Heteroatom-doped porous carbon materials hold significant potential for sodium-ion storage devices, yet challenges remain in scaling synthesis techniques with precise and efficient structure tailoring. In this study, we developed a porous carbon material (LCs) via laser-assisted carbonation, which introduced a higher density of lattice defects in the carbon matrix. These defects facilitated nitrogen doping, leading to the production of LCNs samples. Among them, LCN-600, with a nitrogen content of 11.3 at% and a significant number of lone pair electrons, exhibited outstanding sodium storage performance, delivering specific capacities of 302 and 210 mA h/g at current densities of 1.0 and 4.0 A/g, respectively, even after 7000 cycles. Kinetic analysis revealed that LCN-600 had a high capacitive contribution of 86.9 % for sodium uptake/release at a scan rate of 1.0 mV s- 1. Additionally, sodium-ion hybrid capacitors based on LCN-600 demonstrated excellent energy density and power capability. This study underscores the differences in microstructure and sodium storage performance of carbon materials prepared by different methods, offering an effective pathway for controllable synthesis of carbon electrodes for energy storage applications.

A one-step solvothermal strategy synthesizes 2D Ni-Tdc MOF/CNTs composites, where CNTs inhibit nanosheet stacking, facilitate electron transfer, and alleviate electrode deformation.

The study of the fluid inclusions of W-Mo deposits in the mineralization area of Ningshan-Zhen'an , Shaanxi Province, China shows that the gas-liquid two-phase inclusions are mainly present in W-Mo deposits, and the ore-forming fluid can be divided into four types: high-temperature type, middle-high-temperature type, middle-temperature type and low-temperature type. The formation depths of the W-Mo mineralization range from 4.2 to 8.4 km. The boiling and mixing of fluid may have been important mechanisms for the formation of W-Mo mineralization. The skarn-type mineralization is dominated by magmatic water, the quartz-vein-type mineralization includes both magmatic water and meteoric water, and the meteoric water is more involved in the quartz-fluorite-vein-type, beryl-quartz-vein-type and pegmatite-type mineralization. Magma is the main source of sulfur; that is, magma is the main source of mineralization. Combined with the metallogenic setting and geological characteristics of typical ore deposits, in the process of structural system transformation in South Qinling, the ore-forming magma fluid in the Late Indosinian-Yanshanian period was uplifted and emplaced along the NW-WNW direction and NE-NNE direction, and eventually, NW-WNW fault-controlled skarn-type W-Mo mineralization and quartz-vein-type W-Mo deposits accompanied by greisenization, albitization and potash feldspathization formed.

Flexible self-supporting film electrodes, which eliminate the need for additional adhesive, conductive agents, or current collectors, offer significant advantages in terms of mechanical properties, specific capacity, and energy density for energy storage applications. In this study, we successfully developed a flexible film electrode by incorporating derivatives of Mo and Fe-based polyoxometalates (POMs-D) into carbon nanofibers (CNFs). The integration of CNFs significantly enhanced the structural stability of POMs-D, while the internally formed electrical field facilitated efficient electron transfer, resulting in good performance in sodium storage. The film electrode demonstrated a high capacitive contribution of 90.0 % for sodium uptake/release at a scan rate of 1.0 mV s-1. It maintained a capacity of approximately 170 mA h g-1 even after 8000 cycles at a current density of 3.0 A g-1. Moreover, the film electrode exhibited a decent capacity with a 40.0-fold increase in current density, along with high power capability and energy density in sodium-ion hybrid supercapacitors, showcasing the versatility. These findings unveil the structure-functionality relationship and offer an advanced approach for developing high-performance film electrode materials, opening new possibilities in the fields of material science and energy storage.

