能量是动物营养需要重要组成部分,是动物维持生命活动和生产的基础.研究育肥牛能量需要量是合理利用饲料资源、提高生产性能、高效科学养殖肉牛的关键因素.本文对目前国内外有关育肥肉牛能量需要量及其代谢的研究进展进行了归纳总结,以期为生产中更加科学配制育肥肉牛日粮及健康养殖提供参考依据.

Three ruminal cannulated Simmental crossbreed bulls (approximately 3 years of age and with 380 ± 20 kg live weight at initiation of the experiment) were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square experiment in order to determine the effects of the treatments on ruminal pH and degradability of nutrients, as well as the rumen fungal community. The experimental periods were 21 d, with 18 d of adjustment to the respective dietary treatments and 3 d of sample collection. Treatments consisted of a basal diet containing a 47.11% composition of two sources of forage as follows: (1) 100% millet straw (MILLSTR), (2) 50:50 millet straw and corn straw (COMB), and (3) 100% corn straw (CORNSTR). Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were tested for ruminal degradability using the nylon bag method, which was incubated for 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h, and rumen fungal community in rumen fluid was determined by high-throughput gene sequencing technology. Ruminal pH was not affected by treatments. At 72 h, compared to MILLSTR, DM degradability of CORNSTR was 4.8% greater (p < 0.05), but when corn was combined with millet straw, the difference in DM degradability was 9.4%. During the first 24 h, degradability of CP was lower for CORNSTR, intermediate for MILLSTR, and higher for COMB. However, at 72 h, MILLSTR and COMB had a similar CP degradability value, staying greater than the CP degradability value of the CORNSTR treatment. Compared to MILLSTR, the rumen degradability of NDF was greater for CORNSTR and intermediate for the COMB. There was a greater degradability for ADF in CORNSTR, intermediate for COMB, and lower for MILLSTR. In all treatments, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were dominant flora. Abundance of Basidiomycota in the group COMB was higher (p < 0.05) than that in the group CORNSTR at 12 h. Relative to the fungal genus level, the Thelebolus, Cladosporium, and Meyerozyma were the dominant fungus, and the abundance of Meyerozyma in COMB and CORNSTR were greater (p < 0.05) than MILLSTR at 12, 24, and 36 h of incubation. In conclusion, it is suggested to feed beef cattle with different proportions of millet straw and corn straw combinations.

微量元素在肉牛日粮营养中具有重要的作用,本文对肉牛日粮中需要补充的铁、铜、锌和硒的生理功能、相互作用、促生长效果和适宜添加量的研究进展进行综述,以期为肉牛精细化养殖做好日粮配方提供依据.

肉用犊牛在转至育肥场会出现一系列的应激反应,对肉牛育肥产业带来极大损失,本文通过对犊牛运输应激及断奶应激全面剖析的基础上,对产生犊牛应激综合征提出了新的看法,并提出要从犊牛的心理、断奶、环境改变、饲草料变化和运输等方面所产生的一系列应激叠加角度上考虑,综合预防犊牛过渡应激的横发,降低犊牛应激综合征给肉牛生产造成的损失.

Guanidinoacetic acid is a kind of amino acid derivative, is also an important new nutritional feed additive, its application effect at home and abroad has been widely recognized. In this paper, from the physiological functions of guanidine acetic acid, the growth properties of cattle and sheep and cattle and sheep slaughtered on the performance and meat quality, et cetera were summarized, the guanidine acetic acid is obtained to improve ruminant production performance and slaughter performance and meat quality, but also found that for different species, the respect such as gender and age are still lack of production and machine rational research.

试验旨在探讨日粮中添加不同组合的复合氨基酸与维生素添加剂对育肥肉牛血清生化指标及免疫球蛋白的影响.试验选取日龄相近、体重(485.82±12.50)kg的健康育肥西门塔尔杂交牛12头,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复1头牛.对照组肉牛饲喂基础日粮;试验A组在基础日粮中添加5 g/kg精氨酸+15 g/kg谷氨酰胺;试验B组日粮中添加5 g/kg精氨酸+70 mg/kg复合维生素;试验C组日粮中添加15 g/kg谷氨酰胺+70 mg/kg复合维生素.试验期45 d.结果显示,试验A组肉牛血清总蛋白、球蛋白、总胆红素、总胆汁酸、甘油三酯、肌酐、尿素氮、镁含量及谷草转氨酶、γ-谷氨酰基转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶、肌酸激酶活性均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);试验B组肉牛血清总蛋白、球蛋白、甘油三酯、尿素氮、无机磷含量及谷草转氨酶、γ-谷氨酰基转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶、总胆汁酸、肌酸激酶、淀粉酶活性均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);试验C组肉牛血清总蛋白、球蛋白、总胆红素、尿素氮、镁含量及γ-谷氨酰基转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶、总胆汁酸、肌酸激酶、淀粉酶活性均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);各试验组肉牛血清谷丙转氨酶活性及胆固醇、葡萄糖含量均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);试验A组肉牛血清免疫球蛋白M和免疫球蛋白A含量均显著高于其他组(P<0.05).研究表明,育肥肉牛日粮中添加复合氨基酸与维生素对肉牛血清生化指标产生一定影响,精氨酸+谷氨酰胺能够提高育肥牛机体免疫力.

