目的 研究HCV/HIV合并感染者的肝功能变化、机体免疫等情况,探讨其合并感染及单独感染的机制.方法 用生化分析仪测定肝功能,流式细胞术测定CD4+和CD8+T细胞,实时荧光定量PCR检测HCV-RNA,ELISA检测HCV抗体.结果 HCV/HIV合并感染者的ALT、AST与HCV感染患者相比明显更高;HCV/HIV合并感染患者的CD4+、CD8+T细胞比例明显低于HCV感染者的比例;HCV/HIV合并感染患者的HCV-RNA载量比单独感染者的高;36.7％的HCV/HIV合并感染者出现抗HCV阴性,13.3％单独感染HCV者出现阴性结果,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);而两组患者的ALB、TBIL及血清球蛋白相比,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 HCV/HIV合并感染的病毒载量增多,抗体阴性率升高,CD4+、CD8+T细胞比例降低,免疫抑制加重,免疫功能更加低下,肝脏的损伤严重,肝病的发展进程也更快.

2016年至2019年国家出台了一系列关于科研经费的政策,这些政策的核心就是对科研经费的放管服.这一新政的核心就是给科研经费管理提供更为宽松的政治环境,在这种环境下,作者认为需要更加完善的审计监督体系,以期对科研经费进行更加有效的监督和考核.在此基础上提出了三点提升高校科研经费审计质量的政策建议.

2019年1月1日起,各行政事业单位将全面实施《政府会计制度—行政事业单位会计科目和报表制度》(以下简称制度),作为A高校也不例外,新的《制度》发生了重大的变化,比如双功能,双报告,更加突出财务会计功能,而预算会计实现了完全意义上的收付实现制等,因此,在会计实务上,产生了重大的质的变化,本文从A高校已经实施的一些实务操作中给大家提供一些借鉴.

目的 了解临床送检血培养标本的病原菌分布及耐药特点.方法 回顾分析我院2016年1月-2017年12月临床送检的3889份血培养标本.结果 3889份血培养标本共检出病原菌438株,阳性率为11.26％.其中革兰阴性菌共检出273株,占62.33％,革兰阳性菌共138株,占31.51％,真菌15株,占3.42％,革兰阳性菌12株,占2.74％,无专性厌氧菌的检出;阳性率前3位的科室分别是肾内科、ICU和肝病科;分离率前3位的细菌是大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和肺炎克雷伯菌.结论 定期对血培养病原菌的分布及耐药情况进行分析,为临床提供一手资料,以降低血流感染的病死率,提高治疗效果.

The effects of deoxynivalenol in different dose including 100, 200, 500, 1000, and 1500 mu g/L on primary cranial osteoblasts from fetal mice were investigated. Fluorescence staining, flow cytometric measurement, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol 2-y1)-3,5-di-phenyltetrazolium bromide assay, quantitative PCR, and Western blot were used for the test. Mineralization and proliferation of osteoblasts decreased upon 100 mu g/L and higher deoxynivalenol treatment and apoptosis of osteoblasts was increased upon 500, 1000, and 1500 mu g/L deoxynivalenol treatment. Karyopyknosis, membrane breakage, and a decreased number of calcium nodes were also observed upon 500 mu g/L deoxynivalenol treatment. The mRNA and protein levels of B-cell lymphoma-2-associated X protein were upregulated, B-cell lymphoma-2 protein downregulated with increasing concentrations of deoxynivalenol treatment and their ratio increased. Deoxynivalenol induces apoptosis of osteoblasts, suggesting a mechanism by which deoxynivalenol can affect murine skeletal development.

Objective To ascertain the molecular mechanism by which Helicobacter pylori CagA upregulates CIP2A.Methods After AGS and GES-1 cells were separately cultured to exponential phase,AGS or GES-1 cells were separately transfected with either the recombinant plasmid WT-cagA or the control vector plasmid pcDNA3.1.The cells were then treated with a signal inhibitor of B-Raf or JNK2 and transfected with the plasmid recombinant WT-cagA.The expression of CIP2A was detected with Western blotting,and the cell clonogenic potential was determined using a cell cloning assay.Cell migration was detected with a cell migration assay.Results AGS and GES-1 cells transfected with the plasmid WT-cagA had a higher level of CIP2A expression than that in the control.After treatment with a signal inhibitor of B-Raf or JNK2 and subsequent transfection with the plasmid WT-cagA,the level of CIP2A expression in the cells was decreased.The cell clonogenic potential and cell migration decreased below the cell clonogenic potential and cell migration noted in cells transfected with the plasmid WT-cagA alone.Conclusion H.pylori CagA upregulates the expression of the oncogene CIP2A through B-Raf and JNK2,affecting the cell clonogenic potential and cell migration.

