试验旨在研究蛋白酶在低蛋白饲粮中对肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能、养分消化率、氨基酸消化率和消化酶活性的影响.将324只1日龄AA白羽肉仔鸡按照体重相近、公母各半原则随机分为3组,每组6个重复,每个重复18只鸡.对照组饲粮前期粗蛋白质(CP)23％、后期CP 20％;低蛋白组饲粮前期CP 21％、后期CP 18％;低蛋白加酶组饲粮前期CP 21％、后期CP 18％,并添加500 mg/kg蛋白酶(酶活性30000 U/g).试验期42 d.结果表明:与低蛋白组相比,低蛋白加酶组的末重和平均日增重均提高(P<0.05),且与对照组差异不显著;与低蛋白组相比,低蛋白加酶组胸肌率和腿肌率提高(P<0.05).CP、粗脂肪、粗灰分、磷及精氨酸、苏氨酸、酪氨酸、缬氨酸、蛋氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸的表观消化率均提高(P<0.05),十二指肠内胰蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性增强(P<0.05).综上所述,降低饲粮蛋白质水平2个百分点并添加500 mg/kg的蛋白酶能够改善肉仔鸡生长性能,使其达到正常蛋白饲粮饲喂水平.

本试验旨在研究低蛋白质饲粮添加蛋白酶对肉仔鸡生长性能、血清生化指标、肝脏关键生长基因及雷帕霉素靶蛋白(TOR)信号通路基因表达的影响.选取1日龄爱拔益加(AA)白羽肉仔鸡324只,随机分为3个组,每组6个重复,每个重复18只鸡(公母各占1/2).对照组饲喂基础饲粮(前期粗蛋白质水平为23％,后期粗蛋白质水平为20％);低蛋白质组(前期粗蛋白质水平为21％,后期粗蛋白质水平为18％)补充L-赖氨酸盐酸盐、DL-蛋氨酸和L-苏氨酸达到AA肉仔鸡饲养标准;低蛋白质加酶组在低蛋白质组饲粮基础上添加500 mg/kg蛋白酶(酶活性为30000 U/g).试验期42 d.结果表明:1)低蛋白质加酶组肉仔鸡21和42日龄体重及1～21日龄和1～42日龄平均日增重(ADG)显著高于低蛋白质组(P<0.05),且1～21日龄ADG显著高于对照组(P<0.05),1～21日龄料重比显著低于对照组和低蛋白质组(P<0.05).2)低蛋白质组和低蛋白质加酶组肉仔鸡血清尿酸含量均显著低于对照组(P<0.05),低蛋白质加酶组血清尿素氮含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),低蛋白质组血清总胆固醇含量显著高于对照组和低蛋白质加酶组(P<0.05).3)低蛋白质加酶组肉仔鸡肝脏中胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白1(IGFBP1)基因的表达量显著低于对照组和低蛋白质组(P<0.05),肝脏中胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)、生长激素(GH)和生长激素受体(GHR)基因的表达量显著高于低蛋白质组(P<0.05).4)低蛋白质加酶组肉仔鸡胸肌率和腿肌率以及胸肌或腿肌中TOR、核糖体蛋白S6激酶β1(S6K1)和真核翻译起始因子4E结合蛋白1(4E-BP1)基因的表达量显著高于低蛋白质组(P<0.05).综上所述,低蛋白质饲粮添加蛋白酶能够提高肉仔鸡肝脏关键生长基因及TOR信号通路相关基因的表达水平,促进蛋白质的合成代谢,增加骨骼肌蛋白质沉积,从而改善肉仔鸡生长性能.

