Chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV) is the most important virus known to threaten chilli pepper (Capsicum annuum) growth and yield in Asia and Africa. Here, we identified the class III peroxidase gene CaPOD49 as a key regulator of chilli pepper immunity against ChiVMV. The CaPOD49 expression was strongly induced in response to ChiVMV infection at 48 h post-inoculation in both resistant and susceptible pepper cultivars. Silencing CaPOD49 via virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) significantly increased disease severity, reduced plant survival rates and increased the disease index of ChiVMV infection. This susceptibility was associated with the elevated accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), while the treatment with the ROS scavenger diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) recovered pepper resistance. Additionally, the defence-related genes CaPR2, CaPR5 and CaPR10 were significantly suppressed in CaPOD49-silenced plants, as well as increasing its lipid peroxidation level. Heterologous expression of CaPOD49 in yeast enhanced its oxidative stress tolerance, consistent with the protective effects demonstrated by its peroxidase activity in vitro assays. Our findings demonstrate that CaPOD49 positively regulates chilli pepper immunity by fine-tuning ROS levels and activating defence responses, offering potential genetic targets for disease-resistant chilli pepper breeding.

Traditional manual grading of fresh chili peppers suffers from inconsistent quality control and low efficiency. To meet the demand for accurate fruit shape recognition during the post-harvest stage, this study proposes an intelligent recognition method based on an improved DenseNet-121 network. This approach facilitates the application of machine vision in agricultural sorting equipment. DenseNet-121 serves as the backbone network. The Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) is introduced to enhance feature focus on fruit shapes. A regularization strategy (Dropout = 0.3, weight decay = 1 × 10-4) and a cross-entropy loss function with label smoothing (LS = 0.1) are integrated to optimize decision boundaries. These configurations prevent the model from overfitting to hard training labels and yield a robust classification architecture. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model achieves a precision of 90.09%, a recall of 89.60%, an F1-score (the harmonic mean of precision and recall) of 89.53%, and an overall accuracy of 89.74%. The model contains 7.09 M parameters and requires a single-frame inference time of 7.35 ms. Comprehensive evaluations indicate that the proposed model achieves an optimal balance among environmental noise robustness, prediction accuracy, and computational efficiency. Consequently, by maintaining high fine-grained classification accuracy alongside a low memory footprint and rapid inference speed, the model demonstrates strong potential for real-time deployment on resource-constrained edge devices within actual agricultural optical sorting equipment.

Pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) is a globally important vegetable crop whose fruit glossiness serves as a key quality trait influencing consumer preference and market value. This review summarizes the measurement methods, influencing factors, and molecular regulatory mechanisms of pepper fruit surface glossiness, as well as the correlation between post-harvest changes in carotenoid content and fruit surface glossiness, aiming to provide references for the molecular breeding of high-gloss pepper cultivars. Pepper fruit glossiness is primarily determined by cuticle structure and composition. The content and arrangement of cuticular crystals significantly affect the specular reflection and diffuse reflection on the fruit surface. The ordered arrangement of long-chain alkanes enhances the anisotropy of specular highlights, reduces the contrast of diffuse reflection, and forms a high-gloss surface. In contrast, the imbalance of wax components or disordered accumulation of crystals leads to increased light scattering, resulting in a matte phenotype. Furthermore, carotenoid content strongly correlates with L*, a*, and b*, critically influencing fruit color intensity and hue. Currently, there are still several issues in the research on pepper glossiness, including the lack of standardized measurement methods, unclear gene regulatory networks, and unknown pathways related to post-harvest gloss maintenance and environmental responses. In the future, we should promote the combination of multiple technologies to establish unified measurement standards; integrate multi-omics to identify key genes; develop targeted preservation technologies based on the law of fruit gloss degradation; and breed pepper cultivars with high glossiness and good storage performance.

Chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV) causes severe yield losses in pepper across Asia. It is very urgent to study the host plant resistance to control this viral disease. As a type of defense response gene, pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1) is a well-established defense marker against fungal/bacterial pathogens, and its role in virus resistance remains unclear. Here, we cloned CaPR1 from the ChiVMV-highly resistant pepper variety ‘Perennial’. The 477 bp ORF encodes a 17.65 kDa basic protein containing a conserved CAP-PR1 domain. The subcellular localization of CaPR1 revealed that it was located in the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and nucleus. RT-qPCR revealed leaf-predominant expression, with earlier and stronger induction in the highly resistant than the highly susceptible variety after ChiVMV inoculation (6.4-fold at 2 days post-inoculation). The overexpression of CaPR1 in tobacco significantly increased resistance, reducing disease index by 25% and viral coat protein accumulation. Our findings identified CaPR1 as a positive regulator of ChiVMV resistance, providing a molecular target for pepper breeding. In addition, exogenous SA treatment increased the resistance of the highly susceptible cultivar ‘Guijiao 12’ to ChiVMV, and 0.25 mM had a greater effect.

Abstract Viral diseases cause severe losses commonly and become one of main global limiting factors in pepper production. Chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV), pepper veinal mottle virus (PVMV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) are the dominant viruses damaging pepper in South China. To detect these viruses efficiently, a developed multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method was established. Four pairs of specific primers were used to amplify a 990 bp product for PMMoV, a 923 bp product for ChiVMV, a 823 bp product for PVMV, and a 682 bp product for CMV. The optimal primer concentration, the optimal reaction annealing temperature and cycle number were determined. The developed multiplex RT-PCR could detect PMMoV, ChiVMV, CMV and PVMV from cDNA diluted up to 10–4, 10–4, 10–3 and 10–3, respectively. Then it was sucessfully used to detect virus infection from eight mixed pepper leaf samples. The result were basically consistent with that of monoplex RT-PCR. Additionally, seventy-five diseased samples collected from nine major pepper growing regions in Guangxi were analyzed by the developed multiplex RT-PCR. The results showed that most of samples were coinfected by two or more viruses, and ChiVMV and PVMV had relatively higher total detection rates of 65.33% and 60.00% respectivlely. The results also indicated that the four viruses infecting pepper weren't evenly distributed in Guangxi. In a conclusion, the developed multiplex RT-PCR here will be a efficient tool for routine molecular diagnosis of PMMoV, ChiVMV, PVMV and CMV.

