为研究添加不同水平扁杏皮对育肥羔羊饲粮中营养物质表观消化率、血清脂质代谢指标的影响,本试验选择50日龄左右、体重相近、健康状况良好的小尾寒羊母羔80只,随机分为4组,每组5个重复,每个重复4只羔羊.对照组饲喂不合扁杏皮的饲粮,试验组分别饲喂含3％(A组)、6％(B组)和9％(C组)扁杏皮的饲粮,试验期60 d.当试验组羊平均体重约达30 kg时,每组选取4只羔羊进行消化代谢试验.试验期结束时,每组选取4只羔羊颈静脉采血,测定血清生化指标.结果 表明:与对照组相比,A、B、C组育肥羔羊饲粮中粗蛋白质的表观消化率分别提高了3.56％、7.18％、4.08％(P＜ 0.05),中性洗涤纤维的表观消化率分别提高了3.23％、8.04％、4.30％(P＜ 0.05).B组育肥羔羊饲粮干物质和酸性洗涤纤维的表观消化率分别比对照组提高了5.39％和6.71％(P＜ 0.05).各试验组间羔羊血清甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇的含量与对照组均无显著差异(P＞0.05);各试验组间羔羊血清中总胆固醇的含量均显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).综上所述,饲粮中适量添加扁杏皮可以提高育肥羔羊饲粮养分的袁观消化率,改善脂类代谢.本试验条件下,育肥羔羊饲粮中扁杏皮的最适添加量为6％.

提高肉用犊牛生产效率和生产水平已经成为我国肉牛养殖业关键环节,文章根据已有研究结论结合笔者多年实践经验,总结出了一套从肉用犊牛出生处理、科学吃到初乳、正确哺乳补料到循序渐进断奶操作提高犊牛存活率和健犊率的新措施,以期为提高肉用犊牛生产效率和生产水平带来帮助.

Background Oxidative stress is an important pathogenic factor in influenza A virus infection. It has been found that reactive oxygen species induced by the H9N2 influenza virus is associated with viral replication. However, the mechanisms involved remain to be elucidated. Methods In this study, the role of autophagy was investigated in H9N2 influenza virus-induced oxidative stress and viral replication in A549 cells. Autophagy induced by H9N2 was inhibited by an autophagy inhibitor or RNA interference, the autophagy level, viral replication and the presence of oxidative stress were detected by western blot, TCID50 assay, and Real-time PCR. Then autophagy and oxidative stress were regulated, and viral replication was determined. At last, the Akt/TSC2/mTOR signaling pathways was detected by western blot. Results Autophagy was induced by the H9N2 influenza virus and the inhibition of autophagy reduced the viral titer and the expression of nucleoprotein and matrix protein. The blockage of autophagy suppressed the H9N2 virus-induced increase in the presence of oxidative stress, as evidenced by decreased reactive oxygen species production and malonaldehyde generation, and increased superoxide dismutase 1 levels. The changes in the viral titer and NP mRNA level caused by the antioxidant, N -acetyl-cysteine (NAC), and the oxidizing agent, H 2 O 2 , confirmed the involvement of oxidative stress in the control of viral replication. NAC plus transfection with Atg5 siRNA significantly reduced the viral titer and oxidative stress compared with NAC treatment alone, which confirmed that autophagy was involved in the replication of H9N2 influenza virus by regulating oxidative stress. Our data also revealed that autophagy was induced by the H9N2 influenza virus through the Akt/TSC2/mTOR pathway. The activation of Akt or the inhibition of TSC2 suppressed the H9N2 virus-induced increase in the level of LC3-II, restored the decrease in the expression of phospho-pAkt, phospho-mTOR and phospho-pS6 caused by H9N2 infection, suppressed the H9N2-induced increase in the presence of oxidative stress, and resulted in a decrease in the viral titer. Conclusion A utophagy is involved in H9N2 virus replication by regulating oxidative stress via the Akt/TSC2/mTOR signaling pathway. Thus, autophagy maybe a target which may be used to improve antiviral therapeutics.