本试验旨在研究抗菌肽、酸化剂和功能性寡糖联合添加替代抗生素对肉仔鸡生长性能、血清免疫指标、肠道形态以及盲肠微生物区系的影响.试验选用1日龄爱拔益加肉仔鸡720只,随机分为6组,每组6个重复,每个重复20只(公母各占1/2).对照组(NC组)饲喂基础饲粮,抗生素组(AN组)在基础饲粮中添加500 mg/kg土霉素钙(以50 mg/kg土霉素有效成分计),试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加300 mg/kg抗菌肽+200 mg/kg功能性寡糖(AP+FOS组)、300 mg/kg抗菌肽+350 mg/kg酸化剂(AP+AC组)、350 mg/kg酸化剂+200 mg/kg功能性寡糖(AC+FOS组)和300 mg/kg抗菌肽+350 mg/kg酸化剂+200 mg/kg功能性寡糖(AP+AC+FOS组).试验期42 d.结果表明:1)与NC组相比,AN组、AP+FOS组、AP+AC组、AC+FOS组和AP+AC+FOS组肉仔鸡42日龄体重均显著提高(P<0.05),22～42日龄和1～42日龄平均日增重(ADG)均显著提高(P<0.05),22～42日龄和1～42日龄料重比(F/G)均显著降低(P<0.05);AP+FOS组肉仔鸡1～21日龄F/G显著降低(P<0.05).与AN组相比,AP+FOS组、AP+AC组、AC+FOS组和AP+AC+FOS组肉仔鸡各时期ADG、平均日采食量和F/G均无显著差异(P>0.05).2)与NC组和AN组相比,AP+FOS组、AP+AC组和AP+AC+FOS组肉仔鸡血清免疫球蛋白A含量均显著提高(P<0.05),AP+FOS组、AP+AC组和AC+FOS组肉仔鸡血清免疫球蛋白G含量均显著提高(P<0.05).与NC组相比,AN组、AP+FOS组、AP+AC组、AC+FOS组和AP+AC+FOS组肉仔鸡血清免疫球蛋白M含量均显著提高(P<0.05).3)与NC组相比,AN组、AP+FOS组、AP+AC组、AC+FOS组和AP+AC+FOS组肉仔鸡十二指肠和回肠隐窝深度均显著降低(P<0.05),AP+FOS组、AP+AC组、AC+FOS组和AP+AC+FOS组肉仔鸡十二指肠绒毛高度与隐窝深度的比值(V/C)显著提高(P<0.05),AP+FOS组、AP+AC组和AP+AC+FOS组回肠V/C显著提高(P<0.05).4)与NC组和AN组相比,AP+FOS组、AP+AC组、AC+FOS组和AP+AC+FOS组肉仔鸡盲肠微生物ACE指数、Chao1指数和Shannon指数均有一定程度的增加.与NC组相比,AP+FOS组、AP+AC组、AC+FOS组和AP+AC+FOS组均提高了肉仔鸡盲肠瘤胃球菌科UCG-014和互养菌属的相对丰度.综上所述,抗菌肽、酸化剂和功能性寡糖联合添加能够提高肉仔鸡的生长性能和免疫性能,改善小肠形态结构、盲肠微生物多样性及菌群丰度,促进肉仔鸡肠道健康;其中抗菌肽分别与酸化剂和功能性寡糖组合添加在免疫性能方面效果较好,具有替代抗生素的潜质.

代谢组学是系统生物学的重要分支,因其可通过研究生物过程的终端代谢产物来考察生物过程的整体变化友代谢轮廓特征而使其成为现代科学研究的热点,代谢组学在医学、药理学、病理学、毒理学、食品科学、营养学等领域均有较多研究和应用,但其在动物营养与饲料科学领域的研究和应用还较为欠缺.本文就代谢组学分析技术及其在动物营养学中的应用研究进行综述.

畜牧业的可持续发展对现代饲料工业提出了新的要求,生产无抗生素、绿色、安全、环保的新型饲料将成为未来饲料工业发展的目标.微生物发酵饲料具有独特的益生功能,适应当前中国绿色健康养殖发展的需要,现已成为当前饲料研究的热点.综述了目前中国微生物发酵饲料的应用研究概况,提出存在的问题及解决对策,并对其未来发展进行展望.

