烟草是一种对光照和温度要求都非常严格的喜光喜温作物,为了降低烟草品种对光照和温度的敏感性,扩大烟草品种的光温适应范围和种植区域.本研究克隆了 NtPHYA基因,采用生物信息学方法预测了该基因在烟草上的功能,利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术创制NtPHYA基因敲除突变体,分析了 NtPHYA基因对烟草种子和烟苗光温敏感性及烟株生长的影响.结果表明,烟草NtPHYA与番茄SlPHYA基因的蛋白质序列相似度达92.15％,具有极为相似的理化性质,推测NtPHYA基因与番茄PHYA基因一样具有调控光温度敏感性和生长发育的功能;NtPHYA基因敲除突变体的光合色素含量、光合特性指标以及主要农艺性状均显著高于野生型,不同光温处理下突变体的NtPHYA基因表达量、种子萌发率均显著高于野生型.结果说明NtPHYA基因具有调控烟草光温度敏感性的功能,敲除NtPHYA基因能增加烟草光合色素含量、提高光合效率、促进烟株的生长,拓宽了烟草的光温适应范围和种植区域.本研究结果为解析NtPHYA基因对烟草生长发育的调控机理提供了理论参考和研究材料,对光温低敏感性烟草品种的选育具有重要的实践意义.

杂种优势利用是提高作物产量和品质的一种重要育种方法,明确生态条件和打顶措施对杂种优势的影响,对提高烟草杂种优势研究利用效率有重要意义.本试验以烟叶烟碱含量杂种优势相差较大的3个杂交组合及其亲本为材料,选择生态条件差异较大的3个生态试验点,研究了不同生态环境和打顶措施对烟叶烟碱含量、烟叶烟碱含量杂种优势及其相关基因相对表达量的影响.结果表明,不同生态环境间的烟叶烟碱含量差异显著,烟株打顶前后烟叶烟碱含量发生了显著的变化,打顶处理的烟叶烟碱含量显著高于不打顶处理;不同生态环境、打顶和不打顶处理间的烟叶烟碱含量的中亲优势值差异不显著,而超亲优势值、超标优势值差异显著;不同生态环境、打顶和不打顶处理间,烟叶烟碱含量杂种优势相关的PM T、A O、QS基因的中亲优势表达量相差也不显著,与处理间中亲优势值的表现差异一致.结果表明,在选用中亲优势作为度量指标进行杂种优势的遗传研究中,可不考虑生态环境和打顶的影响,在一个试验点对双亲及F1采用相同的农艺措施就能获得较为准确的鉴定结果;而在选用超亲优势、超标优势作为度量指标进行杂交种应用潜力评价中,需在不同生态环境、不同农艺措施下进行鉴定.

为了对贵州省烤烟后备品种云烟116在威宁烟区配套集成合理的栽培技术,形成优化的群体结构,提高产质量,采用三因素二次饱和D-最优设计,设置施肥量、密度和中心花开放时的打顶去叶数三个试验因素,研究了施肥量、密度、打顶去叶数等主要栽培技术对云烟116田间生长、经济性状及烟叶品质的影响.研究结果表明:1)在生育进程方面,施肥量、密度和打顶去叶数对云烟116生育进程有一定的影响,主要体现在现蕾期和顶叶成熟期,施肥量多则有所推迟;2)在农艺性状方面,施肥量和密度对云烟116烟株的株高、茎围、单株叶面积等农艺性状的影响较大,处理间差异达极显著;3)在经济性状方面,施肥量、密度和打顶去叶数对云烟116的产量、产值和均价均有显著的影响,种植密度对产值影响最大,其次是施肥量(纯氮),再者为留叶数.最优回归分析表明,试验结果为每667 m2施纯氮8 kg,种植1000株,中心花开放后花序下方小叶数打掉2片的处理综合表现最优.

为获得'云烟87'最佳农艺性状、经济性状及烟叶品质,采用三因素二次饱和D-最优设计,研究施肥量、密度、单株留叶数等对'云烟87'田间生长、经济性状及烟叶品质的影响.结果表明:施肥量和密度对'云烟87'生育进程有一定的影响,当单株施肥量最多(88.9 g/株)、密度最小(1000株/667m2)时,烟株提前进入团棵期,烟叶成熟期变慢,大田生育期延迟;施肥量和密度对烟株的株高、茎围、出叶数、最大叶长、叶宽等农艺性状和产量、产值、均价等经济性状影响较大,其中种植密度是影响产值的首要因素,其次是施肥量(纯氮),作用最小的是留叶数.该结论为'云烟87'在威宁烟区的栽培技术优化提供参考.

