In this study, ‘Zaoheibao’ and ‘Wanheibao’ grapes were treated with 25 mg/L gibberellin at the late flowering stage and 50 mg/L gibberellin 12 days later. Samples were taken every 10 days for ‘Zaohaibao’ and every 20 days for ‘Wanheibao’ until the fruits were mature and treated with water as the control. The result showed that the gibberellin-treated ‘Zaoheibao’ fruit had an obvious increase in weight, longitudinal diameter and transverse diameter compared with the controlled single fruit weight, while the gibberellin-treated ‘Wanheibao’ fruit had an obvious increase in weight, longitudinal diameter and transverse diameter in the middle stage of fruit development. Gibberellin treatment significantly increased fruit hardness at the young fruit stage throughout the entire process of fruit development; fruit soluble solids and total anthocyanin content increased significantly during the color change period, while titratable acid content decreased significantly. Gibberellin treatment did not change the accumulation pattern of total phenols and total flavonoids in fruits; gibberellin treatment increased the content of main aroma substances in fruit. In summary, gibberellin treatment can improve the external quality of grape, and also promote the accumulation of volatile substances, make the fruit aroma more intense, and enhance the commodity value.
【Objective】 In China, the number of juice grape varieties is few, and excellent parents are fewer, and varieties for production are single, which cannot meet people’s demands for high-quality grape juice. Evaluation on fruit quality of juice grape cultivars is key for development of grape juice industry. The study aims to analyze the fruit quality and aroma components of different juice grape varieties, and screen the excellent juice making varieties. 【Methods】 Six juice grape varieties, Triumph, Roudingxiang, Wyoming Red, Delaware, Heihuxiang, Campbell Early, in Taigu Grape Nursery of National Germplasm Resource Nursery were used as experimental materials. The berry weight, the content of soluble sugar, total acid, Vc, and total phenol, and components and content of aroma the mature fruit were determined and analysed. The berry weight was measured with 1/10000 electronic balance, the vertical dimeter and transversal dimeter were measured with vernier caliper, the content of soluble solids was determined with digital refractometer, the content of soluble sugars was determined by anthrone-H 2 SO 4 method, the total content of acids was titrated with alkali solution, the content of vitamin C (Vc) was determined by molybdenum blue colorimetry, the total content of phenols was determined by Folin-Schoka method. And aroma components were analysed by headspace solid phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Extraction method: removed the fruit pit, added 2 mL Vc (50 mg·L -1 ), homogenised with a juicer, centrifuged for 20 min, taken 6 mL supernatant and added 1.5 g NaCl and 5 μL internal standard (2-octanol, 155 mg·L -1 ) to the 20 mL headspace bottle. Extraction conditions: Balanced at 40℃ for 15 min (rotating speed: 250 r/min, shaken for 3 s, intermittently for 4 s), extracted at 50℃ for 40 min. The flow rate was 1 mL·min -1 , SPME automatic injection. The temperature procedure of the column temperature box was: 40℃ for 5 min, raise the temperature to 230℃ at the rate of 5℃·min -1 , then raise the temperature to 250℃ at the rate of 20℃·min -1 for 5 min. The mass spectrometry interface temperature was 280℃, the ion source temperature was 230 ℃, the ionization mode was EI, the ion energy was 70 EV, and the mass scanning range was 20-400 m·z -1 . 