改革开放后,黄河上中游地区的水土保持工作得到恢复,并随着改革步伐的加快呈现出较好的发展势头.流域各地政府抓住西部大开发、重视生态环境建设的良好机遇,围绕防治水土流失、减少入黄泥沙、改善生态环境和农业基础条件的目标,启动了全流域的水土保持生态工程,水土保持工作取得了突出的新成效和成功的新经验.进入21世纪后,尤其是中共十八大以来,中央对生态文明建设做出了顶层设计和总体部署,黄河上中游地区水土保持工作进入"人水和谐"的生态文明建设新时代.共同抓好大保护,协同推进大治理,黄河逐渐成为造福人民的幸福河.

20世纪初,国家江河管理体系从传统向现代变革.黄河水利委员会的成立,开启了现代黄河管理新阶段.黄河治理经历了从以工程措施为主,到将黄河水沙视为资源,在全河和流域的层级进行用水量的强制性调配,最终走向以维持黄河健康生命为终极目标的流域综合治理之路的发展过程.从治黄方略演变入手,结合自然与社会背景,对20世纪以来黄河管理体系的发展进行阶段划分,分析各阶段治黄方略与管理体系互动的特点.指出,流域管理体系作为治黄方略推进的政治保障,其演变与发展以治黄方略为标,不断调整完善;治黄实践中对黄河水沙从控制到利用的认知,决定了流域管理视野的扩展与综合统筹能力的提升.

中华人民共和国成立后,在"防止水患,兴修水利,以达到大量发展生产的目的 "水利建设方针指导下,以荆江分洪工程为中心的治江工作迅速开展,减轻了荆江大堤防洪压力,为根治长江争取了宝贵时间.1954年长江流域发生特大洪水后,国家重新审视长江流域治理问题,把根治长江提到工作日程,积极编制长江流域规划.1959年《长江流域综合利用规划要点报告》的编制完成,标志着以三峡工程为主体的防洪治本方略的初步形成,由此开始了有计划、有步骤根治长江的伟大壮举.

口述者在首轮访谈中出现的难以避免的错漏现象,以及首轮访谈中尚未建立起密切的信任关系的情况,均要求访谈者对口述者进行多轮访谈.多轮访谈的过程,是访谈者与口述者逐渐建立密切的信任关系的过程,也是双方进行深度访谈的过程.因此,多轮访谈不仅是口述历史研究的客观要求,而且是口述历史访谈的基本特点和根本标志,也是口述访谈区别于新闻媒体采访和社会田野调查的突出特征.

跨界流域生态补偿机制是解决上下游生存权与发展权矛盾、实现生态保护与区域经济一体化发展的制度创新.目前,全国首个跨界流域生态补偿试点——新安江流域生态补偿已进入到第三轮,仍面临着如何向长效机制转化的难题.通过对生态补偿的理论框架、实践过程与效益的研究,分析了生态补偿的运转机理以及存在的问题.研究表明:基于共享共建理论的流域生态补偿机制是科学可行的,但现阶段也暴露出水质保优难、资金链短缺、公众参与度低等问题,需要尽快建立国家层面的第三方平台,研究、统筹协调多方权益,探索多元化补偿机制,促进新安江试点向可推广的新安江模式转变.

20世纪70年代,随着工业化、城市化的加速推进及乡镇企业的快速发展,长江中下游水污染问题日益凸显.从80年代起,长江中下游地区从重大污染源、重点江段和重点城市的水污染等方面入手,以控制重大污染源为主要手段,开始对水污染进行重点治理.进入21世纪后,长江中下游地区在"维护健康长江,促进入水和谐"的理念指导下,以水功能区划为单元,全面展开水污染治理,重点流域水环境质量有所改善.中共十八大以来,长江中下游地区践行"共抓大保护,不搞大开发"的新时代治江理念,水污染治理取得了突出成效.

1958年9月,丹江口水利枢纽工程开始兴建,河南省淅川县成为水库的重点淹没县.为保证工程的建设进度,1966-1968年间,淅川县将库区6.9万余人先后迁至湖北省荆门、钟祥两县进行安置.1970年后,大批移民返迁产生了恶劣的社会影响:经济损失严重、库区环境恶化、移民身份边缘化、生产生活陷入困境.移民返迁是由安置区"推力"与迁出区"拉力"产生的"合力"导致的,其中"推力"起着主导作用.针对移民返迁现象及其产生的社会影响,淅川县先是采取坚决动员返迁移民重返湖北省安置的措施,继而积极向上级寻求解决之策.1985年,淅川县为返迁移民恢复移民身份、解决户籍问题和分配责任田,可以视作返迁移民问题得到解决的重要标志.