OBJECTIVE:To screen the differential gene expression and related pathways of fetal skeletal malformations induced by deoxynivalenol(DON) in mice,and to explore the mechanism of deformities induced by DON at the molecular level.METHODS:30 pregnant mice were randomly divided into 3 experimental groups and 2 control groups,6 in each group. DON injection was performed from days 7 to 10 of pregnancy by intraperitoneal injection into pregnant mice. At GD 18,all mice were killed under isoflurane anesthesia,and vertebral bone tissue of fetuses were collected. Total RNA of vertebral bone tissues was extracted and cDNA was obtained by RT-PCR. Using whole genome microarray technology,the gene expression profiles and the pathways of the rat vertebral bone tissue were studied. Analysis of the function of differentially expressed genes was performed by using software of gene ontology. Screening signaling pathways of differentially expressed genes was done by DAVID database. The results were verified by fluorescence quantitative PCR(qPCR) technology. RESULTS:Microarray analysis showed that 282 genes,including 148 down-regulated and 134 up-regulated genes,were abnormally expressed in fetal vertebral bones after maternal DON exposure. 153 pathways were related to the differentially expressed genes. The relative quantitative results ofqPCR were consistent w ith t he r esults o f g ene c hip t est i nFbn1,Co19a2,Papss2,Pax1,Runx2 a ndPthlh g enes.CONCLUSION: There were differential gene expressions in deformed fetal skeleton between deoxynivalenol-treated rats and normal rats, involving multiple signaling pathways. The differentially expressed genes and signaling pathways may be related to the molecular mechanisms of deformities induced by DON.

《人体寄生虫学》是一门重要的医学基础课,基于教学过程中的一些认识和体会,结合当前教学改革的大背景,以激发学生的重视和兴趣为目的,将科研融入课堂教学中.本文从融入内容和融入方式等方面总结了该教学方法实施以来的一些体会,以期为人体寄生虫学的教学改革提供参考.

2013年12月,财政部和教育部发布了新修订的《高等学校会计制度》,这一新制度的出台将对高校会计工作产生深远的影响.与旧的会计制度相比,新的会计制度发生了哪些变化,我们应该如何应对这些变化,顺利完成新旧制度的衔接,把高校会计工作推上一个更高的台阶.

目的 探讨医院中金黄色葡萄球菌及其中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)气溶胶的浓度及其粒径分布特征,为医院有效防治气源感染提供基础资料.方法 用FA-1型六级筛孔撞击式空气微生物采样器采集3所医院的大厅、ICU及普通外科病房的室内空气.同时采集医院外上风空气作为对照.分析金黄色葡萄球菌及MRSA气溶胶在不同采样点的浓度及其气溶胶粒径分布.结果 金黄色葡萄球菌气溶胶总浓度及可吸入浓度均在大厅中最高,分别为166.08 cfu/m3及102.47 cfu/m3,其他依次为病房、ICU及室外;MRSA气溶胶总浓度与可吸入浓度均在ICU中最高,分别为63.60 cfu/m3和28.27 cfu/m3,其次为大厅、普通外科病房及室外.金黄色葡萄球菌及MRSA气溶胶浓度室内外比值均超过1.0.总体上医院内金黄色葡萄球菌可吸入气溶胶颗粒(分布在采样器第三～六级,粒子直径≤4.7μm)占54.80％;医院内MRSA可吸入气溶胶颗粒占54.95％.结论 医院空气中存在气载金黄色葡萄球菌及MRSA污染,50％以上的气溶胶粒子≤4.7 μm,构成下呼吸道感染威胁,应加强对医院空气中致病菌的监测及消毒工作.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the drug resistance and distribution characteristics of Escherichia coli (E . coil) in the hospital so as provide evidence for clinical treatment and infection control .METHODS The distribution and drug resistance rates of 568 strains of E .coli collected from Jan 2011 to Dec 2012 were retrospectively ana-lyzed ;BioMerieux semi-automatic bacteria identification analyzer (ATB Expression) was adopted for bacteria iden-tification ,Kirby-Bauer method was adopted for drug sensitivity test ,and the results were determined as per the standard of National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) issued in 2010 .RESULTS The 568 strains of E .coil were mainly isolated from urine(34 .0% ) and sputum(28 .9% ) specimens .Both of the resistance rates of the E .coli to imipenem and meropenem were 0 ;the resistance rates to piperacillin-tazobactam ,cefoxitin , amikacin ,ceftazidime , minocycline , cefepime , ampicillin-sulbactam , ticarcillin-clavulanic acid ,and tobramycin varied from 8 .9% to 56 .8% ;the resistance rates to cidomycin ,cefotaxime ,levofloxacin ,ciprofloxacin ,cefuroxime , cefazolin ,sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim ,piperacillin and ampicillin varied from 60 .9% to 84 .3% .CONCLUSION E .coli is a type of common pathogen causing urinary tract infections and respiratory tract infections .It is required to take piperacillin-tazobactam ,cefoxitin ,minocycline and amikacin as first choice in clinical practice for anti-infec-tive therapy .