Chilli (Capsicum annuum) is considered as one of the most important vegetables and spice crops throughout the world which is widely cultivated in China. In October 2019, fruit rot symptoms were observed on chilli in Guilin, Guangxi, China (N24°18', E109°45'). Irregular dark green spots initially appeared on the middle or bottom of the fruit, then extended to larger grayish brown lesions and started to rot. In the late stage, the whole fruit dried up after water loss. Three disease samples were collected from three towns of different counties in Guilin where the disease incidence of chilli fruits was 15-30%. The margin of diseased fruits was cut into small pieces (3×3 mm), disinfected with 75% ethanol solution for 10 s, 2% NaOCl for 1 min, and rinsed in sterile distilled water three times. Tissue pieces were separately plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 25°C for seven days. Fifty-four fungal isolates with similar morphology were consistently recovered from diseased tissues of three fruits, with 100% isolation frequency. Three representatives GC1-1, GC2-1 and PLX1-1 were selected for further analysis. The colonies produced abundant whitish to yellowish aerial mycelium on PDA after 7 days incubation at 25°C in the dark. Macroconidia cultured on carnation leaf agar (CLA) for 7 days were long, hyaline, falcate, with dorsal and ventral lines often gradually wider toward apex, curved apical cell and foot-shaped basal cell, mostly 2 to 5 septa, and ranged from 24.16 to 38.88 × 3.36 to 6.55 μm (average 31.39×4.48 μm), from 19.44 to 28.68 × 3.02 to 4.99 μm (average 23.02×3.89 μm), and from 20.96 to 35.05 × 3.30 to 6.06 μm (average 26.24×4.51 μm) for GC1-1, GC2-1, and PLX1-1, respectively. Microconidia were hyaline, fusoid or ovoid, one-septate or nonseptate, and ranged from 4.61 to 10.14 × 2.61 to 4.77 μm (average 8.13×3.58 μm), from 3.55 to 7.85 × 1.95 to 3.04 μm (average 5.79×2.39 μm), and from 6.75 to 18.48 × 3.05 to 9.07 μm (average 14.32×4.31 μm) for GC1-1, GC2-1, and PLX1-1, respectively. Genomic DNA was extracted from 7-day-old aerial mycelia of these isolates. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS), translation elongation factor (TEF1), calmodulin (CAM) and partial RNA polymerase second largest subunit (RPB2) were amplified using primers ITS4/ITS1, EF1/EF2, CL1/CL2A, and 5F2/7cR, respectively (White et al. 1990; O'Donnell et al. 2000, 2010). Sequences were deposited in GenBank (ITS: OQ080044-OQ080046; TEF1: OQ101589-OQ101591; CAM: OQ101586-OQ101588; RPB2: OQ101592-OQ101594). A maximum Likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree was constructed with RAxML version 8.2.10 based on the concatenated sequences (ITS, CAM, TEF1, RPB2). According to morphology and phylogenetic analysis, the isolates were identified as Fusarium sulawesiense (Maryani et al. 2019). For pathogenicity tests, multiple punctures in a 5-mm-diameter circle were made with a sterilized toothpick on detached young healthy fruits, followed by inoculation with 10 μl of conidial suspension (106 spores/ml in 0.1% sterile Tween 20). Each isolate was inoculated onto eighteen fruits. Controls were inoculated with water containing 0.1% sterile Tween 20 under the same conditions. Symptoms were observed on the inoculated fruits 7 days after incubation at 25°C, whereas non-inoculated controls were asymptomatic. The fungus was re-isolated from inoculated chilli fruits, completing Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Fusarium sulawesiense causing fruit rot on Chilli in China. These results will provide valuable information for prevention and management of fruit rot on Chilli.

【Objective】The present paper aimed to establish the evaluation method of heat resistance of leek resources, select heat-resistant leek varieties, and solve the problem of shortage of heat-resistant leek varieties in Guangxi.【Method】Taking three kinds of local germplasm resources of leek（marked as A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H and I, respectively） of Guangxi large leaf leek, wide leaf leek and thin leaf leek collected from the general survey of germplasm resources by Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs（2015-2020） as test materials, the changes of the maximum growth length of leek leaves, the newly increased aboveground biomass and the contents of chlorophyll, proline and malondialdehyde after 7 days of high temperature stress at 38 ℃ were measured.Combined with field natural high temperature stress（field group） actual heat resistance performance, the heat resistance of different types of leek was comprehensively evaluated by multivariate statistical analysis（variance analysis, principal component analysis, membership function method and cluster analysis） methods.【Result】Under high temperature stress of 38 ℃,the maximum leaf growth length and the newly increased biomass of 9 leek germplasms of the three types in Guangxi were extremely significantly decreased compared with their proper temperature control（CK）（P＜0.01）.The largest decline was the type of large-leaved leek, and the smallest decline was the type of fine-leaved leek.Chlorophyll content decreased to different degrees, of which the largest decline was the type of leek with large leaves, and the smallest decline was the type of leek with thin leaves.The content of MDA increased to different degrees, of which the largest increase was the type of leek with large leaves, and the smallest increase was the type of leek with thin leaves.Pro content increased to different degrees, of which, the largest increase was the type of leek with thin leaves, and the smallest increase was the type of leek with large leaves.The comprehensive evaluation results showed that the heat tolerance of the three kinds of local leek germplasm resources of leek in Guangxi was ranked as follows: leek with thin leaves＞leek with broad leaves＞leek with large leaves.Germplasm G（No.2016451159） and Germplasm I（No.2016453604） had the strongest heat tolerance among the nine leek germplasms, and Germplasm C（No.SC20191200） had the weakest heat tolerance.【Conclusion】The maximum growth length of leaves, new aboveground biomass and the content of chlorophyll, Pro and MDA contents were used as the evaluation indicators of heat tolerance of leek germplasm resources, the heat tolerance of three kinds of leek germplasm resources in Guangxi can be ranked as follows: Leek with thin leaves＞ leek with broad leaves＞leek with large leaves by variance analysis, principal component analysis, membership function and cluster analysis.Germplasm G and germplasm I were determined to be more heat-resistant, while germplasm C was the least heat-resistant.