Two flue-cured tobacco varieties (Yuyan 11 and K326) were used to study the variation regularity of key enzymes activity in carbon-nitrogen metabolism and leaf surface secretion content of the middle leaves and their correlations by the block planting pattern to provide the theoretic basis for development of feature high quality flue-cured tobacco and breeding of higher aroma and less harmful fluecured tobacco varieties.Results:The key enzymes activity in carbon-nitrogen metabolism of the middle leaves shows a first rising and then declining trend during the growth period and the activity of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase reaches the peak when leaf age of the middle leaves is 50 d age but the activity of amylase and sucrose invertase is up to the maximum when the leaf age of the middle leaves is 60 d age.The content of leaf surface secretion presents a first rising and then declining trend and reaches the maximum when the leaf age of the middle leaves is 60 d age.The key enzymes activity in carbonnitrogen metabolism and leaf surface secretion content of Yuyan 11 are higher than K326.The leaf surface secretion content has a significant positive correlation with glutamine synthetase activity and a very significant positive correlation with amylase and sucrose invertase activity.

以烤烟品种K326的上部叶、中部叶和下部叶为试验材料,分别于烘烤过程中各关键温度点取样测量颜色指标(亮度值L*、红绿值a*、黄蓝值b*、彩度值C*、色相角H、SPAD值)和主要化学成分(总糖、还原糖、烟碱、总氮、蛋白质、淀粉),以探究不同部位烟叶烘烤过程中颜色变化与主要化学成分之间的相关关系.结果表明:烟叶部位由上至下,其颜色指标与各化学成分之间的相关项由强变弱.上部烟叶红绿值a*与总糖和还原糖含量极显著正相关,与蛋白质和淀粉含量分别呈显著和极显著负相关,色相角H则与红绿值a*相反,SPAD值与总糖和还原糖含量分别呈极显著和显著负相关,与淀粉含量显著正相关;中部烟叶亮度值L*、红绿值a*、彩度值C*均与还原糖含量显著正相关,红绿值a*、色相角H分别与淀粉含量呈显著负相关和显著正相关,SPAD值与总糖含量显著负相关;下部烟叶色相角H与总糖和还原糖含量极显著负相关,与总氮和淀粉含量分别呈显著和极显著正相关,SPAD值与淀粉含量显著正相关.

为了提高上部烟叶烘烤质量,以烤烟红花大金元品种试验材料,分析不同主脉处理方式下的烟叶在烘烤过程中的保水力、变黄特性、失水特性、变黄失水协调性以及烤后烟叶外观质量.结果表明:保水力为常规处理>破筋处理>去筋处理;烘烤过程中去筋处理失水较快,协调性较差,破筋处理失水均衡,协调性较好;去筋处理烘烤前期变黄速度前期较快后期较慢,协调性较差,破筋处理变黄速度较快,协调性较好;失水与变黄协调性为破筋处理>常规处理>去筋处理;烤后烟叶中上等烟比例和橘色比例表现为破筋处理>常规处理>去筋处理,含青、挂灰、杂色等低次等烟比例表现为去筋处理>常规处理>破筋处理.可知,破筋处理有利于烟叶烘烤过程中变黄与失水的协调,且可提高烤后烟叶烘烤产质量.

为探讨土壤类型与烟叶感官质量的关系,采集了贵州毕节烟区8个县(市)150个点的土壤及烟叶样品,分析土壤属性和烟叶感官质量,并对土壤指标和烟叶感官质量评价指标进行相关分析.结果表明,不同土壤类型评价指标对评价烟叶感官质量的各项指标均有不同程度影响,其中土壤耕层质地与速效钾对烟叶感观质量的影响较大.因此,在烟叶生产中要依据产区土壤类型进行合理调控,特别要注重钾肥的分配.

为筛选出适应毕节烟区种植的优质、适产、抗病性强的烤烟新品种,满足利群品牌导向型发展所需的优质烟叶原料,对20个烤烟品种进行田间筛选试验.结果表明:云烟87、云烟97、云烟203、云烟105和云烟99在各生长时期的株高、叶长宽、叶片数等指标表现较优,田间生长发育良好;云烟97和云烟203对普通花叶病、云烟99对赤星病有较高的抗病性.各品种对马铃薯Y病毒均表现出较高的抗病性.云烟97、云烟203、云烟105、云烟99和云烟110中上部烟叶化学成分最为协调.云烟105、云烟99、云烟87和云烟203的感官评吸结果最优.综合来看,云烟105、云烟99和云烟203田间生长发育良好、抗病性强,烤后烟叶化学成分协调,香气品质好,下一步可通过试验深入挖掘其配套技术及品质特色.

