本次试验通过测试张家口坝下地区肉牛育肥舍内温湿度的变化情况,旨在对该地区肉牛养殖场进入冬季后不同月份牛舍中温湿度变化展开研究,以期对该地区冬季肉牛养殖提供参考依据.试验结果表明:所测密闭合温湿度与舍外对照,均有不同差异化变化,密闭舍平均温度6.93℃ 略低于舍外平均温度7.33℃,温差变化不大,随着外界环境变化而变化.湿度高于舍外湿度,数据测定平均值22.2％～57.71％,舍外与密闭舍对比差异显著(P＜0.05),所以该地区的肉牛育肥场可以根据实际情况对肉牛育肥舍进行封堵或调整封堵措施.

肉用繁殖母牛高效饲养及犊牛相对不足已经成为制约我国肉牛业发展的瓶颈,本文从肉用可繁母牛空怀期的营养及管理要点、肉用母牛怀孕后的营养及管理要点、母牛产犊过程的管理和母牛哺乳期的营养供给及管理提出了加强我国北方地区肉用可繁母牛饲养管理措施,以期对该地区广大养殖户及养殖场饲养可繁肉用母牛带来帮助.

[目的]为了探讨张家口坝下地区寒冷季节育肥牛舍内外光照和风速的变化规律,以期发现该地区寒冷季节这两项指标的变化规律。[方法]在张家口怀安县某肉牛场进行了入冬后不同月份牛舍内外光照和风速的研究,在试验前对开放式肉牛育肥舍的后窗进行了封堵,测试时间为2018年11月至2019年5月,每个月的11日、12日和13日进行测定并记录数据。[结果]结果表明,坝下地区中午时间段光照强度大,育肥牛舍内外与密闭舍对比均有不同程度差异显著性（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）;育肥舍及舍外风速也存在不同程度的差异显著性（P＜0.05）变化或差异极显著变化（P＜0.01）。[结论]该结果为在张家口坝下地区冬季养好育肥牛,科学合理地修缮及改造牛舍提供理论依据和技术参数。

随着我国经济的快速发展,居民收人水平上涨,伴随着膳食结构的改善,牛肉的消费也将逐步增高,我国牛肉将会继续保持稳定的发展态势.改革开放以后,我国建立了平的屠宰政策,促进了肉牛市场的建立.随着人民水平的不断提高,人们对食物的追求越来越高,对肉类消费的需求越来越多样化,加快了肉牛产业的发展壮大.

This paper aimed to study the application effect of Zhang Hybrid millet straw on the production Performance of dairy cows.Totally 30 Holstein cows with similar age and parity (2 ～ 3),weight of 600kg,were randomly divided into control group and experimental group,each group of 15 cows.Patients were divided into three period,the control group cows were fed corn straw,each experimental group cows were fed with Zhang Hybrid millet straw instead of 20％ (test I group),40％ (test Ⅱ group) and 60％ (test Ⅲ group) of corn stover.Pilot test phase was for 7d,formal period last 30d.The feed intake,milk production,dairy products quality and production performance of the trial period cows were determined.The results showed that the experimental group cows had normal food intake,there was no significant difference between the two groups,the straw feed intake has increased compared with control subjects (P ＞ 0.05).Test Ⅱ group at 20 day milk production test was significantly higher than the control group (P ＜ 0.05),the milk yield in other period were higher than control group,but with no statistical significance (P ＞ 0.05).There was no statistical significance in each dairy quality indicators between the test group and the control group (P ＞ 0.05).