目的 监测医院中气载耐甲氧西林金黄葡萄球菌(MRSA)对临床常用抗生素的耐药性及相关耐药基因.方法 用FA-1型六级筛孔撞击式空气微生物采样器采集5所医院的大厅、ICU及病房等场所的空气,分离金黄葡萄球菌,采用头孢西丁纸片法检测MRSA,应用K-B法测定MRSA药敏情况,应用多重PCR扩增MRSA甲氧西林耐药基因mecA,氨基糖苷修饰酶基因 aacA-aphD,大环内酯类23s rRNA甲基化酶基因 ermA、ermC,四环素类核糖体保护蛋白基因tetM、tetK以及金黄葡萄球菌属特异性基因 16s rDNA.结果 共采集空气样品250份,分离气载金黄葡萄球菌219株,其中MRSA 88株.所有气载MRSA均对青霉素及头孢曲松耐药,对庆大霉素、红霉素及四环素耐药率＞90％,但均对万古霉及素替考拉宁敏感.所有MRSA菌株mecA基因和16s rDNA基因均阳性,vat(A)、vat(B)、vat(C)基因均阴性.96％以上MRSA菌株可同时检出氨基糖苷类、红霉素类和四环素类耐药基因,呈现多重耐药;携带aacA-aphD、erm(A)或(和)erm(C)、tetM或(和)tetK耐药基因的MRSA菌株总检出率分别为96.59％、100％和96.59％.结论 5所医院空气中均存在MRSA分布且呈多重耐药性,相关耐药基因检出率高.因此应加强对医院空气中致病菌的监测与消毒,预防和控制医院气源病原微生物感染的发生.

To study the epidemic characteristics of human rhinovirus (HRV) in children with acute respiratory infections in Gansu Province. 286 throat swabs were collected from children with acute respiratory in fections in Gansu Province during 2011. Multiplex reverse transcription-PCR (multiplex RT-PCR) assay was used to screen those specimens for detection of common respiratory tract pathogens. For HRV-positive samples, nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (nested RT-PCR) was performed to amplify VP1 and VP4/VP2 gene fragments of HRV. The VP4/VP2 and VP1 regions of HRV-positive samples were sequenced and performed genotype analysis. Of 286 specimens fested, 27 were positive for HRV by multiplex RT-PCR and nested RT-PCR, of which 16 children were made (16/185), 8.64%) and 11 female (11/101,10.89%). The positive rate was 9.44% (27/286). The mean age of HRV-positive children was 3 years in this study, children less than one year old had the highest proportion 44.4% (12/ 27, 44.4%). The highest HRV positive rate fell on May, 2011 (6/27, 22.2%). Common cold accounted for the highest proportion, 12.24% (12/98) followed by pneumonia, 8.50% (13/153). The remaining 2 cases were bronchitis. Sequence analysis showed HRV A was the predominant genotype in Gansu Province in 2011, accounting for 84.62% (22/26) of positive cases, followed by HRV C (11.54%, 3/26) and only one HRV B was detected (3.85%, 1/26). HRV could be detected throughout the year in Gansu Province and primarily infected children under one year old. The group A was the epidemic genotype of HRV and move than one genotype existed in Gansu Province during 2011.