为进一步优化传统密集烘烤技术,增加烘烤安全性、稳定性、方便性,笔者引入基于物联网设计的一种温湿度实时监测系统,采用串联方式将其安装于烤房中,实时监测烘烤过程中的温湿度并将数据传送至后台,用户可根据其与设定值的对比对烘烤过程进行精准调控.试验通过对安装物联网温湿度实时监测系统的密集烤房与传统密集烤房烘烤过程中温湿度的变化和烤后烟叶外观质量进行对比分析,结果表明,安装物联网温湿度实时监测系统的烤房干湿球温度变化的稳定性及烤后烟叶外观质量均优于传统烤房,说明该系统对提高烘烤的稳定性和安全性以及改善烟叶质量具有促进作用.

Using upper leaves of Yunyan 87 as materials with the flue-curing of upper leaves as the control,the changes of respiration intensity,water content and pigment content in 2 leaves with stalk,4 leaves with stalk of flue-cured tobacco leaves were studied,and the chemical composition and economic characteristics of flue-cured tobacco leaves were compared.The results showed that the respiration intensity of 4 leaves with stalk in the main yellowing stage (24-48 h) was higher than that of the control leaves,and was lower than that of the control at the late yellowing stage and the early color fixing stage.The flue-curing of tobacco leaves with stalk dehydrated slowly during the yellowing stage while faster at the color fixing stage,and the dehydration rate of the 4 leaves with stalk was faster than that of the 2 leaves.The fluecuring of tobacco leaves with stalk turned yellow fast,and the pigment was degraded sufficiently.The chemical composition and economic characteristics of 4 leaves with stalk were shown as follows:low content of total nitrogen and nicotine,high content of sugar,suitable ratio of sugar to alkali,and the highest proportion and best economic characteristics of middle and upper tobacco.In summary,the flue-curing of 4 leaves with stalk can be used as the best model for improving the quality of upper leaves.

以K326品种为试验材料,通过大田试验不同施氮量和留叶数组合,培育不同烤烟株型,研究烤烟株型性状与产量、质量的关系,以提出烤烟的理想株型变化模式.结果表明:随着叶层高、叶层宽、根系长度、根系体积、净同化率、作物生长率、叶面积持续期等株型性状数值的增加,烤烟产量增加;烤烟质量综合得分随叶层宽和顶宽的增加呈抛物线变化趋势.本研究烤烟株型动态变化模式由3种株型的组合产生,分别为台形(table shape,简称T)、鼓形(drum shape,简称D)、筒形(cylinder shape,简称C),具体可划分为5种变化模式,其中,T-D-C模式属于低产量中等质量类型;T-D-T-C模式化学成分协调,单叶重适宜,属于低产量中等质量和适宜产量较好质量类型;T-D-T-D-C模式化学成分协调,单叶重和含梗率适宜,属于低产量较好质量和适宜产量较好质量类型;D-C模式化学成分不协调,单叶重偏大,含梗率偏高,属于适宜产量较差质量类型;D-T-D-C模式化学成分不协调,单叶重偏大,含梗率偏高,属于适宜产量较差质量、高产量较差质量、高产量中等质量类型.因此,本研究得出烤烟理想株型的动态变化模式为T-D-T-D-C.

为了解散叶烘烤过程中烟叶不同位点的叶间隙风速的变化以及影响风速变化的主要因素,利用风速仪对中棚烟叶距离加热室1,3,5,7m处的8个位点的叶间隙风速进行实时监测,同时记录烤房的干湿球温度,并于烘烤开始后每隔4h取1次样,测定叶片与叶脉的含水率.结果表明:烘烤过程中8个位点叶间隙风速差异较大,其中6号位点的风速始终处于较低水平;不同烘烤阶段各位点风速的变化大体表现为先降后升的趋势;湿球温度在整个烘烤过程中对叶间隙风速的影响最大,直接通径系数为-0.974 9,叶片含水率对叶间隙风速也有较大影响,直接通径系数为0.4044.在烘烤中可以通过控制烟叶含水率与湿球温度等来调控叶间隙风速的变化,并进一步改善烟叶质量.

为研究不同条件下烟叶的回潮规律,对烤烟的回潮特性进行分析,并构建烤烟回潮的动力学模型.结果表明:烤烟回潮过程中烟叶的含水率呈对数增长趋势,且各处理均能达到回潮效果,45℃与55℃时回潮效率较高;烟叶回潮的动力学模型为Page干燥模型,各处理的拟合参数不同,均达到0.0001的极显著水平,其中烟叶回潮的动力学模型为MR=exp[(1.96558-0.1188×T+0.00117×T2) ×t1.85215-0.0113×T].在生产过程中可以利用烟叶回潮模型对烟叶的回潮效率进行精准控制,该结果可为烟叶回潮的研究提供一定的参考.

为了探讨贵州省烟叶主产区植烟土壤微生态变化规律及其生态培肥途径,采用盆栽方式研究了有机栽培模式、常规栽培模式及对照不施肥模式对烟草耕层土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明,有机栽培模式和常规栽培模式提高了旺长期和圆顶期土壤蔗糖酶活性、磷酸酶活性、脲酶活性,表明有机生产模式可以提高土壤中碳、氮、磷的代谢水平,有利于烟田微生态的改善及烟田的持续健康发展.