As a new generation of energy storage devices, lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) rationally combine high energy density and high power density, providing an alternative solution for multi-functional electronic equipment and state grid system. However, the dynamic mismatch between the battery-type anode and the capacitor-type cathode seriously limits its development and application. Herein, a high performance LIC simultaneously using carbon materials derived from Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid Ferric Sodium Salt (EDTA-Na-Fe) was prepared. By calcination of EDTA-Na-Fe in an inert atmosphere, nitrogen-doped carbon frameworks (NCF) can be obtained which possess a high reversible capacity and excellent rate-capability. Using this NCF as the anode and cathode of the LICs, the hybrid devices with a wide voltage window of 0.5-4.0 V are obtained. The employment of the same materials as the anode and cathode can largely simplify the fabrication process. The energy density of LICs can reach 193.4 Wh & BULL;kg(-1) at a power density of 225 W & BULL;kg(-1). This reasonable dynamic matching strategy can be helpful for the application of LICs.

近年来,南秦岭镇安西部地区发现了棋盘沟、核桃坪、东阳等大中型钨多金属矿床.其中棋盘沟大型钨矿床以石英脉型为主,深部可见矽卡岩型矿化,前人仅对其中的石英脉型钨矿进行了年龄测试,深部的矽卡岩型钨矿尚未开展年代学研究工作.本文以棋盘沟钨矿床为研究对象,选取两类矿石中与白钨矿、辉钼矿密切共生的金云母进行 39Ar-40Ar同位素测年.结果显示,矽卡岩型矿石中金云母坪年龄为 190.1±0.6 Ma(MSWD=1.28),石英脉型矿石中金云母坪年龄为188.6±0.6 Ma(MSWD=1.42),均为早侏罗世成矿,且石英脉型钨矿成矿时间略晚于矽卡岩型钨矿.该成矿期处于南秦岭成矿带陆内碰撞造山向伸展转变的转折期,代表着一期重要的、尚未被广泛关注的印支末期的岩浆热液钨钼成矿事件,应在今后的找矿工作中予以重视.

海南富文金矿床位于华南褶皱系五指山褶皱带北缘,主要出露早白垩世鹿母湾组(K1l)含砾碎屑沉积岩.金矿体呈脉状和似层状赋存于鹿母湾组砂岩层间破碎带中.为进一步探讨富文金矿的成矿物质来源,对石英脉型矿石、赋矿围岩鹿母湾组碎屑沉积岩及岩浆岩进行主量、微量和稀土元素测试分析.结果显示:矿石与围岩地层、岩浆岩具有相似的微量元素变化趋势以及相似的稀土配分模式,预示着成矿与地层、岩浆岩关系密切.早白垩世石英闪长岩、细粒花岗岩和碎屑沉积岩均为矿体的形成提供了成矿物质,矿床类型为岩浆热液型金矿.

相对高程模型(REM,Relative Elevation Model的缩写)表示相对于河流水面或活性河道的海拔高度,衍生于数字高程模型(DEM,Digital Elevation Model的缩写),能够消除因河流纵向的地势造成的DEM表征不清楚,高差过大造成细节模糊地势的影响,从而在平面图上更为清晰地表征河流地形的细微变化,因而研究REM的生成方法及其适用性具有十分重要的意义.通过文献综述,选取美国加利福尼亚州内华达山脉的卡森河某河段为实验区,利用其高精度(米级分辨率)DEM数据,介绍核密度法、反距离加权法、横截面插值法三种REM生成方法.通过REM和DEM的对比,以及三种REM的效果对比,得出:当高程差过大时,DEM可视化方案往往不能很好地在河流地貌刻画中发挥作用,尤其是在解译时,利用REM可解决高差过大造成的细节模糊问题;横截面插值法主要的优势表现在可根据用户需要做适用性调整,相对而言鲁棒性强,较为灵活,但其自动化程度较低,且花费的时间较长,因此需较多的人工干预;核密度法耗时相对较少,REM结果很少有伪影或错误的相对高程值,但核密度法导致一些潜在的伪影或者错误的相对高度,体现在研究河段范围的终点会有偏差;反距离加权法(IDW,Inverse Distance Weighted的缩写)的优势是创建用时较少,且只需要输入两个数据:DEM和河流中心线,但因搜索距离问题不合适易在特殊地段出现失效情况.因此,REM将在河流精细刻画中发挥重要的作用,其生成方法已经可以实际应用,但有待进一步提高和完善;REM模型不需经过复杂计算,适合难以进行现场调查的河流对比研究,且应用范围较广,为河流迁移、洪水分析、河流管理和修复、生物栖息地选取以及文化评估方面的研究提供了重要作用.

