the toxic elements, like Hg and Tl. Meanwhile, the anisotropy of upper critical field or the effective mass of above mentioned Hg-, Tl-based systems, or the non-toxic Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10 with T-c = 110 K is high, which makes the vortices easy to move and the irreversibility magnetic field is very low in the liquid nitrogen temperature region. Here we report the successful synthesis of the c-axis oriented (Cu,C)Ba2Ca2Cu3O9 +/-delta superconducting thin film with the zero-resistance transition temperature reaching 99.7 K. The superconducting transitions are rather sharp as revealed by both resistivity and magnetization measurements. Temperature dependent resistivity has been measured under different magnetic fields, and the irreversibility lines have been achieved. The resistivity was also measured with the magnetic field rotated in the ac-plane, and the data can be nicely scaled by using the anisotropic Ginzburg-Landau model, yielding a temperature dependent anisotropy which varies from 17 at 110 K to 4 at 77 K. Additionally, the critical current density calculated from the magnetization-hysteresis-loops reaches about 6x10(5) A/cm(2) (zero field) at 77 K. Thus the film may be a good candidate for the applications of superconducting cables or high frequency superconducting filters in liquid nitrogen temperature region.

We graft carbonic anhydrase (CA) efficiently onto modified polyethersulfone (PES) membranes with good blood compatibility and maintain the catalytic activity of CA for HCO 3 − to CO 2 conversion, which is exactly what the membrane of artificial lungs need.