目的:评价PBL+ LBL双轨教学法在留学生医学微生物学教学中应用效果.方法:采用期末考试成绩和问卷调查综合评价PBL+ LBL双轨教学法的教学效果.结果:期末考试实验班学生成绩显著高于对照班学生成绩(P＜0.05).90％以上的学生认为PBL+ LBL双轨教学模式可激发学习兴趣,提高自身多重能力.结论:PBL+ LBL双轨教学法在留学生的教学效果明显优于传统LBL教学.

Objective The effects of Escherichia coli on the motility,ultrastructure,and apoptosis of human sperm in vitro were studied in order to identify the cause of male infertility and facilitate diagnosis and therapy for male infertility caused by pathogenic infections.Methods Semen samples were obtained from 30 healthy volunteers.Four groups of sperm suspensions were prepared: a normal sperm suspension serving as negative control(Group A),a sperm suspension mixed with suspended E.coli(Group B),a sperm suspension mixed with suspended E.coli treated with traditional Chinese medicine(Group C),and a sperm suspension mixed with suspended E.coli treated with furadantin(Group D).These samples were collected at 0,2,and 4 h.Motility parameters were analyzed using a computer-aided semen analysis(CASA) system.Changes in the ultrastructure of human sperm were observed with transmission electron microscopy.The rate of apoptosis of semen sperm was detected with flow cytometry combined with FITC-Annexin V/PI dual color fluorescence staining.Results Group B had significantly lower motility parameters,including straight line velocity(VSL),curve velocity(VCL),average path velocity(VAP),amplitude of lateral head displacement(ALH),and progressive motility,in comparison to the other groups at 4h(P0.01).There were no significant differences in the ultrastructure of sperm in the control group(A) and groups treated with medicine(C and D),while there were significant changes in the ultrastructure of sperm in Group B.In addition,the rate of sperm apoptosis increased significantly(P0.01) in Group B.Conclusion E.coli significantly inhibited sperm motility,changed the ultrastructure of sperm,and increased the rate of apoptosis of sperm in vitro.Therefore,E.coli infection may be one cause of male infertility.

【目的】了解大学生宿舍空气中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）大肠埃希菌的检出率和分离株之间的遗传相似性,为预防和控制传染病的传播提供依据。【方法】用FA-1型六级筛孔撞击式空气微生物采样器采集大学生宿舍内室内空气并分离鉴定其中的产ESBLs大肠埃希菌,采用ERIC-PCR扩增基因组DNA,形成聚类图谱,分析分离株的相似性。【结果】从收集到的300份空气样品中分离鉴定出194株大肠埃希菌,30株鉴定为超广谱β-内酰胺酶分离株,检出率达15.46%;产ESBLs大肠埃希菌ERIC-PCR指纹图谱条带相似性在50%100%之间。【结论】大学生宿舍空气中存在着产ESBLs大肠埃希菌污染,应加强对空气中大肠埃希菌耐药性监测。

Deoxynivalenol (DON [vomitoxin]), one of trichothecene mycotoxins produced by the fungus Fusarium, is commonly detected in cereal foods across the world. DON induces diverse toxic effects in humans and animals, including emesis and diarrhea, anorexia, and immunotoxicity, and impaired maternal reproduction and fetal development. Recently, the teratogenic potential of DON has been shown and has received much attention. DON can cause various skeletal deformities in fetuses, but the underlying mechanisms have not yet been fully examined. In this study, fetal skeletal malformations in DON-treated maternal mice were thoroughly investigated using microarray assay. The results showed that DON administration caused various skeletal defects in fetuses, including misaligned or fused sternebrae and vertebrae, divided or fused ribs and polydactyly, hemivertebrae, short toes, and tail anomalies. Microarray analysis showed that 282 genes, including 148 downregulated and 134 upregulated genes, were abnormally expressed in fetal vertebral bones after maternal DON exposure. These identified genes can be classified into several categories: skeletal development, carcinogenesis, nervous disorders, sperm development and embryogenesis, and inflammation. Of these, 6 genes, mostly related to bone development, were intentionally selected for further validation using real-time reverse transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). It was confirmed that the mRNA expression of 4 genes, i.e., fibrillin-1, Col9A2, 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate synthase 2, and Pax1, was upregulated significantly by DON administration, whereas that of 2 other genes, Runx2 and parathyroid hormone-like hormone, was downregulated significantly. Taken together, the results of our study suggest that altered expression of these 6 genes plays a critical role in fetal skeletal deformities induced by DON and thus they are worthy of further investigation.