This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of adding molasses and silage additives (compound bacterium preparation,mainly Lactobacillus plantarum )on fermentation quality and nutrition ingredients of "Zhang Hybrid Millet"silage."Zhang Hybrid Millet"whole plant of raw were collected as materials,5 groups were designed in the study:Control group was untreated, groups Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ were added 1.5‰ additives,2％ molasses+1.5‰ additives,4％ molas-ses+1.5‰ additives and 6％ molasses+1.5‰ additives to "Zhang Hybrid Millet"whole plant si-lage,respectively,and the ensiling period was lasted for 60 days.The results showed that:①The sensory score was affected by molasses and silage additives,and experimental groups had better sensory score,the DM content in experimental groups were significantly higher than that in con-trol group (P <0.05),and the CP content of experimental groups were higher.②The ADF,NDFand HC contents of experimental groups (except group Ⅰ)were significantly decreased (P <0.05),while Ash content was no significantly affected (P >0.05).③Compared with the control group,the pH and AN/TN of the experimental group were significantly decreased (P <0.05),but the lactic acid were significantly increased (P <0.05).The acetic acid content of groups Ⅰ and Ⅳwas significantly decreased (P <0.05),the propionic acid of the experimental group was signifi-cantly decreased (P <0.05),and the butyric acid and isovaleric acid of all groups were not detec-ted.In conclusion,adding molasses and additives to the "Zhang Hybrid Millet"whole plant silage could improve the fermentation quality,we concluded that the proper supplement dosage of mo-lasses was 4％ and silage additives was 1.5 ‰ in millet silage.

为了探讨不同体重对产蛋末期商品蛋鸡产蛋及屠宰性能的影响,随机选用75周龄健康海兰褐壳蛋鸡60只,按体重分为小、中、大3组,每组20只,单笼饲养2周,测定产蛋性能;饲养试验结束时,每组选5只蛋鸡屠宰,测定屠宰性能.结果表明:产蛋末期蛋鸡体重对产蛋率、蛋重、日耗料量、料蛋比均未产生明显影响(P＞0.05),小体重组产蛋率最高,料蛋比最低;产蛋末期蛋鸡体重越大,屠体重、半净膛重、全净膛重、腿重、腿肌重、胸肌重越重,3组间差异极显著(P＜0.01),而屠宰率、半净膛率、全净膛率、腿比率、腿肌率、胸肌率则不受影响(P＞0.05).

毕节地区位于贵州省西北部,喀斯特地貌特征明显,气候温和湿润,雨量充沛,无霜期较长,草地植物极为丰富,2010年全区草山草坡面积49.82万hm2,占土地总面积的18.5％.尽管多年来一直强调天然草场改良和发展草地畜牧业,但是喀斯特环境自身的脆弱性,加之人类对天然草地资源不合理的开发和利用,致使天然草地退化严重,给生态安全、经济发展、社会和谐造成了一定威胁.通过对毕节地区天然草地资源分布、类型、面积、利用现状和存在问题等情况的深入调查,开展了天然草场资源开发、利用与保护的对策研究,明确了不同类型草场的适宜载畜量,提出了天然草地资源合理保护和适度开发利用的措施建议,以使天然草地资源在毕节地区的生态环境保护、农业结构调整和经济增长、促进和谐社会建立等方面发挥更大的作用.

To study abnormal eggs production of Jingfen No.1 Layer,the commercial generations were chosen as experimental animal in exploration of the distribution of abnormal eggs at 232 days of age,the trial lasted for 42 days. The results showed that the laying percentages of double yolked eggs,soft shell eggs,no yolked eggs and thin shell eggs accounted for only 1.99×10-2%,8.30×10-3%,1.14×10-2% and 3.57×10-2%,respectively. The probability distribution of the abnormal eggs didn′t follow Poisson distribution. However,the probability distributions could be exactly reflected by the empirical formula of excel.

为了提高动物营养学与饲料学实验课程的教学效果,河北北方学院对实验课教学计划、教学方式、实验项目及内容等方面进行了调整与改革,强调训练学生的基本操作技能,锻炼学生实际动手能力,培养学生在实验中综合分析问题和解决问题的能力,启发学生的创新思维,提高学生进行实验研究的基本素质.

The aim of this project was to investigate the change of mRNA levels of prolactin receptor(PRLR) in skin of cashmere goats during the initiation into active growth of the cashmere fibre by real-time reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction(real-time PCR) from June to November.The results showed that seasonal variations were exsited in expression levels of total PRLR mRNA with decreasing in skin from June to October in Chinese Inner Mongolia cashmere goats.In addition,the expression levels of S-PRLR mRNA were obviously higher in melatonin implanted group than that in the control group from the initiation of cashmere fibre growth to active growth(July,August and September).Our result suggested that the cashmere fibre growth might be regulated by S-PRLR mRNA expression levels.