早期断奶犊牛消化和免疫功能等尚未发育成熟,容易受到外界环境或病原菌的影响,犊牛生理、心理面临巨大挑战,导致犊牛生长发育受阻、免疫力下降、更易发生疾病甚至死亡.本文从消化生理、血液生化指标及免疫力等方面阐述了早期断奶应激对犊牛的影响,并提出一些调控措施.

牛绕舌的现象在养殖中较为普遍,如不及时查找原因采取解决及治疗措施,可能会导致牛场进一步的经济损失.文章从病原性和非病原性牛出现绕舌的症状表现、原因分析、治疗方法及预防措施等方面进行综述,目的是给广大养殖户及养殖场提供综合性分析资料,为诊断、治疗和预防牛绕舌提供依据,为降低因绕舌病给养牛造成进一步损失带来帮助.

本试验拟在张家口市坝下地区(怀安县)进入冬之后每个月选择一天,进行分时段测定一昼夜内育肥牛棚内风速、二氧化碳和氨气浓度,同时对测定时间段内牛棚内存在牛的头数进行计数,通过分析棚内风速变化、二氧化碳及氨气浓度变化与牛棚内存在牛的头数,以期获得这几项空气质量指标与肉牛在牛棚内存在与否的关系.试验结果表明:每个月的平均二氧化碳浓度与舍内头数均成正相关,其中2018.12,2019.1和2019.4月份这三个月明显显著(P＜0.01),而2018.11、2019.2、2019.3、2019.5这四个月份显示显著(P＜0.05).在2018.11、2018.12、2019.1、2019.4、2019.5月份所测得的风速与棚内牛头数均成负相关,而在2019.2、2019.3月份成正相关,并且七个月的值均不显著(P＞0.05).牛棚内均没有检测到氨气浓度,这就说明牛棚的通风效果好,空气质量高.

杏鲍菇菌糠是采摘杏鲍菇后剩余的培养基.为提高其饲料资源化利用效率,文章对杏鲍菇菌糠基质的组成、营养价值、安全性评价以及在不同动物饲料中应用进行综述,为进一步开发优质杏鲍菇菌糠饲料提供参考.

提高肉用犊牛生产效率和生产水平已经成为我国肉牛养殖业关键环节,文章根据已有研究结论结合笔者多年实践经验,总结出了一套从肉用犊牛出生处理、科学吃到初乳、正确哺乳补料到循序渐进断奶操作提高犊牛存活率和健犊率的新措施,以期为提高肉用犊牛生产效率和生产水平带来帮助.

本次试验通过测试张家口坝下地区肉牛育肥舍内温湿度的变化情况,旨在对该地区肉牛养殖场进入冬季后不同月份牛舍中温湿度变化展开研究,以期对该地区冬季肉牛养殖提供参考依据.试验结果表明:所测密闭合温湿度与舍外对照,均有不同差异化变化,密闭舍平均温度6.93℃ 略低于舍外平均温度7.33℃,温差变化不大,随着外界环境变化而变化.湿度高于舍外湿度,数据测定平均值22.2％～57.71％,舍外与密闭舍对比差异显著(P＜0.05),所以该地区的肉牛育肥场可以根据实际情况对肉牛育肥舍进行封堵或调整封堵措施.

2月6～10日,国家肉牛牦牛产业技术体系石家庄综合试验站会同河北省肉牛产业创新团队开展了调研工作.此次调研主要通过电话和问卷的形式进行,内容主要涉及疫情发生以来对肉牛养殖场生产和经营影响,包括饲料调运、产品销售、生产管理等可能面临的困难.