【Results】 The fruit weight of 6 juice grape varieties was 2.57-4.78 g, and the juice yield was 68%-75%. Except for soluble solids, the contents of soluble sugar, total acid, total phenol and Vc were significantly different. A total of 65 aroma compounds were detected in 6 juice grape varieties, with different compositions and contents. According to chemical functional groups, it was divided into C 6 compounds, alcohols, esters, aldehydes, acids, terpenes, ketones, C 13 - hypoisoprenes and aromatic benzene-containing. There were the most kinds of aroma compounds in the Roudingxiang fruit, especially the terpenes. ‘Triumph’ was followed, it contained 58 kinds of aroma compounds, and the kind of esters was most. There were only 41 kinds of aroma compounds in the Delaware berries. The data showed that aroma compounds were different according to the variety of juice grapes, the main compounds were esters and terpenes. OAV (odor activity value) is a measure of the contribution of aroma compounds to fruit flavor, so the presentation of fruit characteristic aroma was related to the composition, content of aroma compounds, and OAV. Only when OAV≥1, this compound was considered as contributing to aroma. Among aroma components, the number of compounds with OAV≥1 was 19. Principal component analysis was carried out for the aroma compounds with OAV≥1 in the fruits of six juicy varieties. And the result showed the contribution rate of PC1 was 35.71, the contribution rate of PC2 was 56.67, and the cumulative contribution rate was 92.38. There were obvious differences among varieties, Triumph, Roudingxiang, Wyoming Red, and Campbell Early can be clearly distinguished in location, Roudingxiang and Wyoming Red were on the positive half axis of the first principal component, while Triumph and Heihuxiang were on the positive half axis of the second principal component. Aromatic compounds such as linalool, rose oxide, ethyl phenylacetate, heptaldehyde, nonaldehyde, phenylacetaldehyde, damastone, ethyl valerate, and myrcene were more contributed. Hierarchical cluster analysis was carried out for the aroma compounds with OAV≥1 in the fruits of six juice grape varieties. And the result showed that the aroma compounds were divided into four categories, with Delaware and Heihuxiang were the most similar, followed by Triumph, Campbell Early, Wyoming Red and Roudingxiang. 【Conclusion】 According to the content of berries soluble sugar, Vc, total phenol and pH of grape juice, the quality of Delaware grape was better; According to the composition and content of aroma compounds, six grape varieties were distinguished clearly. The kinds of aroma compounds with Roudingxiang berries were the most abundant, and the contribution rate of terpenes was higher. In Heihuxiang berries, the contribution rate of C 13 -pentadiene was the highest. Among the six juicy grape varieties, the aroma of Roudingxiang and Heihuxiang were more special. Grape variety with different aroma feature was chosen according to different audiences.
为了对种类繁多的葡萄种质果实风味进行快速有效的评价和利用,本文以99份葡萄种质的果实为材料,通过相关分析、主成分分析、系统聚类分析对酸甜风味评价指标进行了筛选和简化.结果表明,葡萄风味由可滴定酸、可溶性固形物和固酸比来进行评价,分别代表酸味因子、甜味因子和综合风味因子;以此3项指标作为评价指标进行K-均值法动态聚类并结合口感进行评价,将99个葡萄种质分为5类,口感极酸的品种5份、口感甜的品种23份、口感酸甜-甜酸的品种47份、口感甜的品种18份、口感极甜的品种6份.
[目的]通过表型性状鉴定分析,从山西太谷国家葡萄种质资源圃内保存的资源中,筛选出不同葡萄种质资源进行SSR分析,揭示这些不同来源的葡萄种质资源之间的亲缘关系和群体遗传结构,为葡萄种质资源的科学管理和分子标记辅助育种提供参考.[方法]以100份葡萄种质为材料,依据基因组DNA测序挖掘出的SSR引物数据,筛选出33对多态性核心引物,根据标准分子质量记录扩增DNA多态性条带,获得数据矩阵.利用每对SSR引物在100份葡萄种质资源中的等位基因组成,计算33对SSR引物的位点多态性信息含量(PIC)、100份葡萄种质资源个体间的Nei's遗传距离,并利用MEGA 7.0软件构建NJ邻接聚类树,推断葡萄原始集合与核心集合的遗传结构.[结果]100个样本中的33对SSR标记共检测到423个等位基因,每对引物扩增条带数4~26条,平均扩增条带数为12.82条.葡萄种质资源之间的Nei's遗传距离为0.4~0.8,占资源总量的97.80%.通过遗传结构分析并预测其最佳分组数K为2,即葡萄核心集合主要分为2个亚群,分别为欧亚种群的鲜食葡萄和杂种群,其中杂种群涵盖了欧美杂种、美洲种、中国野生种及欧亚种的酿酒品种.来自国外的美洲种的砧木和来自山西的野葡萄聚在一起,同时与欧美杂种和酿酒品种也聚为一类.可能是由于人为选种和选用目的的不同造成各品种之间遗传背景的混杂.这一结论还需进一步研究证明.[结论]33对引物将100份葡萄分为两个集群,第一集群主要为葡萄亚种鲜食葡萄品种,第二集群主要包含了欧亚种酿酒品种、欧美杂种、美洲种、中国野生种4个亚种群.