本次试验通过测试张家口坝下地区肉牛育肥舍内温湿度的变化情况,旨在对该地区肉牛养殖场进入冬季后不同月份牛舍中温湿度变化展开研究,以期对该地区冬季肉牛养殖提供参考依据.试验结果表明:所测密闭合温湿度与舍外对照,均有不同差异化变化,密闭舍平均温度6.93℃ 略低于舍外平均温度7.33℃,温差变化不大,随着外界环境变化而变化.湿度高于舍外湿度,数据测定平均值22.2％～57.71％,舍外与密闭舍对比差异显著(P＜0.05),所以该地区的肉牛育肥场可以根据实际情况对肉牛育肥舍进行封堵或调整封堵措施.

文章旨在评估日粮粗蛋白质水平(正常和正常蛋白水平的90％)和胍基乙酸对肉鸡生长性能、应激指标和肠道形态的影响.试验选择1日龄肉鸡672只,随机分为7组,对照组饲喂正常蛋白水平的基础日粮,处理组肉鸡分别暴露在循环热应激条件下(34℃,8 h),分别饲喂正常蛋白水平日粮+0、0.5或1.0 g/kg胍基乙酸及90％ 正常蛋白水平日粮+0、0.5或1.0 g/kg胍基乙酸.试验分为3个阶段,共开展42 d.结果显示:对照组整个生长期和试验全期肉鸡末重和日增重显著高于热应激组(P<0.05),随着日粮胍基乙酸添加水平的升高,热应激组肉鸡的末重和日增重得到显著改善(P<0.05),对照组较热应激组显著提高了11～24 d和25～42 d肉鸡的平均日采食量(P<0.05).对照组较热应激组显著降低了嗜异细胞占比及嗜异细胞与淋巴细胞比值(P<0.05).对照组T4水平和GSH～Px活性最高(P<0.05).随着日粮胍基乙酸添加水平的升高,十二指肠绒毛高度、绒毛宽度、绒毛面积及绒毛高度与隐窝深度比值显著提高(P<0.05).结论:在循环热应激条件下,肉鸡日粮添加5 g/kg胍基乙酸可以改善热应激条件下肉鸡的生长性能、死亡率、抗氧化状态及肠绒毛形态.

为了更好地了解河北省全株玉米青贮饲料的质量状况,本研究对河北省8个地市30个规模化奶牛养殖场全株玉米青贮饲料进行了调研取样和检测分析.结果 表明,河北省全株玉米青贮饲料品质优良,多项指标优于全国平均水平,并达到GEAF计划优质全株玉米青贮推荐标准.根据调研结果,提出了合理化建议.

H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) can cross species barriers and expand from birds tomammals and humans. It usually leads to economic loss for breeding farms and poses a serious threat to human health.This study investigated the molecular characteristics of H9N2 AIV isolated from a racing pigeon and its pathogenesis in BALB/c mice and pigeons. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the H9N2 virus belonged to the Ck/BJ/94-like lineage, and acquired multiple specific amino acid substitutions that might contribute to viral transmission from birds to mammals and humans. A pathogenesis study showed that both mice and pigeons infected with H9N2 virus showed clinical signs and mortality. The H9N2 viruses efficiently replicated in mice and pigeons. In our study, high levels of viral shedding were detected in pigeons, but the infection was not transmitted to co-housed pigeons. Histopathological examination revealed the presence of inflammatory responses in the infected mice and pigeons. Immunohistochemical analysis showed the presence of H9N2 virus in multiple organs of the infected mice and pigeons. Moreover, the infected mice and pigeons demonstrated significant cytokine/chemokine production. Our results showed that the H9N2 virus can infect mice and pigeons, and can not be transmitted between pigeons through direct contact.

试验旨在研究筛选一种中草药饲料添加剂的适宜剂量,以提高坝上长尾鸡产蛋性能及蛋品质.选取400日龄坝上长尾鸡200只,随机分为4组,每组5个重复,每个重复10只.对照组和试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别向每只鸡饲喂0、0.5、1.0、1.5 g/d的中草药饲料添加剂,测定其产蛋性能和蛋品质.结果 表明:随着中草药添加剂量的增加产蛋率显著提高,且均高于对照组(P＜0.05);试验Ⅲ组和Ⅱ组料蛋比极显著低于对照组(P＜0.01),试验Ⅰ组料蛋比显著低于对照组(P＜0.05);试验Ⅲ组的蛋黄色度和哈夫单位显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),试验Ⅲ组蛋白相对重最高.建议每只坝上长尾鸡中草药添加剂量为1.5 g/d.

