科教兴国战略、人才强国战略、创新驱动发展战略是党中央提出的需要长期坚持的国家重大战略,也是事关现代化建设高质量发展的关键.党的二十大报告突出创新在中国现代化建设全局中的核心地位,将科技、教育、人才在第五部分进行统筹部署,进一步强化教育、科技、人才对全面建设社会主义现代化国家的基础性、战略性支撑作用,准确深入揭示三者之间的内在联系,具有重大战略与实践意义.

新科技革命加速演进,结合突发新冠疫情,导致科研伦理、个人数据、隐私保护等全球科技创新治理挑战日益凸显,并成为全球新兴的共同挑战,各国纷纷采取行动,试图争夺新一轮全球科技创新治理规则制定的主导权.面对新的形势,以美国为首的西方发达国家不断推动科技创新治理议题"国家安全化""政治化""意识形态化",试图将中国排除在外.我国宜充分关注国际科技创新治理规则制定的最新趋势,积极采取行动,推动国际科技创新规则发展完善.

美国曾是最积极推动国际社会应对气候变化的国家,但自特朗普政府上台以来,始终认为气候变化是"中国的骗局",反对气候变化研究,其提交国会的2018财年预算,试图大幅削减13个部门涉及气候变化与环境及其相关领域的预算.特朗普政府大幅削减联邦对气候变化与环境研究的资金支持将导致美国气候与环境研究面临巨大的风险和不确定性,也对美国气候与环境领域的能力建设、观测与建模、适应与评估、科研队伍建设和国际承诺履行产生深刻影响.基于此,我国可加强相关领域研发投入、扩大对美国合作并积极吸引人才.

金融危机后,美国创新的空间布局发生新的变化,创新区日益成为美国区域经济增长的引擎.本文从核心竞争力、人才、基础设施、资金获取等8个指标出发,综合分析美国六大典型创新区,提出政府作用、领导团队、人才、资金渠道、核心竞争力以及知识共享理念是促进集群和创新区发展的关键点,建议我国在推动创新区建设中充分重视这些因素.

Promoting the technology transfer is always the important task for China to stimulate the economy development through science and technology. In the process of technology transfer, U.S. has established an overall and excellent technology transfer legal system, built up effectively functioned technology transfer agencies, set up a sustained and stable public input mechanism. The experience of U.S. is important for China. In conclusion, China should accelerate the reform and adjustment of corresponding laws and policies, strengthen science and technology achievement transformation agency construction and talents training, form a concerted effort through enhancing the cooperation between the central and the local, increase fiscal investment and reward level, deepen public-private partnership to fully use the power of social capital.

Based on the popularization and introduction of information technology, citizen science has gained fast development in US and been broadly applied in professional scientific and technological fields and public governance. This paper introduces the definition of citizen science, concluding the main features of citizen science in US, including involvement in many fields and participants, diversified ages and increasing scopes, effective performance and support to the public decision, and so on. At last, the paper recommends that the important role of citizen science in major governance, governmental decision, popularization and science research should be improved.

Venture capital (VC) has become one of the important engines to promote innovation in US. In recent years, VC develops very well. One main reason is the highly effective risk compensation mechanism implemented in US, which includes low tax rate on capital gain, popularly used tax credit policies, government guarantee and federal fiscal investment. There are three obvious features of US risk compensation mechanism, namely coordination between the market and the government (market-based), complementary direct and indirect tools (based on indirect tools), mutual improvement from public service and regulatory (based on public service). In the paper we propose that more precise tax policies and more favorable financial policies should be implemented in China, and a more effective public service system should be established.

Facing the accelerating development trend of global science, technology and innovation, the increasingly blurred boundaries of civilian and military technology applications and the continuous improvement of major powers' scientific and technological capacity, the U.S. actively promotes system reform of military and civilian science and technology integration, enhances the openness of defense science and technology research and development, and makes full use of innovation power from private sectors. Based on the above analysis, this paper suggests that China should pay attention to the new changes of U.S. in military and civilian science and technology integration, actively use innovation capacity of private sectors and the citizens, establish a higher effectiveness system and more balance strategy.

营造创新创业环境、集聚创新资源,是地方实施创新驱动转型发展的重要途径.潍坊地处山东中部,产业结构偏向重工业且以资本密集型为主,结构比例失调,增长方式粗放,企业创新能力不足. 2014年,潍坊市GDP增速9％,位居山东全省第十.2015上半年GDP增速8％,低于去年同期,转型已迫在眉睫.但是,潍坊创新资源不足,在山东并没有优势地位,而且创新资源受青岛、济南的“虹吸”效应明显,难以留住创新人才和资源.在这种形势下,潍坊市解放思想,创新观念,通过引进创新平台的方式,有效带动创新资源的集聚,进而吸引创新成果转化落地,有效培育了新产业,探索了一条具有一定工业基础但创新资源不足的城市创新驱动发展道路,值得借鉴.

As one of the most important trends of R&D globalization, open innovation presents a series of new features, especially since 1990s. Open innovation becomes increasingly refined and networking driven by the Internet, turns open innovation more widespread and in-depth pushed with the accelerated flow of the innovation factors globally, becomes more collaborative promoted by big data. Open innovation is increasingly becoming the main way to address global challenges, with the basis of ever-deepening scientific sharing as acceleration. To this end, China takes internationalization as a system option to adapt the changes of new trends and systematically designs open innovation system. At last, in order to stimulate open innovation, we should work further in more open organization, more mobile talents, more effective investment deployment, more open innovation ecosystem and more open system design.