新中国成立初期,观看苏联电影是中国民众的文化娱乐活动之一,受到广泛欢迎,同时苏联电影中蕴含的丰富内容可以使中国民众受到一定的思想教育,因而得到党和政府的提倡.通过放映苏联电影,展现了苏联人民幸福美好的生活和社会主义建设的成就,促进了中国人民对苏联革命和建设历程的了解,鼓舞了中国人民坚定不移地走社会主义道路.贯穿在苏联电影中的爱国主义和国际主义精神、高度的艺术性以及共产主义的远大理想,使中国人民潜移默化地受到了社会主义思想教育.可以说,苏联电影在一定程度上发挥了思想教育与文化娱乐的双重功能,取得了寓教于乐的良好效果.

新中国成立后,党和政府改变了中国数千年延续的单纯“以排为主”的治水思想,逐渐确定了“以蓄为主”的新治水方针.这是对中国传统治水思想的突破和创新,并且在治淮工程建设和“大跃进”时期水利建设中得到检验,取得巨大成效.但片面强调“蓄水”会导致严重的土壤盐碱化及其他问题,故必须借鉴传统“排水”思想中有益的因素,准确把握“蓄水”和“排水”的适度,做到“蓄泄兼筹”.一味墨守中国传统治水思路和沿用固有方法固然不可取,但完全不照顾传统而一味强调创新也是不妥当的.新中国治水方针的变化,尤其是围绕“蓄水”与“排水”问题上的变化,雄辩地证明了这一点.

After land reform,farmers' life level of ascension was mainly reflected on the change of purchasing power. The recovery and development of agriculture stimulated farmers to sell more grain than ever. The increase of farmers' money caused by the grain harvest had triggered sharply their purchasing power rise. Farmers' purchasing power mainly included: the purchase of production to increase the input for land and the purchase of livelihood to improve the standard of living. First of all,liberated farmers' increase of purchasing power was reflected in the purchase of production. If farmers' enthusiasm for the production of investment in land was reflected in farmers' increase of the purchase of production,their cries for a better life after the recovery and development of agriculture had been in the purchase of livelihood. Farmer'greater purchasing power had stimulated the development of the city industrial and commercial and speeded up the urban and rural goods exchange,which opened up a road for the industrialization of new China.

新中国成立初期,党和政府关注劳动保护问题,根据当时的实际情况有步骤地制定合理的工时制度,在公私企业中逐步推行8小时工作制,并严格限制公私企业的加班加点,保障了职工的休息权,对改善职工的劳动条件、提高生活质量等起了重要的推动作用.在社会生产率短期内难以得到迅速提升的情况下,要想从根本上禁绝企业的加班加点现象是非常困难的.切实保护职工的休息权利,是一项长期而复杂的任务.

艺术作品审美构成可分为识度、情感、形式美、风格意境、技艺美等几个方面。从绘画艺术的审美特征来说,绘画以色彩、线条等作为艺术传达的媒介,在二维的平面上感性、具体地展现广阔的社会生活图景。色彩、线条、形状往往既是展现个性化的客观对象的形式,又是个性化的主体的表现形式。它们都是线和面在二维空间中的展开,与偏于客观的认识在空间中展开的本质有种内在的联系。

As an important member of the Party's first generation of collective leadership who presided over the national financial work for ages,Chen Yun attached great importance to the enterprise management.From receiving the puppet companies of liberated areas in Northeast before the founding of PRC to presiding the socialist transformation of capitalist industry and commerce after the founding of PRC,he made a series of principles,such as correct treatment of staff of the received enterprises,implementation of enterprises and management democratization,promotion of fixed-rate system,relying on the masses,improving enterprise management system,setting up a business management system and so on.He also paid much attention to improving the working relationship between public and private as well as enhancing product quality.These ideas not only played an important guiding role before the founding of PRC and in the period of planned economy,but also provided a strong reference for deepening SOE reform and establishing the modern enterprise system under market economy.

As one of the most important members in the first generation of the Party,Chen Yun realized the importance of the water conservany to the development of agriculture early.He emphasized many times that we must consider the seriousness of the water from a highly strategic perspective.After the founding of the PRC,he also had an important influence on the decision-making and the construction of the water conservancy.During the period of the nation's economic recovery,he also emphasized that water conservancy was extremely important to the agriculture.He considered it as one of the most important work of the economic recovery.After that he regarded the water conservancy as a key to agricultural development,and encouraged and supported the masses irrigating the water conservancy.He persisted that depending on irrigating of the water conservancy was a right way for agricultural development.Meanwhile during his old ages,he made many strategic thinking to the water conservancy,which had a vital practical significance not only for the implementation of the scientific concept of development,but also for the promotion of China's modernization.