针对上部烟叶难烘烤、易挂灰等问题,探讨不同采收方式烟叶在烘烤过程中生理变化,为提高烘烤质量提供参考.以烤烟品种红花大金元上部叶为试验材料,测量不同采收方式烟叶烘烤过程中的呼吸强度、组织水和色素含量的变化,并对烤后烟经济性状进行分析.结果表明烘烤过程中带茎采收相比逐片采收失水困难,两片叶带茎较四片叶带茎易失水;呼吸强度表现为四片叶带茎高于两片叶带茎,逐片采收烟叶的呼吸强度最低;色素降解速率为逐片采收烟叶慢于两片叶带茎,四片叶带茎降解速率最快;带茎采收烟叶烤后烟上中等比例较高.表明带茎采收能加快烘烤过程中烟叶变化,使叶片变黄和失水趋于协调,有助于提升烟叶品质.

[Purpose] Our aim was to provide the oretical basis for control of sugarcane aphid by using Aspergillus sp.SF-2.[Methods] The infection ratio of Aspergillus sp.SF-2 to Ceratovacuna lanigera (Zehntner) was tested by spore suspension spray method and its biological characteristics were preliminary studied by mycelium growth rate method and spore germination method.[Results] Aspergillus sp.SF-2 had infection effects on six kinds of homopteran pests,the infection effects were better on C.lanigera,Icerya purchasi Maskell and Unaspis yanonensis (Kuwana),the adjusted infection rate were 98.33％,98.25％ and 96.67％ spraying spore suspension 7 days after,respectively.At 32 ℃,pH 4.0 and light dark alternation,the mycelial growth of Aspergillus sp.SF-2 was the fastest.The best temperature of germination was about 32 ℃,and UV irradiation could significantly affect the germination of spores.[Conclusion] Aspergillus sp.has great potential in control of crop pests.

A phidius gifuensis is an important parasitoid to some aphids .In this research ,the parasitic selectivity of A. gifuensis to Myzus persicae and Lipaphis erysimi was studied ,in which the parasitic situation ,selectivi‐ty ,preference and switching behavior of the parasitoids were analyzed .The total sampling size was 60 a‐phids and the ratios of M. persicae individuals to L. erysimi individuals were 1∶5 ,2∶4 ,3∶3 ,4∶2 or 5∶1 .The test result showed that A. gif uensis had more oviposition in M. persicae than in L. erysimi , and that the parasitic ratio of A. gif uensis to M. persicae or L. erysimi was positively correlated with the aphid density ,and the total parasitic function of A. gi f uensis to M. persicae and L. erysimi group was higher .A. gif uensis showed a positive preference to M. persicae and a negative preference to L. ery‐simi .and a negative switching to M. persicae and a positive switching to L. erysimi .

Objective] To determine the effects of tobacco seedling density on the propagation of Aphidius gifuensis Ashmead., and to en-hance the propagation rate of A.gifuensis.[Method] Four densities (40, 80, 160 and 322 plants/dish) of tobacco seedlings were used to propagate A.gifuensis.Propagating quantity of tobacco aphids, parasitic rate and incidence rate of A.gifuensis, and production cost of propa-gation were investigated.[Result] Quantities of tobacco aphids, parasitic aphids and mummified aphids in each treatment had consistent cor-relation with tobacco seedling density.They all firstly enhanced and then declined with the increase of tobacco seedling density.There were great differences in the incidence rate of A.gifuensis.Density of 80 plants/dish had the best propagation effects.[ Conclusion] The research results provide theoretical basis for the propagation of A.gifuensis.

[目的]比较烟蚜茧蜂在大棚内的繁育数量及田间防治效果.[方法]通过在育苗大棚内栽培烟株繁殖烟蚜茧蜂,研究不同空气相对湿度条件下烟蚜茧蜂繁殖数量及释放到烟田的防治效果.[结果]蚜虫的繁殖速率随着空气相对湿度的增加先提高后降低,以空气相对湿度为70％处理效果最优,处理第30天蚜虫数量达到14 616.7头/株;接种烟蚜茧蜂后,烟蚜数量先增加后减少,在接种烟蚜茧蜂15 d后达到峰值,以空气相对湿度为70％处理烟蚜数量最大,明显高于其他处理;接种烟蚜茧蜂后,僵蚜逐渐增多,以空气相对湿度为70％处理最优,在25 d后僵蚜数量达到11 231.7头/株;各处理在放蜂12 d后防效最佳,但各处理间防效无显著差异.[结论]为推广烟蚜茧蜂防治烟蚜技术提供了理论依据.