实施29年的“尤里卡”计划由法国前总统密特朗发起设立,是面向竞争性技术的资助计划,已成为欧洲最成功的科技计划之一.尤里卡计划具有实际开发与应用科学成果有机结合、灵活的方法与周密科学管理相结合、重视吸引社会资本参与和产学研合作形式越来越有利于产生经济效益4个特点.建议我国以公私合作扩大科技计划规模,建立面向产业的集群计划,建立基于产学研合作的“中国之星”计划以及探索设立跨国产学研合作科技计划.

TPP进一步深化了全球贸易自由化这一不可逆转的历史趋势.TPP协议共有30个章节.与以往许多国家间签署的自由贸易协定不同,TPP不仅涵盖货物贸易、海关和贸易设施、卫生检疫措施、贸易的技术壁垒、贸易救济、投资、服务、劳工、环境等内容,而且还包括以往自由贸易协定没有的跨领域议题,如金融监管、竞争性政策、政府采购、电子商务、国有企业、商务人士临时入境和反腐等诸多领域.

Manufacturing Renaissance of U.S. becomes one of the hot issues in the current world economy. The employment rate of U.S. Manufacturing increased in the past few years but still has sustained a long-term downward trend. The export of manufacturing increased but the engine isn’t stable and the goal of export hasn’t been achieved. The investment in manufacturing shrank, and most of which have been invested in the chemical ifeld. And the advanced manufacturing is the potential and the future of U.S. economic growth, but it is still weak. From those key indicators, we believe the Manufacturing Renaissance is a periodic phenomenon. The situation of U.S. Manufacturing tells us that we should pay more attention to the upgrading of traditional industries, improvement of labor resources and development of domestic market.

Since 2000, FTA is increasingly becoming the emphasis of global trade rules negotiations, especially since the financial crisis, main developed countries all over the world have been speeding off the establishment of new generation of international trade rules for the future. There are three features in this process:setting up new rules for the traditions, building up rules for the future and being led by developed countries. This paper suggests that China should collaborate with BRICs and other related countries with common interests, accelerate the economic and trade negotiation with developed countries and establish more FTA pilots to push the internal economic system reform.

U.S. has issued three innovation strategies within five years since financial crisis. The 2015 version of U.S. Innovation Strategy, which highlights the responsibilities of supporting innovation initiatively by the government, public entrepreneurship and fostering the innovation ecosystem, develops nine priority fields, promotes a more favorable international competition situation for U.S. From the experience of U.S. Innovation Strategy, this paper suggests China to build innovation-oriented government and innovation platform, to further stimulate the public entrepreneurship to participate in resolving the science problem and innovation dififculties, to establish the Maker’s Day and National Mayor Entrepreneurship Challenge to encourage grassroot innovation and community innovation, and to pay more attention and focus on the creation of innovation ecosystem.

The economy scale of U.S. and EU, the expectation returns of TTIP(Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership)and international rules for the 21st century will put profound impact on the global situation, which will put China in a passive position in international trade, cause crowding out effects and substitution effects as well as bring environmental pressure of climate change to China’s economic development. In this paper, we strongly recommend thatChinese government should pay high attention to the inlfuence of new international rules like TTIP, TPP and TiSA to China, assess the impact of TTIP to China’s economic development, accelerate and start key FTA negotiations, as well as actively promote the reform of next international trade rules.

公私合作(Public-Private Partnership,简称PPP)是一种公共部门与私营部门合作提供公共产品的一种模式.1992年,英国最早应用PPP模式.英国75％的政府管理者认为,PPP模式下的工程达到和超过价格与质量关系的要求,可节省17％的资金.随着PPP模式的不断应用,其适用的范围得到不断拓展,不仅在工程领域广泛应用,在科技领域也得到广泛应用,并取得积极成效.同时,PPP模式的内涵也在不断得到丰富,不仅包括公私合作,也包括公公合作.

页岩气革命推动全球能源版图发生结构性变化,预计2020年美国成为世界最大产油国.美国是最大的插电式电动汽车(PEV)市场,2013年电动汽车销量近10万辆,居世界第一.美国先进制造引领全球.2009-2013年,美国制造业产值增长超过20％,为同期GDP增速的2.2倍.回归美国本土的制造企业超过200家,包括苹果、谷歌、卡特彼勒、通用电器及福特汽车等. 从近一个时期美国经济高速增长看,创新发挥了突出作用.

Entrusting a part of management functions to professional institutions by government is an important mode of public administration in America. The paper gives a systematic case study on the management practices of the Federal Laboratories by U.S. Department of Energy(DOE), which entrusts University of California as the professional institution. Based on the analysis of practices and experiences of the entrusted professional institutions, the paper provides some references for implementation of China’s national S&T programs management by the entrusted professional institutions.

近年来，我国跨境电子商务快速发展，已经成为创新驱动发展的重要引擎和大众创业、万众创新的重要渠道。2014年更是被很多业内人士称为跨境进口电商元年。这一年里，传统零售商、海内外电商巨头、创业公司、物流服务商、供应链分销商纷纷入局，跑马圈地。而接下来，跨境进口电商的态势如何，未来又将如何演变。2015年，随着广州、上海自贸区的成立，跨境电商又迎来了新的发展机遇。自贸区与跨境电商有着何种关联？业内人士认为，伴随自贸区落地，优质低价的进口产品将在自贸区内涌现，以往“灰色海淘”走向式微，促进大企业纷纷投身跨境电商，也让行业步入规范与健康。但本文作者提出应建设“跨境电子商务自贸区”，与现有自贸区相比，跨境电子商务自贸区是一种专门针对跨境电子商务而设立的专业园区，可以是现有自贸区的一部分，也可以单独设立园区，这将有利于培育外贸新的经济增长点，有利于探索新型贸易模式，也有利于在下一代国际贸易规则制定中争取主导权。