为鉴定强筋小麦品种晋麦92号低分子麦谷蛋白亚基Glu-A3基因,利用一套Glu-A3位点的特异低分子麦谷蛋白亚基STS分子标记引物,对晋麦92号及其亲本品种/系(晋麦33、临优6148)进行检测,该标记包含7对特异性引物,可快速、准确检测Glu-A3位点的7种等位变异类型(Glu-A3a/b/c/d/e/f/g),结果表明:晋麦92号含有Glu-A3c基因.由于Glu-A3c可影响面筋强度,可初步判断晋麦92号的强筋品质性状由Glu-A3c基因所决定.
为了在现有谷子品种的基础上,明确有利于提高谷子籽粒营养品质和食味品质的生长环境,本文对‘长农38号’、‘长农39号’、‘长农41号’谷子在长治和沁县两个生态点谷子籽粒的营养品质与食味品质进行比较分析.结果 表明:种植地区对‘长农38号’谷子籽粒的维生素B1、直链淀粉、粗蛋白和‘长农41号’的维生素B1、粗脂肪的影响较大,变异系数均在10%以上;对‘长农39号’谷子籽粒的营养品质影响较小,变异系数均在10%以下.通过食味品质的比较可以看出种植在沁县的‘长农38号’谷子籽粒的一致性高于长治,种植在长治的‘长农39号’、‘长农41号’谷子籽粒的一致性低于沁县;种植于长治的‘长农38号’、‘长农39号’谷子籽粒的色泽高于沁县,种植于长治的‘长农41号’谷子籽粒色泽与沁县的评分结果一样;种植于沁县的3个基因型谷子籽粒食味品质的分数合计结果均高于长治.因此通过优化谷子栽培管理措施对提高谷子籽粒品质具有重要意义.
以山西省58个小麦品种为研究对象,研究了株高、成穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、单产、发芽率、发芽势、苗高、根长、根数等性状间的相关关系.结果表明,58个小麦品种的产量主要构成因素为成穗数、穗粒数、千粒重.旱地小麦的产量主要构成因素为成穗数、穗粒数,水地小麦的产量主要构成因素为成穗数和苗高.
以'早黑宝'和'玫瑰香'葡萄为试材,探讨不同架式对葡萄丰产性和果实品质的影响.结果 表明:篱架栽培'早黑宝'从萌芽至果实成熟需122 d,比Y形架栽培提前5 d;篱架栽培单穗重、单粒重、每667 m2产量、果粒纵横径分别为342.12 g、5.31 g、1 846.77kg、2.32 cm、2.11 cm,Y形架栽培分别为469.10 g、6.33 g、2 325.85 kg、2.43 cm、2.13 cm;篱架栽培可溶性固形物含量、还原糖含量、总酸含量、总糖含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和叶绿素含量均高于Y形架栽培. '玫瑰香'从萌芽至果实成熟2种架式栽培均历时146 d;篱架栽培单穗重、单粒重、每667 m2产量、果粒纵横径分别为308.03 g、3.92 g、2 050.53 kg、2.31 cm、2.01 cm,Y形架栽培分别为208.05 g、5.01 g、2 331.65 kg、2.29 cm、2.11 cm;篱架栽培可溶性固形物含量、净光合速率(Pn)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和叶绿素含量均高于Y形架栽培,而Y形架栽培还原糖含量、总酸含量、总糖含量均高于篱架栽培.综上所述,Y形架栽培'早黑宝'可提高其丰产性,篱架栽培有利于'早黑宝'果实含糖量和叶片叶绿素含量的积累;Y形架栽培'玫瑰香'可提高其产量,且有利于果实含糖量的积累,但篱架栽培的光合效率整体优于Y形架栽培.
晋麦92号是山西省农业科学院小麦研究所以临优6148为母本、晋麦33号为父本进行杂交,采用系谱法选育的小麦品种.2012年通过国家农作物品种审定委员会审定.2009—2010年度参加黄淮冬麦区旱薄组区域试验,平均产量为3507 kg/hm2,比对照晋麦47号增产0.2%.2011—2012年度参加国家黄淮冬麦区旱薄组生产试验,平均产量为5275.5 kg/hm2,比对照晋麦47号增产4.2%.晋麦92号高产稳产,优质强筋,适宜在黄淮冬麦区的山西南部、陕西宝鸡旱地和河南旱薄地种植.
本试验在相对湿度为55%RH的条件下,设置不同温度(5℃、15℃、25℃、35℃)对中筋小麦粉进行模拟储藏试验,每隔15d取样一次,研究储藏过程中小麦面粉淀粉糊化特性的变化,旨在为小麦粉储藏品质变化的判定指标和实仓储藏提供参考.结果 表明,面粉在不同储藏条件下,随着储藏时间的延长,峰值黏度、衰减值、回生值和最终黏度都有不同程度的上升趋势,储藏温度和储藏时间都对小麦粉的峰值黏度、最终黏度和回生值有显著影响.