采用硫酸铜沉淀法测定常用精饲料原料中的真蛋白质含量,得出真蛋白质占粗蛋白质的比率。常用精饲料的真蛋白质比率分别为玉米95.33%、麸皮96.85%、豆粕98.59%、菜籽饼96.33%~96.4%、棉籽饼93.43%、胡麻饼92.61%~93.76%、鱼粉88.82%~92.85%和肉骨粉89.77%。由此可知,通常猪和鸡的全价配合料与牛和羊的精料补充料中的真蛋白质比率应大于95%~96%,非蛋白含氮物比率应小于4%~5%。

本实验旨在探明绒山羊从绒毛生长前到绒毛生长旺盛期总的催乳素受体(T-PRLR)基因和短型催乳素受体(S-PRLR)基因mRNA在皮肤中表达量的变化,为进一步探明山羊绒毛生长机理奠定基础.实验选用18只年龄、体重相近的内蒙古白绒山羊,随机分为2组,每组9只,其中一组皮下埋植褪黑激素(MT)刺激山羊绒毛提前萌发和降低血液中催乳素(PRL)浓度.mRNA的表达量利用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应技术检测.结果表明:在内蒙古白绒山羊皮肤当中T-PRLR基因mRNA表达量从6-11月呈现逐渐降低的规律,但S-PRLR mRNA相对T-PRLR mRNA表达水平呈现上升趋势.本实验结果显示,伴随着绒毛生长速度的改变PRLR基因的可变剪接率也发生了改变,在绒山羊绒毛生长过程中S-PRLR起了主要作用.

The aim of this research was to investigate the dynamic changes of the level of total prolactin receptor (PRLR) mRNA and the short form prolactin receptor (S-PRLR) mRNA in skin of cashmere goats from the initiation of cashmere fibre growth to active growth. Eighteen half-sib wethers were allocated randomly to two groups. Melatonin implants were used in order to initiate growth of cashmere fibre before the normal time and reduce blood plasma prolactin (PRL) concentration. Real-time reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) was used to determine PRLR mRNA expression levels of skin from June to November. The results showed that, in Chinese Inner Mongolia cashmere goats, there were seasonal variations in expression of total PRLR mRNA in skin with levels decreasing from June to October. Synchronously, the cashmere fibre growth rate gradually increased during this period, but the expression levels of S-PRLR mRNA did not decrease along with seasonal variation from initiation to active growth of cashmere fibre. These results suggest that expression levels of S- PRLR mRNA might be involved in the process of cashmere growth. It was also possible that the change of alternative splicing of PRLR occurred in the skin of cashmere goats from proanagen to anagen.

中国的肉羊饲养业发展仅有十几年的时间,有关舍饲条件下肉羊饲料养分利用研究薄弱.孔祥浩等(2006)曾利用小尾寒羊×无角陶赛特杂交一代羯羊进行试验,定量饲喂4种等能量、相同NDF水平、不同CP水平的日粮,结果表明,随CP水平提高,日粮DM表观消化率显著(P<0.05)增加,CP、NDF、ADF、HC和CEL表观消化率极显著增加(P<0.01).

To evaluate the effects of dietary NDF levels on apparent nutrients digestibility of mutton sheep,four 4-month-old crossbred(Small-tail Han sheep×Poll dorset) wethers were fed four iso-caloric and iso-nitrogen diets containing different NDF levels(30%,35%,40% and 45% of DM) with a limited feed intake in 4×4 Latin-square design.The present results showed that dietary NDF levels did not influence(P0.05) the apparent digestibility of OM,CP and starch but the apparent digestibility of DM of the diet containing 45% NDF was significantly lower(P0.05) than the other groups.Dietary NDF levels also did not affect(P0.05) the apparent digestibility of NDF,ADF,cellulose and hemicellulose,but corresponding values in 30% and 45% NDF diets were lower than those in 35% and 40% NDF diets.In conclusion,dietary NDF levels had an influence on apparent nutrients digestibility of mutton sheep to some degree and the suitable level of NDF in ration of mutton sheep was 35%～40%.