Objective To observe the effect of adult cold storage on the longevity and reproductive capacity of female Nasonia vitripennis. Methods The female N. vitripennis emerged on different days were cold stored at 15 ℃ for different period. Their longevity, parasitic capacity and reproductive capacity were then measured. Results The longevity of female N. vitripennis was extended after cold storage at adult stage. However, as the cold storage time prolonged, the parasitic and reproductive capacities were compromised. At a cold storage time for less than 12 d, the impact on these capacities of female N. vitripennis was not remarkable. In contrast, after cold storage of over 12 d, the egg production and parasitic capacities declined linearly. After cold stored for 24 d, the parasitic ratio of Boettcherisca peregrina by N. vitripennis reduced to 35% from 85% before cold storage and the average emerging parasitoid progeny to 6 from 33 per fly pupa. However, the female adult rate and the body length of the progeny were not affected. Conclusion Adult cold storage extends the longevity of female N. vitripennis at the cost of reproductive capability.

Objective To observe the rate of intrauterine infection with hepatitis B virus and evaluate the efficacy of injection of HBIG.Methods An epidemiological investigation was conducted with mothers(318) positive for hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg) and their newborns(324) at Jinan Maternal and Child Health Hospital.Results The rate of intrauterine infection with hepatitis B virus was 17.59%(57/324).The rate of intrauterine infection among newborns whose mothers were injected with HBIG was 9.76%(16/164);the rate of intrauterine infection among newborns whose mothers who were not injected with HBIG was 25.63%(41/160).The difference between the two groups was significant.Conclusion Injection of HBIG had a role in protecting newborns from HBV intrauterine infection.

Objective To explore the changes in NO, MDA, and SOD in seminal plasma of infertile patients infected with Escherichia coli in the urinary tract and its effects on spermatogenic cells. Methods Subjects were 60 infertile pa-tients with seminal plasma infected with E. coli in the urinary tract (A group), 30 infertile patients without infection (B group), and 30 fertile men (C group). The concentration of NO was assayed with nitrate reductase, the concentration of MDA was assayed with thiobarbituric acid colorimetry, and the activity of semen superoxide dismutase (SOD) was meas-ured with xanthine oxidase. The experimental group consisted of 30 patients in group A with a concentration of MDA>17 umol/L, and the control group consisted of 20 men in group C with a concentration of MDA midway between 7-9μmol/ L; the motion parameters of sperm were evaluated and compared. Results In groups A, B, and C, the NO levels of se-minal plasma were 137.64±25.87, 117.17 ± 27.72, and 66.88 ± 20.51 μmol/L. Similarly, MDA levels were 18.44 ± 4.06, 10.50 ± 2.33, and 7.62 ± 1.52 nmol/ml. Similarly, the activity of semen superoxide dismutase (SOD) was 93.93±18.93, 126.71±25.63, and 195. 66± 19.26 μmol/L. There was significant difference between group A and group C (P<0. 01) and group B and group C (P<0. 01). The increased concentration of MDA mainly affects the straight-line speed of sperm, their rate of forward movement, mean angle of deviation, amplitude of lateral head displace-ment, and percent linearity. Correlation analysis revealed that there was a correlation between MDA and NO (r= 0. 63) and that there was an inverse correlation between MDA and SOD activity (r= -0.69) in seminal plasma from infertile pa-tients infected with E. coli. Conclusion Abnormal changes in NO and MDA levels and SOD activity in the seminal plasma of infertile patients could be caused by E. coli infection in the urinary tract, which might be a cause of male infer-tility.