品育8012是由山西省农业科学院小麦研究所2006年以临优20165为母本、济麦22为父本,通过人工杂交后经过多年系谱法单株选择育成的抗白粉病而且高产的小麦新品种.2015--2016、2016-2017年度参加山西省南部中熟冬麦区水地组区域试验,2a平均产量为8 474.5 kg/hm2,较对照品种良星99增产6.4%,增产点率达100%;2016-2017年度参加山西省南部中熟冬麦区水地组生产试验,平均产量为8 421.0 kg/hm2,比对照品种良星99增产7.6%,增产点率达100%;2018年12月通过山西省农作物品种审定委员会审定(审定编号为晋审麦20180001).品育8012适宜在山西省南部中熟冬麦区水地推广种植.
为研究近20年来山西省审定小麦品种的农艺性状和品质性状的演变情况,以1997-2018年山西省审定的175个小麦品种为研究对象,总结分析其农艺性状和品质指标的演化规律.结果 表明,山西省近20年来审定品种产量水平呈显著上升趋势;株高呈下降趋势,但中部冬麦区水地审定品种株高过高,有倒伏风险;产量三因素中,穗粒数稳步提升,南部中熟冬麦区品种的穗粒数均高于中部晚熟冬麦区品种,千粒重变化不明显,但“十三五”时期审定的旱地品种千粒重下降明显,单位面积穗数呈显著上升趋势.山西省近年来审定品种品质性状没有显著变化,籽粒蛋白含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值和稳定时间均没有显著提高.山西省今后一段时间的育种目标仍然是品质与产量的协同提高,水地品种应在保证穗数和粒重的基础上加强穗粒数的选择,旱地品种应注重穗粒数和粒重的选择.
品育8012是山西省农业科学院小麦研究所以临优20165为母本、 济麦22为父本进行杂交,采用系谱法选育的节水多抗高产小麦新品种.2018年12月通过山西省农作物品种审定委员会审定.2015—2016年度参加山西省南部中熟冬麦区水地组品种区域试验,平均单产8115kg/hm2,比对照良星99增产6.5%.2016—2017年度生产试验,平均单产8421kg/hm2,比对照增产7.6%.该品种性状稳定、节水、丰产特点突出,适宜在山西省南部中熟冬麦区水地种植.
为明确晋麦92号的加工品质及配粉特性,以济麦44为对照,强筋小麦晋麦92号为主粉与中筋小麦品育8012进行不同比例配粉,利用快速黏度仪(RVA)、面筋聚集仪(GlutoPeak)等对配粉的粉质特性及加工品质进行了检测和分析.结果 表明,晋麦92号的蛋白质含量、面筋指数、淀粉糊化特性参数均高于对照济麦44;品育8012吸水率为65.6%,接近对照济麦44(吸水率66.1%).晋麦92号的面条加工品质最优,其面条评分为91.5分;晋麦92号与品育8012配粉比例为70∶30时,面条评分最高,为91.0分,说明对品育8012配以适量的晋麦92号可显著改善品育8012的面条加工品质.晋麦92号为面包面条兼用型品种,通过配粉可生产出高质量的面条粉.经相关性分析可知,面筋聚集参数峰值扭矩(BEM)与面条的胶黏性、咀嚼性呈极显著负相关,参数峰值时间(PMT)与面条的硬度、胶黏性、咀嚼性均呈显著正相关.
品育8155是山西省农业科学院小麦研究所2005年以97土31为母本、917-44907为父本,通过人工杂交经多年系谱法单株选育而成的抗旱、高产小麦新品种.2014—2015年参加国家黄淮冬麦区旱地组新品种比较试验,平均产量5988.8 kg/hm2,比对照晋麦47号增产9.1%,增产点率82.6%;2015—2017年参加国家黄淮冬麦区旱薄组区试,2 a平均产量4917.1 kg/hm 2,较对照晋麦47号增产4.2%,增产点率73.9%;2017—2018年参加国家黄淮冬麦区旱薄组生产试验,平均产量4668.8 kg/hm2,比对照晋麦47号增产6.9%,增产点率83.3%.2019年3月通过国家农作物品种审定委员会审定,审定编号为国审麦20190044.该品种适宜在山西省南部旱地、甘肃省天水市、陕西省宝鸡市、咸阳市和铜川市以及河南省、河北省沧州市的旱薄地种植.