Jiurui ore concentration area is an important part of the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River metallogenic belt.The study area of Pengshan polymetallic ore field is located in the south of Jiurui ore concentration area, which is rich in mineral resources, but the structural pattern is controversial.In this paper, based on the comprehensive analysis of geological and geophysical characteristics, it is proposed that Pengshan ore field is controlled by the structure of magmatic core complex, and the core of Pengshan magmatic core complex upheaval-detachment structure is composed of elliptical granitoid intrusive rock mass, which was a hidden uplift in the middle Yanshanian period and was shaped in the late Yanshanian period.The peripheral shallow sedimentary rocks are in a domed zonal distribution around the magmatic core complex.The peripheral fault zone tends to deviate from the direction of magmatic core complex and shows a shovel distribution, indicating the detachment structure characteristics.The halo type ore belt types of Pengshan ore field, with the concealed granitic body in the core as the center, the change of high temperature ore to low temperature ore occurs in the surrounding, such as arsenite（arsenopyrite）-tin ore-lead-zinc ore-fluorite ore-barite ore and so on, which is also the result of mineral enrichment along the multi-level detachment faults, and the mineralization occurs in the inner and outer contact zone of the magmatic core complex, forming skarn type, porphyry type and hydrothermal vein type Sn-Pb-Zn polymetallic deposits in the structural relaxation stage.

The research-oriented experiment of “the application of VM@CNFs self-supporting flexible electrodes in electrochemical sodium storage” was designed based on our scientific research projects. The experimental contents include the synthesis and structural analysis of vanadium and manganese based polyoxometalates (VM POMs), the construction of VM@CNFs self-supporting eletrode through electrospinning, the analysis of microscopic morphology, structure, and composition of VM@CNFs self-supporting eletrode after high-temperature conversion, and the sodium storage performance and its causes of VM@CNFs self-supporting eletrode. Through this experiment, students can acquaintance the frontier knowledge of negative electrode materials for sodium ion batteries, master the usage methods of relevant large-scale analytical instruments and data analysis methods, understand the structure-activity relationship of substances at the molecular level, and cultivate scientific literacy and scientific research inquiry thinking.

Taking the metamorphic core complex of Niushan-Fenghuangshan（NFMtCC）in the southern Qinling Mountains and the North Niushan magmatic core complex（NMgCC） as examples, this study compares the characteristics and ore-controlling effects of the two types of core complexes. The research method is to compare and analyze the structural community, metamorphic degree, magma emplacement and deformation era, structural hierarchy and evolution, and ore control characteristics of the nuclear complex, combined with ore control structure alteration lithofacies mapping and dating research. The results indicate that the two types of core complexes have similar structural styles, but there are significant differences in their tectonic communities and evolution. The core of Niushan-Fenghuangshan metamorphic core complex is the Neoproterozoic Wudang rock group and Yaolinghe rock group medium deep metamorphic rock, with Neoproterozoic quartz diorite and Caledonian pyroxene diabase strain, indicating that it was formed in Neoproterozoic or Caledonian. There are detachment faults and ductile shear zones between the core complex and the surrounding Sinian Devonian shallow metamorphic rock. The Meiziya Formation of the Silurian system is a combination of shallow metamorphic and strongly deformed rock slices, with three stages of newly formed foliation and replacement, including multi-level ductile shear, solid-state rheology, detachment thrust strike slip deformation. The core and periphery of the North Niushan magmatic core complex are shallow metamorphic rock, and four intrusive rocks of Neoproterozoic, early Paleozoic, Triassic and Jurassic are found in the core and periphery by mapping and testing. There are two phases of intrusive rock related to the magmatic core complex: Triassic-Early Jurassic monzonitic granite stock（180.2±3.6 Ma, 176.0±1.9 Ma） and Late Jurassic granite vein（156.5 Ma）. This research has found that the magma emplacement, ductile shear deformation, and thermal metamorphism accompanied by the magma core complex, as well as the increase of metamorphic phenocrysts, the distribution of natural gold along the S 2 plane, and the hydrothermal alteration of gold mineralization, are all concentrated in the Late Triassic-Jurassic, indicating the spatiotemporal correlation characteristics of the brittle ductile shear deformation, overpass type magma, thermal vertical accretion, and hydrothermal alteration of the magma core complex during the relatively new era of intracontinental orogeny, as well as the direction of deep exploration.