肉用繁殖母牛高效饲养及犊牛相对不足已经成为制约我国肉牛业发展的瓶颈,本文从肉用可繁母牛空怀期的营养及管理要点、肉用母牛怀孕后的营养及管理要点、母牛产犊过程的管理和母牛哺乳期的营养供给及管理提出了加强我国北方地区肉用可繁母牛饲养管理措施,以期对该地区广大养殖户及养殖场饲养可繁肉用母牛带来帮助.

[目的]为了探讨张家口坝下地区寒冷季节育肥牛舍内外光照和风速的变化规律,以期发现该地区寒冷季节这两项指标的变化规律。[方法]在张家口怀安县某肉牛场进行了入冬后不同月份牛舍内外光照和风速的研究,在试验前对开放式肉牛育肥舍的后窗进行了封堵,测试时间为2018年11月至2019年5月,每个月的11日、12日和13日进行测定并记录数据。[结果]结果表明,坝下地区中午时间段光照强度大,育肥牛舍内外与密闭舍对比均有不同程度差异显著性（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）;育肥舍及舍外风速也存在不同程度的差异显著性（P＜0.05）变化或差异极显著变化（P＜0.01）。[结论]该结果为在张家口坝下地区冬季养好育肥牛,科学合理地修缮及改造牛舍提供理论依据和技术参数。

我国西北部风沙较大,干旱半干旱地区雨雪难以有效存储,土壤板结,现有旋耕机械难以打破犁底层.针对以上问题,设计了一种悬挂式土壤钻孔施肥一体机,主要由摆动式机架、提升机构、螺旋钻孔装置和自动定量施肥装置组成.螺旋钻孔装置能够在干旱地块钻呈矩阵式排列的深孔,排土呈定向半圆形河堤状分布以汇集雨雪入孔,自动定量施肥装置实现了深孔定量施肥的同工位作业.田间试验结果表明:该机钻孔分布均匀,排土样态规整,排土样态破坏率1.6％,排肥外漏率4.3％,是旱作技术土壤钻孔机效率的5.47倍,能够最大程度收集雨雪及改善土壤肥力,实现了土壤保墒保肥机械化作业.研究为后续其他类型土壤保墒改良机械的研制提供了参考.

文章旨在探讨日粮中添加谷氨酰胺和精氨酸对低温条件下肉鸡生长性能、肠道形态和腹水死亡的影响.试验采用完全随机设计,将900只1日龄肉鸡随机分为9组,每组5个重复,每个重复20只,试验日粮采用3×3因子设计,即谷氨酰胺水平为0、0.5％和1％,精氨酸水平为正常日粮精氨酸水平的100％、130％和160％.在第7、14和21天时调整室内温度进行诱导腹水病.结果:0.5％谷氨酰胺组肉鸡采食量最高(P<0.05).日粮中添加0.5％谷氨酰胺对各阶段肉鸡体增重具有显著影响(P<0.05),其中0.5％谷氨酰胺+160％精氨酸组肉鸡增重最高(P<0.05),0.5％谷氨酰胺+130％精氨酸组腹水死亡率最低(P<0.05).0.5％谷氨酰胺+130％精氨酸组绒毛高度最高(P<0.05).0.5％谷氨酰胺+130％精氨酸组十二指肠和空肠隐窝深度最高(P<0.05),0.5％谷氨酰胺+130％精氨酸和1.0％谷氨酰胺+160％精氨酸组肉鸡十二指肠杯状细胞数量显著高于对照组(P<0.05).结论:日粮单独添加0.5％谷氨酰胺或结合130％推荐水平的精氨酸可以增加肉鸡肠绒毛长度、改善生长性能、降低腹水死亡率.