肉用繁殖母牛高效饲养及犊牛相对不足已经成为制约我国肉牛业发展的瓶颈,本文从肉用可繁母牛空怀期的营养及管理要点、肉用母牛怀孕后的营养及管理要点、母牛产犊过程的管理和母牛哺乳期的营养供给及管理提出了加强我国北方地区肉用可繁母牛饲养管理措施,以期对该地区广大养殖户及养殖场饲养可繁肉用母牛带来帮助.

[目的]为了探讨张家口坝下地区寒冷季节育肥牛舍内外光照和风速的变化规律,以期发现该地区寒冷季节这两项指标的变化规律。[方法]在张家口怀安县某肉牛场进行了入冬后不同月份牛舍内外光照和风速的研究,在试验前对开放式肉牛育肥舍的后窗进行了封堵,测试时间为2018年11月至2019年5月,每个月的11日、12日和13日进行测定并记录数据。[结果]结果表明,坝下地区中午时间段光照强度大,育肥牛舍内外与密闭舍对比均有不同程度差异显著性（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）;育肥舍及舍外风速也存在不同程度的差异显著性（P＜0.05）变化或差异极显著变化（P＜0.01）。[结论]该结果为在张家口坝下地区冬季养好育肥牛,科学合理地修缮及改造牛舍提供理论依据和技术参数。

随着我国经济的快速发展,居民收人水平上涨,伴随着膳食结构的改善,牛肉的消费也将逐步增高,我国牛肉将会继续保持稳定的发展态势.改革开放以后,我国建立了平的屠宰政策,促进了肉牛市场的建立.随着人民水平的不断提高,人们对食物的追求越来越高,对肉类消费的需求越来越多样化,加快了肉牛产业的发展壮大.

This paper aimed to study the application effect of Zhang Hybrid millet straw on the production Performance of dairy cows.Totally 30 Holstein cows with similar age and parity (2 ～ 3),weight of 600kg,were randomly divided into control group and experimental group,each group of 15 cows.Patients were divided into three period,the control group cows were fed corn straw,each experimental group cows were fed with Zhang Hybrid millet straw instead of 20％ (test I group),40％ (test Ⅱ group) and 60％ (test Ⅲ group) of corn stover.Pilot test phase was for 7d,formal period last 30d.The feed intake,milk production,dairy products quality and production performance of the trial period cows were determined.The results showed that the experimental group cows had normal food intake,there was no significant difference between the two groups,the straw feed intake has increased compared with control subjects (P ＞ 0.05).Test Ⅱ group at 20 day milk production test was significantly higher than the control group (P ＜ 0.05),the milk yield in other period were higher than control group,but with no statistical significance (P ＞ 0.05).There was no statistical significance in each dairy quality indicators between the test group and the control group (P ＞ 0.05).

Computer multimedia provides a modern teaching means for classroom teaching, which shows great advantage in the reasonable control of teaching resources.In this paper, the authors analyze university education reform and teaching based on computer multimedia and network teaching platform.It can be seen that the most universities have implemented the multimedia teaching; the teaching mode has changed from the traditional teaching mode to the modern teaching mode.In terms of curriculum planning, teachers can use the network teaching platform and teaching courseware to complete the teaching.In terms of learning support, the platform could provide a variety of common support tools, such as online classroom, answering system.Overall, multimedia teaching can effectively provide teaching efficiency.

Budorcas taxicolor bedfordi is uniquely distributed in Qinling Mountains in China. It is classified as vulnerable under International Union for the Conservation of Nature and is a first-class national protected animal in China. Here, the complete mitogenome of B. t. bedfordi was described, which is 16,660 bp in length, containing 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, one origin of replication on the light-strand and a putative control region. Most of the protein-coding genes use the initiation codon ATG except ATP6 uses ATT, ND2, ND3 and ND5 use ATA, which is quite uncommon in vertebrate mtDNA. Most of them have TAA or TAG as the stop codon, except ND6 and Cytb use AGA, COIII, ND3 and ND4 use an incomplete stop codon TA or T. A phylogenetic tree involving 18 Caprinae species was constructed, which will contribute to phylogenetic studies of Bovidae and further conservation strategies for this species.

With the development of computer technology, contemporary college students are deeply influenced by the network communication. How to help students establish a correct concept has become the focus of ideological education reform. Therefore, the research of college students' ideological education based on computer multimedia was put forward, the present situation of college students' ideological education and the advantages of computer multimedia were expounded in this paper. Through the teaching control experiment, the survey data were analyzed. It is found that the ideological education of college students based on computer multimedia can stimulate the enthusiasm and interest of college students in ideological education, and help them to cultivate the correct thinking.