试验旨在探讨绞股蓝多糖对断奶仔猪抗氧化性能的影响.选取160头28日龄体重为(6.23±0.3)kg的杜×长×大三元杂交断奶仔猪,并将其随机分为对照组和试验I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、IV共5个处理组,每组设4个重复,每个重复8头猪(公母猪各半).空白对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、IV组在基础日粮的基础上分别添加绞股蓝多糖200 mg/kg、400 mg/kg、600 mg/kg、800 mg/kg,持续饲喂28 d.试验结束后,分别测定仔猪血清和空肠黏膜中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活力以及丙二醛(MDA)的含量.结果表明:与对照组相比,试验组断奶仔猪血清和空肠黏膜中SOD、CAT、GSH-Px的活性均有不同程度的提高,MDA的含量均有一定数量的下降,Ⅱ组与对照组相比差异均显著(P<0.05).通过试验可知,日粮中添加绞股蓝多糖,能显著提高断奶仔猪的抗氧化性能,且以400 mg/kg的添加量效果最佳.

氟虫腈是含氟吡唑类广谱性杀虫剂,活性高且应用范围广,但是其生物毒性对环境会产生危害.论文综述了目前国内外氟虫腈残留危害及其检测方面的研究方法和成果,用于氟虫腈药物残留检测的方法主要有气相色谱法、液相色谱-串联质谱法、高效液相色谱法、电子捕获和质谱检测的气相色谱法、酶联免疫吸附测定法等,在此基础上进行了合理的展望,以期为今后研究和开发新型氟虫腈药物残留检测方法提供参考.

为了研究羊结肠小袋纤毛虫滋养体对理化因素的抵抗力,在体外环境条件下进行了温度、光照、干燥、培养基含水量等理化因素对滋养体存活的影响试验.结果表明:滋养体对低温耐受性强,对光照非常敏感,干燥可杀死全部滋养体,培养基中充足的含水量是该虫体存活的前提条件.说明理化因素对滋养体存活有重要影响.

根据羊结肠小袋纤毛虫滋养体消毒剂杀灭试验的绝对致死浓度(lethal concentration,LC100),筛选高锰酸钾、福尔马林和NaOH进行半数致死浓度(LC50)测定试验.结果表明,高锰酸钾、福尔马林和NaOH对羊结肠小袋纤毛虫2 h的半数致死浓度(LC50)分别为8.531×10-4、4.213×10-4和10.50×10-4,12 h的半数致死浓度(LC50)分别为6.502×10-5、8.267×10-5和10.31×10-5.三种药物均是体外杀灭羊结肠小袋纤毛虫滋养体的高效消毒剂.

To investigate effects of probiotics composite fermentation feed on gastrointestinal circumstance,serum biochemical and metabolic hormones indexes of weaning piglets,a total of 120 largewhite weaning piglets with average mass of (8.55±0.59) kg were randomly divided into 2 groups (control group and experimental group) with 6 replicates per group and 10 piglets per repetition.Piglets in control group were fed a basal diet with antibiotics,piglets in the treatment groups were fed the 90％ basal diet without antibiotics and 10％ probiotics composite fermentation feed.Two piglets were randomly selected from each replicate at 28 days,44 days and 75 days old respectively.Blood biochemical and metabolic hormones were measured.One of them was slaughtered and the gastrointestinal pH was measured.The results showed that,compared with control group,the gastrointestinal pH of weaning piglets in treatment group fell by I2.26％ and 9.11％ respectively;at 44 d and 75 d of age,GLU concentration increased by 7.63％ and 3.93％ respectively,TG concentration increased by 25.71％and 27.54％ respectively,the concentration of BUN decreased by 7.15％ and 5.85％ respectively,TP concentration increased by 16.20％ and 15.91％ respectively,GLB mass concentration increased by 87.40％ and 51.26％ respectively;A/G ratio decreased significantly;there were no significant change on the activities of ALT,AST and LDH,but the AST/ALT ratio decreased,and the difference reached significant level at age of 75 days;ALP activity of experimental group was significantly lower than that of control group;there were no significant change on the levels of TSH,T4,T3,INS and GH,but the data in experimental group was superior to the control group to some extent,except the T4,other indexes highlighted rising trends.The results showed that adding probiotics composite fermentation feed could enhance weaning piglets nutrients anabolism ability,promote the nutrients deposition in the body,which promoted the growth of the weaning piglets and the production performance and immunity of the organism.