Along with the anti-feudal struggle during the land reform movement the newly-born organs of people's political power made powerful efforts to clean up the social filth in the old country- side:Feudal superstition was criticized,the business of sorceress and sorcerers was outlawed,a lot of evil practices like early marriage and infanticide by drowning were banned,a healthy atmosphere of free marriage began to prevail,loafers were transformed,the farmers' social values began to change and the new folkway to honor labor and respect the people's leaders was taking shape.A new country- side quite different from the old society was gradually emerging.

新中国成立后,党和政府积极推行社会救济和扶贫政策。1978年以前的扶贫工作是与社会救济相结合的,并以地方试点为主。1978年正式划定了农民贫困标准,第一次将扶贫工作从农村救济中分离出来。改革开放初期,以救济为主的"输血"式扶贫可以缓解农民暂时的生活困难,却不能使他们真正摆脱贫困。1986年以后,国家确定了新的扶贫方针:变"输血"为"造血",变救济为开发,逐步形成了集行业政策、区域政策和社会政策于一体的"大扶贫"格局。经过60年的不懈努力,中国扶贫工作取得了举世瞩目的成就。亿万农民告别了贫困和饥饿,解决了温饱问题,过上了新生活。扶贫开发,成为中国政府解决贫穷问题的伟大创举。

What achievements had the irrigation works obtained during the Great Leap Forward? Were there any errors or disadvantages? How should we evaluate these errors and disadvantages? These questions were disputed during the Great Leap Forward, and are still at variance in academic circle at present. Generally speaking, there are two viewpoints on the merits and defects of the irrigation works during the Great Leap Forward. One declares that the advantages of the irrigation works were greater than the disadvantages though errors and failures exist indeed, which is the mainstream in academic circle. The other one asserts that the loss of the irrigation works was greater than the gain and emphasizes the major mistakes and severe deficiency despite affirming the achievements. I think denying the achievements and emphasizing the defects blindly is not consonant with the historical facts; meanwhile, emphasizing excessively the merits and not affirming the disadvantages is not realistic, either take the irrigation works during the Great Leap Forward in mass, both merits and defects existed; the achievements were the main aspect and the errors were the secondary aspect; the achievements were great; while, the lessons were profound.

建国初期中共在苏南新区土改时面临的新情况是:南方各省农村不仅封建宗族制度和宗法势力普遍存在,并在乡村社会政治活动中有很大影响力,而且在土地占有方式上存在着大量“公田”。这些带有浓厚封建性的“公田”,为宗族中的有权有势者把持,成为他们变相的“私田”,以此构成了封建宗族制度的经济基础。在新区土改运动中,中共以强大的政治威慑力为后盾,不仅没收了宗族势力占有的土地,摧毁了宗族制度的经济基础,而且打倒了把持乡村社会政治权力的族长,没收了祠堂,焚毁了家谱,彻底摧毁了宗族制度,瓦解了以血缘关系为基础的宗法势力。

The discussion of “Li Sixi’s thought” was on “the New Hunan Newspaper” on July 18, 1951. And it continued for six months, which had a tremendous impact on the rural of Hunan province and even the whole country greatly. The so-called “Li Sixi’s thought” is the unserious thought of farmers and cadres after the land reform. It reflected the farmers’ narrow, selfish and backward thought under low production method for long time. The discussion on “Li Sixi’s thought” brought by “the New Hunan Newspaper” not only lasted long, had wide scope but also had many participants, depth analysis, and obvious results and had successful experiences. The discussion made clearly the hazards and the cause of “Li Sixi’s thought” and the ways of overcoming the thought. It was in fact not only a criticism campaign to farmers’ selfish and narrow thought but also an educational activity to farmers and cadres in the countryside.

土地改革后中国农村社会结构最突出的变化是,大多数贫雇衣上升为新中农,农村普遍出现了中农化趋向.新中衣的崛起及农村社会结构的变化,引起了中共中央的高度重视,经过时新中农这一阶层的定性分析,中共在制定合作化运动的阶级政策时,将新中农中间的下中农作为依靠对象,而将其中的上中农列为团结对象.本文主要依靠1950年代大量调查报告、工作汇报及其他文献资料,对土改后新中农的崛起及农材中农化趋势进行细致考察,揭示社会结构变动时中共阶级政策的深刻影响,借以说明土改后党的阶级政策不断调整的合理依据及其调整中的利弊得失.