The application of accumulated electron sites on the catalyst surface for photocatalytic hydrogen production represents a prospective strategy for efficient utilization of solar energy. Herein, the accumulated electron sites (BN2) loaded on graphitic carbon nitride (G-CN) were prepared without effort by a two-step calcination method in which melamine was calcined and then heat-treated with NaBH4. When compared with that of the bulk G-CN, the rate toward water splitting to produce H-2 of the represented catalyst (CN-B0.05) greatly increased by 2.3 times under illumination (lambda >= 420 nm). The improved activity could be attributed to the decrease in interlayer distance and the potential barrier of interlayers which was beneficial to readily transfer electrons in the Z direction, improve the adsorption and activation of water, and decline the Gibbs free energies for H* adsorption. The increase in pi-pi conjugation facilitated enhancement of the separation efficiency of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and light-capturing capabilities in the visible region with the introduction of BN2 sites. An approach for efficient H-2 production is demonstrated in this work.

The Shuangwang gold deposit, with more than 70 tons of Au, is located in the Fengxian-Taibai ore concentration area in the Qinling Orogen of central China, hosted in a Northwest-trending breccia belt. Fragments of the breccia body are cemented by ankerite, albite, quartz, calcite, and pyrite. Four metallogenic stages are identified in mineral paragenesis: quartz-albite, ankerite-pyrite-albite, pyrite-quartz-calcite, and fluorite-anhydrite. Pyrite, as the main gold-bearing mineral, was formed in the syn-ore and post-ore stages, which are analyzed for trace elements. The experimental results show that Au (0.02 to 11.68 ppm), As (198.45 to 5502.86 ppm), Ag (0.00 to 1.56 ppm), Co (0.02 to 1002.75 ppm), Ni (0.15 to 646.30 ppm), Cu (0.00 to 64.76 ppm), Sb (0.00 to 4.67 ppm), Zn (0.23 to 260.59 ppm), Pb (0.00 to 10.42 ppm), Se (0.00 to 386.24 ppm), and Bi (0.00 to 47.72 ppm) are enriched in syn-ore pyrite much more than in post-ore pyrite, especially arsenic. The high arsenic content and rapid crystallization of pyrite may be the main reasons for precipitation of gold. δ34SV-CDT values of pyrite formed in stage II (PyII) vary from 11.1 to 15.2‰ (mean = 12.9‰), while those for pyrite formed in stage III (PyIII) vary from 11.1 to 13.5‰ (mean = 12.0‰). In situ sulfur isotope analysis indicates that sulfur of the Shuangwang deposit comes from the wallrock, mixed with sulfur from magma.

Due to their capability of reversibly accepting multi lithium ions, polyoxometalates (POMs) have been widely regarded as promising candidates for electrochemical lithium storage. Nevertheless, the insulating nature of POMs hinders fast migration kinetics of lithium within the bulk of these materials. Herein, we propose the introduction of a local electric field surrounding the POM nanoparticles consisting of Mn and V where the concomitant Coulomb forces can accelerate the migration of lithium ions. After rationally hybridizing POMs with MXene nanosheets, the imbalanced charge distribution emerging at their interface produces the local electric field, thereby leading to a 250-fold increase of lithium diffusion coefficient. In this regard, a capacitive contribution as high as 81.7% at 1.0 mV s−1 is observed. Moreover, the POM nanoparticles could densely assemble on the surface of MXene nanosheets, offering highly packed electrodes and thus high volumetric capacities. Due to the improved lithiumion transfer kinetics, the POMs/MXenes composites are paired with activated carbon to produce lithium-ion capacitors which could offer a high energy density of 195.5 W h kg−1 and a large power capability of 3800 W kg−1. The findings in this work could build a clear relationship between materials with different conductivities for designing electrode materials.