[目的]本文旨在探索小麦新品种品育8012及其近源品种的差异性.[方法]以品育8012及其近源品种(济麦22、山农20、婴泊700、良星66)共5个基因型小麦品种为材料,分析其产量构成要素与品质性状等16个指标.[结果]品育8012与其近源品种相比,在产量、穗数和面团形成时间方面无显著差异,在千粒重和粒径方面有极显著差异(P<0.01);与济麦22相比,在容重、面团稳定时间和沉降值方面有极显著性差异(P<0.01);与山农20相比,在株高、籽粒蛋白含量、面团稳定时间、弱化度、粉质质量指数、沉降值、湿面筋含量等方面有极显著性差异(P<0.01);与婴泊700相比,在硬度、弱化度和沉降值方面有显著差异(P<0.05),在容重、吸水率、面团稳定时间、粉质质量指数等方面有极显著性差异(P<0.01);与良星66相比,在稳定时间有显著性差异(P<0.05),在穗粒数、硬度、容重、籽粒蛋白含量、吸水率、面团稳定时间、沉降值、湿面筋含量等方面均存在极显著性差异(P<0.01).[结论]品育8012与其近源品种相比具有特异性,可为品育8012申请新品种权保护提供依据.
为探究不同种类叶面肥对不同鲜食葡萄果实品质和叶片生长的影响,使用5种不同种类的叶面肥,在不同的葡萄生长时期,对'夏黑'、'巨峰'和'巨玫瑰'3个葡萄品种进行叶面喷施,喷施后调查葡萄的果实品质指标和叶片生长指标.结果表明,不同种类的叶面肥对叶片生长及果实品质的影响有很大差异,多种类型的叶面肥配合使用效果最佳.葡萄品种不同对喷施叶面肥的响应也不同,'夏黑'葡萄喷施后,果实品质显著提高,但叶片生长指标无明显差异;'巨峰'葡萄喷施后,果实品质指标与对照相比无显著差异,但叶片生长指标有显著提高;'巨玫瑰'葡萄喷施后,果实品质没有明显提高,但单叶重、叶绿素含量和叶面积有显著提高,总体规律不明显.综上所述,不同种类叶面肥配合使用,对葡萄品质提高效果最佳;不同葡萄品种叶面肥使用效果不同,且使用效果与土壤肥力、植株本身的吸肥能力等有很大关系.生产上不应盲目施用叶面肥,其中磷酸二氢钾物美价廉,值得推荐.
为了推动山西葡萄产业健康快速发展,研究解决葡萄园施肥关键技术难题,国家葡萄产业技术体系太谷综合试验站于2018年6月-8月份对山西葡萄主产区曲沃、稷山、清徐、太谷等地以及怡园酒庄等酿酒葡萄基地肥料施用情况进行调研,深入了解葡萄园施肥过程中遇到的难题与亟待解决的关键技术,针对调研问题提出合理的建议与对策.
对谷子品种"长农39"在5个试验点的农艺性状与产量进行了相关分析及通径分析.结果表明,产量、株高、穗粒重、穗重的变异系数较大;穗重与产量、穗粒重相关系数呈正相关显著水平,株高与产量呈负相关水平;穗重对产量的直接通径系数和决策系数均最大,出谷率次之.谷子田间高产栽培技术应主要针对穗重、穗粒重、出谷率、株高采取措施;主攻穗重,兼顾穗粒重、出谷率及其他农艺性状间的关系,适当调控株高的生长,以获得较高的产量.
2014—2015年在山西省农业科学院谷子研究所试验田选用长治地区具有代表性的玉米品种诚信6号进行分期播种.采用方差分析、相关分析和灰色关联度分析法研究长治地区不同播期玉米生育进程和气象条件变化,研究了播期和气象因子对玉米产量的影响.结果表明,气象因子对玉米产量的影响由高到低依次为日均气温、日照时数、降雨量,而平均气温和日照时数也是影响玉米生育进程的主要气象因子,生育进程与降雨量呈负相关,但差异不显著.2014—2015年长治地区降雨比较充足,对玉米生育进程影响不大;生产上,长治地区春播玉米4月25日—5月10日播种,可增加日照时数和平均气温,适当缩短玉米后期脱水时间,从而为玉米实现籽粒直收创造条件.