研究羊结肠小袋纤毛虫体外培养的特点,为制定其防控措施奠定基础.用改良型RSS培养基、肠液培养基、RPMI1640培养基和DMEM培养基体外培养羊结肠小袋纤毛虫,观察其生长规律.结果显示:RSS培养基、肠液培养基、RPMI1640培养基和DMEM培养基培养条件下,虫体种群自然增长率分别为0.76、0.69、1.02和0.86,世代间隔时间分别为0.97 d、1.06 d、0.67 d和0.84 d.不同培养条件下,羊结肠小袋纤毛虫体外生长规律不同.

为了防控以腹泻、脱水和消瘦为特征的一例群发性羊结肠小袋纤毛虫病,试验采用临床检查、细菌学检查、粪便饱和硫酸锌溶液漂浮法检查、粪便水洗沉淀物染色镜检和血常规检测等方法进行诊断.结果表明:羊群所患疾病为羊结肠小袋纤毛虫,采用甲硝唑驱虫和对症治疗,病羊痊愈,治愈率为100％.

In order to evaluate the potential of isolated Lactobacillus plantarum used as probiotics and fermented feed strains,single factor test was adopted to optimize the condition of the optimum inoculation amount,growth period,optimum temperature and optimum pH value of Lactobacillus plantarum.The OD value,viable count and the diameter of the inhibition zone were used as the evaluation in-dexes,the in vitro probiotic effects of heat resistance,acid resistance,salt tolerance and bacteriostatic ability were evaluated.The results showed that the optimum inoculation amount of the strain was 2%.The strain entered the logarithmic phase after cultivating for 4 hours. When the concentration of the bacteria reached the maximum at 20 hours,the pH value of the culture medium reduced to a minimum of 4.74.The optimum culture temperature was 30℃,the optimum pH value is 5.The survival rate reached 88.9% under the treatment at the temperature of 70℃ for 2 min,but it decreased to 34.95% when the temperature was increased to 80℃.The strain could tolerate a pH value of 4 and a 0.3% bile salt concentration.The average bacteriostatic diameter of Lactobacillus plantarum was above 12 mm, which indicated that the strain had a good inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli from swine and Salmonella.The in vitro probiotic effect indicated that the strain has the basic characteristics of probiotics and can be used for the development of probiotics or fermented feed strains.

植物乳杆菌是仔猪生产中常用的益生菌,其能够耐受仔猪胃肠道低酸和胆盐等形成的不良环境,同时植物乳杆菌代谢可以产生有机酸、细菌素、过氧化氢等多种天然抑菌物质,具有维持肠道内菌群平衡,抑制大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌等病原菌的生长,改善仔猪小肠黏膜发育,促进营养物质吸收等多种益生功效,其在食品、医药、饲料等领域中的应用日益增多.本文就植物乳杆菌对胃肠道环境的耐受、黏附及黏附抑制、对肠道菌群组成和肠道形态结构的影响等研究进展进行简述.

The contents and components of soybean isoflavones of okara treated by steam explosion (SE) were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).The results showed that the contents of six kinds of soybean isoflavones of okara increased distinctly after SE treatment.The contents of daidzin,daidzein,glycitin,glycitein,genistin and genistein raised from 3.69,11.22,0.84,2.76,2.13 and 27.45 μg/g to 38.04,74.96,15.75,23.36,20.36 and 66.28 μg/g after SE treatment,respectively.Glycitin content increased largest,17.75 times higher than that before SE.Genistein content increased smallest,which was 1.41 times higher than that before SE.Furthermore,the enhancement of soybean isoflavones presented a rising trend with the increase of SE strength and maximum at the steam explosion of 2.0 MPa and pressure preserving time of 30 s (glycitin was 2.0 MPa 60s).This study suggested that the proper SE treatment could improve significantly the contents of soybean isoflavones of okara,which provided a useful reference for the development of okara.