Various classification approaches have been developed for geometric form of crystals. One method involves the generation of three-dimensional (3D) models of crystals, mainly through graphical representations. However, traditional graphical representations mainly depend on symmetrical operations of crystal planes and the application of polar stereographic projections. There is still very few geometric analysis or mathematical expression for the rectangular coordinate system, implying the limited 3D visualization of crystal forms. In this paper, we present a newly geometric analysis that allows 3D visualization analysis of crystal forms and further identifies geometric relations between crystal forms. In detail, crystal models are divided in a 3D rectangular coordinate system within 47 types of geometric form into the tetrahedron, polygon (polyhedron), and cube classes. What’s more, we determine the vertex space coordinates of the 47 types of crystal form through geometric analysis and coordinate calculation of the crystal forms. Last but not least, in order to obtain 3D models of every geometric form under the automorphism of crystals, it is the convex envelope geometric polyhedron algorithm created to calculate the edges and triangular faces by WebGL technology, which makes it possible to accomplish an online interactive 3D crystallographic study system in a web-browser.

Because of their large specific surface area, high chemical and thermal stability and good electrical conductivity, porous carbons have found wide applications in the fields of electrochemical energy storage and conversion. Their performance hinges heavily on their structure, making the structural control of porous carbons a research frontier in their development. In addition to the straightforward hard-templating processes, soft templating synthesis is considered another appealing strategy for the precise engineering of porous carbons. We review recent progress on synthesizing porous carbon materials for energy storage and conversion using templating processes. First, the rise of this method of preparing porous carbons is outlined by comparing it with the traditional hard templating methods. Soft templating methods are then classified into top-down, state-change and bottom-up templates based on the template formation processes. The performance of these materials in electrochemical energy storage and conversion is presented, highlighting the advantages of this synthesis method. Finally, possible obstacles and future prospects are provided.

Lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) are emerging as progressive energy storage systems with high energy density, high power output, and a long cycle life span. The key to constructing LICs with high performances is alleviating the dynamics mismatch between the faradic anode and capacitor-type cathode. Herein, nitrogen-doped amorphous carbon linked hierarchically porous Co3O4 nanofibers (NAC-L-Co3O4 NFs) were prepared by electrospinning strategy, where the amorphous carbon can mitigation the volume variation of Co3O4 during the lithiation/delithiation process, while the hierarchically porous structure provides effective channels and exposes more active sites for fast electron transfer and Li+ storage. The delicate structure endows NAC-L-Co3O4 NFs with remarkable rate capacity and robust cycling durability. Furthermore, nitrogen-doped carbon polyhedron (NPCP) is prepared for the cathode, displaying superior rate performances and cycling stability. As a result, by assembling the NAC-L-Co3O4//NPCP LICs, a high energy density of 296 Wh kg(-1) and a high output of 11750 W kg(-1) is delivered. Additionally, the LIC devices display excellent cycle lifespan (80% capacity retention after 10000 cycles at 1 A g(-1)). (C) 2022 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Two porous carbon materials were prepared from vacuum residue using the hard template method to construct high-performance dual-carbon lithium-ion capacitors. The results show that the mixture of vacuum residue for removing toluene insoluble matter and sodium citrate were subjected to aerobic rapid polycondensation, and the vacuum residue after polycondensation was heated at 700 °C to obtain ZYC-7 porous carbon with a specific surface area of about 181 m2 g-1. The ZYC-7 was further etched by KOH under 700 °C to obtain ZYCK-7 super porous carbon with a specific surface area than 997 m2 g-1. The ZYC-7 porous carbon exhibited a specific capacity of 600 and 300 mA h g-1 at a current density of 0.1 and 2.0A g-1, under 0-3 V vs. Li+/Li, while the ZYCK-7 super porous carbon revealed a specific capacity of more than 70 mA h g-1 at a current density of 1.0 A g-1 under 2.0-4.3 V vs. Li+/Li; The ZYC-7 and ZYCK-7 were assembled into a double-carbon lithium-ion capacitor with an energy density higher than 55 Wh kg-1 at a power density of 10 kW Kg-1, and its capacity retention rate was still greater than 85% after 3000 cycles of charge and discharge at a current density of 1.0 A g-1.