研究表明,绒山羊体内一些激素浓度存在明显季节性变化,它们与毛囊活性、绒毛生长和脱落紧密相连.然而,后来研究发现毛囊的活性并不是由体内激素变化直接控制(Villar et al,1999,2000a),并推断激素调控绒毛生长是通过皮肤中其它生理途径来实现的,其有可能是通过调控皮肤组织中某些酶的活性,来完成其对绒毛生长生理的调控作用.

The experiment designed to study the relation of thyroxin to cashmere growth in cashmere goats.Twelve half-sib wethers of Inner Mongolia white cashmere goats,aged(15±1.5) months,weighted(33.14±2.29) kg,were randomly allocated two groups(6 each group).Exogenous melatonin was supplied by subcutaneous implantation in the experiment group,and the relatioship between cashmere fibre growth rate and thyroxin change was correlated.The results showed that treatment with melatonin significantly increased cashmere fibre growth rate(P < 0.05),but guard hair growth rate was not evident(P > 0.05).There was a significant correlation between plasma melatonin concentration and cashmere fibre growth rate(P < 0.01),but it was not significant between plasma melatonin concentration and cashmere fibre growth rate(P > 0.05).In addition,there was also a significant positive correlation between cashmere fibre growth rate and monodeiodinase type Ⅱ(MDⅡ) activity of skin(P < 0.05),but monodeiodinase type Ⅲ(MDⅢ) activity was not (P > 0.05).In conclusion,triiodothyronine(T3) may play important roles in initiating and growing of cashmere fibre in skin of cashmere goats.

The experiment was conducted to study the effects of melatonin on cashmere performance in Inner Mongolia white cashmere goats during the cashmere growing.Twenty-four half-sib castrated male goats(15±1.5) months,(32.92±2.33) kg were divided randomly into 4 groups and subcutaneously implanted respectively with melatonin implants 0,2,4,and 8 mg/kg BW.The results showed that treatment with melatonin implants clearly increased plasma melatonin concentration about one month before cashmere growing(the summer solstice),ahead of time cashmere growing,prolong cashmere and increase production.However,it was no effect on guard hair length and cashmere diameter.And besides,the appropriate dose of melatonin was 2 mg/kg BW.

The roles of melatonin in the control of deiodinase (MD) activity in cashmere goat skin and associated cashmere fibre growth were investigated. Eighteen half-sib Chinese Inner Mongolia cashmere wethers were allocated randomly to two groups (n = 9/group). One group was implanted subcutaneously with melatonin (2 mg/kg BW) at three 2-monthly intervals while the other group served as a control. All goats were maintained under natural photoperiodic conditions and were grazed on natural pasture. The plasma melatonin concentration showed a significant difference (p<0.01) between the implant group (M) and the control group (C) but plasma T-4 (or T-3) showed no significant difference (p>0.05). The monodeiodinase type 11 (MIDII) activity in skin tended to increase gradually from the summer solstice to November. During July and August, the activity of MDII for the M group was higher (p<0.05) than that of the C group; also during this period, there was a significant positive correlation between MDII activity of skin and cashmere fibre growth rate. The monodeiodinase type III (MDIII) activity and the ratio of MDIII and MDII tended to decrease from the summer solstice to November. The ratio of MDIII and MDII for the M group was lower (p<0.05) than that of the C group in July and August. The cashmere fibre growth rate of the M group was significantly greater than that of the C group in July (p<0.01), August (p<0.001) and September (p<0.05). The cashmere fibre diameter and guard hair and body weight were not influenced (p>0.05) by melatonin implantation. The results demonstrate that melatonin plays an important role in the regulation of skin MD activity. Simultaneously, the cashmere fibre elongation stimulated by melatonin may result from enhanced MDII activity during a period of two months after melatonin treatment.