为了研究无抗生素发酵饲料对断奶仔猪生长性能和粪便微生物的影响,试验选取健康、体重相近的长大二元仔猪120头,随机分为试验组和对照组,每组6个重复,每个重复10头猪.对照组在基础饲料中添加50 mg/kg金霉素和100 mg/kg喹乙醇;试验组采用10％的无抗生素发酵饲料替代基础日粮中相应的玉米-豆粕日粮,不添加抗生素.试验期47d.结果表明:与对照组相比,试验组平均日增重、平均日采食量显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),料重比显著降低(P＜0.05);粪便中的大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的数量显著降低(P＜0.05),乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌数量显著升高(P＜0.05).说明在日粮中添加10％无抗生素发酵饲料可有效提高混合饲料营养水平,提高断奶仔猪生产性能,调节粪便中微生物菌群的平衡,有望替代抗生素饲料应用于生产.

This experiment was conducted to study the steam explosion parameters, such as water material ratio, retention time and or steam pressure, on detoxification effect of total glucosinolates in rapeseed meal, and evaluates the nutrient digestibility in vitro using a computer-controlled simulated digestion system.The singlefactor experiments were designed for choosing the optimal water material ratio, the optimal retention time and the optimal steam pressure.Each experiment was divided into 4 levels, with 3 repetitions in each level.The results showed that steam explosion treatment can affect the total glucosinolates detoxification effect in rapeseed meal, the detoxification percentage of total glucosinalates ranged from 73.71％ to 86.98％.The optimal water material ratio was 25％, the optimal retention time was 60 s, and the steam pressure was 2.0 MPa for the detoxification percentage of total glucosinalates when designed as single-factor experiments.As nutrient digestibility in rapeseed was considered, compared with the untreated group, steam explosion of 1.0 and 1.5 MPa(fixed water material ratio at 25％, and retention time at 60 s) had no significant influences on nutrient digestibility in vitro in rapeseed meal (P>0.05), but 2.0 MPa steam explosion could significantly reduce the digestibility of crude protein, lysine and arginine (P<0.05), steam explosion could significantly increase the content of total glucosinalates and isothiocyanate (P<0.05).In conclusion, comprehensive consideration of total glucosinolates detoxification percentage and nutrient digestibility, the appropriate steam pressure should be not greater than 2.0 MPa as fixed water material ratio at 25％, retention time at 60 s.[Chinese Journal of Animal

为了防治鸡大肠杆菌病,试验采用清热泻火、凉血解毒的中兽医学治疗原则,筛选出黄连45 g、黄柏15 g、黄芩20 g、白头翁30 g、玄参10 g、生地5 g、麦冬5 g组成的中药配方治疗某养鸡场817肉鸡大肠杆菌病.将患大肠杆菌病的817肉鸡随机分为3组,每组100只,中草药组方分别配制成0.1％、0.2％、0.5％的饲料浓度,冶疗患大肠杆菌病的患鸡.结果表明:0.5％给药浓度的治愈率在98％以上.说明该中草药组方能有效防治肉鸡大肠杆菌病.

益生菌发酵饲料是一种具有营养价值高,易吸收消化,且具有抗生素替代潜力等优点的新型饲料.文章在国内外已有的研究基础上,就益生菌菌种的选择、益生菌发酵饲料的主要优势、在畜禽生产中的应用研究进行了介绍,并对今后的益生菌发酵饲料研究方向进行了展望.

本研究拟在通过益生菌发酵饲料,来降低饲料的pH值,使大分子蛋白质降解为易于动物消化吸收的小分子蛋白质和游离氨基酸,同时消除饲料中的部分抗营养因子.试验采取四因素四水平正交试验设计,测定在不同温度、接种量、培养时间、料水比的情况下,饲料pH值、总有机酸含量和酸溶蛋白质的变化,根据饲料营养特性的变化,筛选出饲料发酵最适宜的条件.试验结果表明:在接种量为10％,发酵时间为96 h,温度为35℃,料水比为1∶1.0的发酵条件下,饲料中总有机酸含量比发酵前提高了6.76倍,pH值降至4.93,酸溶蛋白质含量比发酵前提高了51.46％,粗蛋白质含量比发酵前提高了14.73％.益生菌复合发酵改善了饲料的营养特性.