A W-Mo mineralized region is located along the northern margin of the South Qinling tectonic belt of China. WMo mineralization occurs mainly in Cambrian–Ordovician clastic and carbonate rocks, and the ore bodies are structurally controlled by NW–SE-and NNE–SSW-striking faults. Evidence for magmatism in the area is widespread and is dominated by intermediate–felsic intrusives or apophyses, such as the Dongjiangkou, Yanzhiba, Lanbandeng, and Sihaiping granitic bodies. Quartz-vein-type mineralization and fault-controlled skarn-type mineralization dominate the ore systems, with additional enrichment in residual deposits. At present, there are few or insufficient studies on（1） the age of mineralization,（2） the relationship between intermediate–felsic granite and W-Mo mineralization,（3） the source of ore-forming materials, and（4） the metallogenic and tectonic setting of the mineralized area. In this paper, we present geochronology results for numerous intrusive granitic bodies in the South Qinling tectonic belt. U-Pb zircon geochronology of the Lanbandeng monzogranite and Wangjiaping biotite monzogranite yields ages of 222.7 ± 2.3 and 201.9 ± 1.8 Ma, respectively. In contrast to the Late Triassic age of the Lanbandeng monzogranite, the age of the newly discovered Wangjiaping biotite monzogranite places it at the Triassic–Jurassic boundary. Re-Os molybdenite geochronology on the Qipangou W-Mo deposit yielded a model age of 199.7 ± 3.9 Ma, indicating the deposit formed in the early Yanshanian period of the Early Jurassic. Granitoid intrusions in the mineralized area are characterized by composite granite bodies that crystallized at ca. 240–190 Ma. While there were multiple stages of intrusion, most occurred at 210–220 Ma, with waning magmatic activity at 200–190 Ma. The Re-Os age of molybdenite in the region is ca. 200–190 Ma, which may represent a newly discovered period of W-Mo metallogenesis that occurred during the final stages of magmatism. The heat associated with this magmatism drove ore formation and might have provided additional ore-forming components for metallogenesis（represented by the Wangjiaping biotite monzogranite）. Ore materials in the mineralized area were derived from mixed crustal and mantle sources. Enrichment of the region occurred during intracontinental orogenesis in the late Indosinian–Yanshanian, subsequent to the main Indosinian collision. At this time, the tectonic environment was dominated by extension and strike-slip motion.

Achieving rate‐capable and high mass‐loaded lithium/sodium storage plays a pivotal role in promoting real world applications of many emerging electrode materials. Herein, such an electrode material is reported made of Mo and Fe‐based polyoxometalates firmly bonded on MXene nanosheets through a mild in situ growth procedure. The polyoxometalate nanoparticles can efficiently prevent the restacking of the MXene nanosheets, enabling an electrolyte‐permeable architecture at high mass loadings while the metallic conductivity of MXenes allows rapid electron transfer contributing to the full exploration of the rich redox capability of polyoxometalates even at high rates. The optimal structure delivers a high capacity of 297 and 191 mA h g–1 at 1.0 A g–1 for lithium and sodium storage, respectively, even after a thousand of cycles. The kinetic analysis suggests high capacitive contributions of 81.6% and 67.4% for lithium and sodium uptake/release at 1.0 mV s–1, respectively. Moreover, a decent capacity remains even after 13.5‐fold increase of loading mass. The lithium/sodium‐ion hybrid supercapacitors based on this composite deliver remarkable energy density and power capability. The results demonstrated in this work may offer an alternative selection of electrodes based on rationally designed polyoxometalates and MXenes.