Influenza A virus usually leads to economic loss to breeding farms and pose a serious threat to human health. Virus infecting tissues directly and influenza virus-induced excessive production of inflammatory factors play the key role in pathogenesis of the disease, but the mechanism is not well clarified. Here, the role of autophagy was investigated in H9N2 influenza virus-triggered inflammation. The results showed that autophagy was induced by H9N2 virus in A549 cells and in mice. Inhibiting autophagy by an autophagy inhibitor (3-methyladenine, 3-MA) or knockdown of Atg5(autophagy-related gene) by Atg5 siRNA significantly suppressed H9N2 virus replication, H9N2 virus-triggered inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-8, and CCL5 in vitro and in vivo, and suppressed H9N2 virus-triggered acute lung injury as indicated as accumulative mortality of mice, inflammatory cellular infiltrate and interstitial edema, thickening of the alveolar walls in mice lung tissues, increased inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, increased W/D ratio in mice. Moreover, autophagy mediated inflammatory responses through Akt-mTOR, NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathways. Our data showed that autophagy was essential in H9N2 influenza virus-triggered inflammatory responses, and autophagy could be target to treat influenza virus-caused lung inflammation.

本研究旨在应用康奈尔净碳水化合物-蛋白质体系(CNCPS)评价不同扁杏加工副产物的营养价值.选择3种不同的扁杏加工副产物,分别测定其营养成分,应用CNCPS体系理论计算其碳水化合物和蛋白质组分,并分析其营养价值.结果显示,在常规营养成分中,杏仁皮的粗蛋白质(CP)含量较扁杏渣高54.38％(P<0.05);其粗脂肪(EE)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和酸性洗涤木质素(ADL)含量较扁杏皮分别高1.84、1.47、1.27和1.93倍(P<0.05);扁杏皮的灰分(Ash)含量显著高于扁杏渣和杏仁皮(P<0.05).在蛋白质组分中,扁杏皮的非蛋白氮(PA)含量较杏仁皮高3.63倍(P<0.05);扁杏渣的慢速降解真蛋白质(PB3)含量显著高于杏仁皮和扁杏皮(P<0.05);杏仁皮的快速降解真蛋白质PB1、中速降解真蛋白质PB2和不可利用蛋白质(PC)含量显著高于扁杏渣和扁杏皮(P<0.05).在碳水化合物组分中,扁杏渣的碳水化合物(CHO)含量较杏仁皮提高13.36％(P<0.05);扁杏皮的非结构性碳水化合物(CNSC)较杏仁皮高87.43％(P<0.05);扁杏皮的糖(CA),淀粉和可溶性纤维(CB1)含量显著高于扁杏渣和杏仁皮(P<0.05);扁杏渣的可利用纤维(CB2)含量显著高于杏仁皮和扁杏皮(P<0.05);杏仁皮的不可利用纤维(CC)含量显著高于扁杏渣和扁杏皮(P<0.05).结果表明,不同扁杏加工副产物在常规营养成分、碳水化合物和蛋白质组分等方面存在显著差异.在应用扁杏加工副产物作动物饲料时,应对其化学成分和营养价值进行实际测定或估测.

试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同水平扁杏皮对断奶羔羊生长性能和血清生化指标的影响.选择50日龄左右、体重相近、健康状况良好的小尾寒羊断奶母羔80只,随机分为4个处理组,每个处理组5个重复,每个重复4只羊.对照组饲喂不含扁杏皮的饲粮,试验组分别饲喂含3％、6％和9％扁杏皮的饲粮.试验期60 d.在试验开始和结束时测定断奶羔羊的生长性能,采集血液样品进行分析.结果 表明:添加3％、6％局杏皮组断奶羔羊的平均日增重显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),而饲料转化率显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).各组之间羔羊血清的总蛋白、白蛋白和球蛋白含量没有显著性差异(P＞0.05),葡萄糖和甘油三酯含量也没有显著性差异(P＞0.05);各试验组断奶羔羊血清中尿素氮和胆固醇总量显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).由此可知,饲粮中添加适量扁杏皮可以提高断奶羔羊的生长性能,改善部分血清指标.在生产实践中,断奶羔羊饲粮中扁杏皮最佳添加比例为6％.

The soil improvement and soil moisture technology by agricultural machinery were put forward, designing and mak-ing it according to the characteristics of geographical position and climate in the north, drought phenomenon is becoming more and more serious, leading to the difficulty of sowing. Annually, soil moisture is measured before sowing, experiment showing, the technology not only can increase soil moisture but also improve the problem of soi soil hardening by using ro-tary cultivator in the long time. Meanwhile, it provides the necessary technical support to ensure the farmers to sow seeds and to increase the income of farmers.

针对北方干旱坡地雨水存储差、养分贫瘠、耕层浅、作物易倒伏等问题,通过分析国内外土壤改良方法,以河北省干旱半干旱地区为代表,对其典型地块的土壤养分进行丰缺状况调查,提出了机械化土壤改良技术并确定了技术路线,同时设计了悬挂式土壤改良机械.

三河牛原产于内蒙古呼伦贝尔市,是我国自主培育的乳肉兼用型品种,该品种耐粗饲、宜牧、抗寒、适应性强,且乳脂率高、抗病力强.总结了目前有关三河牛繁育方面的研究内容,旨在为进一步推广三河牛优秀遗传种质、促使三河牛育种体系的继续完善、提高三河牛生产性能和市场竞争能力提供参考.

[ ABSTRACT] AIM:To investigate whether kaempferol protects against acute lung injury induced by swine -origin influenza A H9N2 virus via down-regulation of NF-κB signaling pathway .METHODS:BALB/c mice were used to estab-lish the animal model of acute lung injury by nasal inoculation of swine-origin influenza A H9N2 virus.After the interven-tion with kaempferol , the pulmonary edema was evaluated by determining the lung wet weight /dry weight ( W/D) ratio, the pathological changes of the lung tissues were observed , the concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1βand IL-6 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were measured, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and MDA content in the homogenate of the lung tissues were detected .NF-κB P65 levels were determined by Western blot , and the NF-κB P65 and NF-κB P50 nuclear translocation in the nuclear extracts from mouse lung tissue homogenate was detec-ted by ELISA .RESULTS:Treatment with kaempferol decreased the morality of infected mice , and significantly prolonged the survival time of the infected mice .Kaempferol also relieved the pathological changes of the lung tissues , the lung W/D ratio and the lung index in swine-origin influenza A H9N2 virus-infected mice.Treatment with kaempferol significantly de-creased the infiltration of inflammatory cells including macrophages , lymphocytes and neutrophils in the BALF .The levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1βand MDA and the activity of MPO were also decreased .Treatment with kaempferol also significantly increased the SOD activity .NF-κB P65 levels were decreased , and the NF-κB P65 and NF-κB P50 nuclear translocation in&nbsp;the nuclear extracts from the mouse lung tissue homogenate were also decreased by treatment with kaempferol .CONCLU-SION:The protective effect of kaempferol on the mice with acute lung injury induced by swine -origin influenza A H9N2 vi-rus is related to suppression of the oxidative stress and inflammatory responses by down-regulation of NF-κB signaling path-way.

Kaempferol, a very common type of dietary flavonoids, has been found to exert antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. The purpose of our investigation was designed to reveal the effect of kaempferol on H9N2 influenza virus-induced inflammation in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, BALB/C mice were infected intranasally with H9N2 influenza virus with or without kaempferol treatment to induce acute lung injury (ALI) model. In vitro, MH-S cells were infected with H9N2 influenza virus with or without kaempferol treatment. In vivo, kaempferol treatment attenuated pulmonary edema, the W/D mass ratio, pulmonary capillary permeability, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and the numbers of inflammatory cells. Kaempferol reduced ROS and Malondialdehyde (MDA) production, and increased the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Kaempferol also reduced overproduction of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. In addition, kaempferol decreased the H9N2 viral titre. In vitro, ROS, MDA, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 was also reduced by kaempferol. Moreover, our data showed that kaempferol significantly inhibited the upregulation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), phosphorylation level of IκBα and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65, NF-κB p65 DNA binding activity, and phosphorylation level of MAPKs, both in vivo and in vitro. These results suggest that kaempferol exhibits a protective effect on H9N2 virus-induced inflammation via suppression of TLR4/MyD88-mediated NF-κB and MAPKs pathways, and kaempferol may be considered as an effective drug for the potential treatment of influenza virus-induced ALI.