根据五彩椒的品种特性和广西山区气候及土壤特点,从集约化育苗、一次性施肥、保花保果、病虫害绿色防治等方面重点介绍了广西山区旱坡地五彩椒高产高效栽培技术要点,以期为广西山区五彩椒种植提供参考依据.

采用小RNA(sRNA)深度测序技术,结合RT-PCR技术对广西9个辣椒主产区具有典型病毒病症状的病样进行检测,共发现10种病毒,其中小米椒内源RNA病毒1(Capsicum frutescens endornavirus 1,CFEV 1)、辣椒潜隐病毒 2(pepper cryptic virus 2,PCV 2)、烟草轻型绿花叶病毒(tobacco mild green mosaic virus,TMGMV)和辣椒黄脉病毒(pepper vein yellows virus,PeVYV)是在广西辣椒上首次发现,且CFEV 1在中国是首次发现.10种病毒在75份辣椒病样中的总检出率为8.00％～66.67％,前5位依次为辣椒脉斑驳病毒(chilli veinal mottle virus,ChiVMV,66.67％)、甜椒脉斑驳病毒(pepper veinal mottle virus,PVMV,62.67％)、黄瓜花叶病毒(cucumber mosaic virus,CMV,41.33％)、CFEV 1(32.0％)以及PCV 2(26.67％).ChiVMV、PVMV、CMV和CFEV 1在广西7～9个辣椒主产区广泛分布,推测为优势病毒.除桂林外,其他8个辣椒主产区均含以上4种优势病毒中的1～3种,但在桂林,这4种病毒的检出率偏低或检不出,其优势病毒种类是PMMoV和PCV2.广西辣椒病毒病复合侵染率为94.66％,3种(检出率42.67％)和4种(检出率24.00％)病毒复合侵染是主要形式.3种复合侵染中以ChiVMV+PVMV+CMV 和 ChiVMV+CFEV 1+ChiRSV 占比最高(均为 18.75％),4 种复合侵染中以 ChiVMV+PVMV+CMV+CFEV 1 占比最高(16.67％).

以桂椒12号五彩椒为试材,研究秋播和冬播的8个播期对五彩椒病毒病、果实性状和产量的影响,为桂南低海拔地区五彩椒高产栽培提供参考.结果表明,2次调查的秋播和冬播病毒病发病率和病情指数相似,第二次调查秋播五彩椒病毒病发病率均低于冬播,且秋播各播期病情指数变化幅度小.不同播期五彩椒商品果横径差异不显著,播期越晚果实纵径、纵横径比及单果质量越小.播期对五彩椒产量影响较大,产量随播期推迟呈下降趋势,其中秋播D1(7月24日)和D4(9月26日)播期小区产量分别为6.70 kg和6.40 kg,均极显著高于其他各播期.综上所述,五彩椒适宜在桂南低海拔地区秋播.

为解决广西横县夏种包心芥菜幼苗移栽后成活率低、产量低的问题,对耐热包心芥菜品种筛选以及育苗方式、移栽时防病、促缓苗及促包心等高效栽培关键技术进行了研究,结果表明:(1) "大坪埔包心芥菜"产量为3 522.2 kg/667 m2,显著高于其他品种,且表现耐热,适合在横县夏季推广种植;(2)采用漂浮育苗培育出的幼苗在株高、茎粗、地上部分鲜质量、地下部分鲜质量以及单株鲜质量方面显著高于传统穴盘育苗;(3)采用混配药液作定根水,包心芥菜幼苗移栽成活率显著提高,为96.37% ;(4)20 mg/L "九二〇"处理定植后10 d的包心芥菜幼苗,收获时产量显著高于其他浓度处理;(5)在包心芥菜生长中期末适当增施磷钾肥可显著提高产量,较适宜的组合为增施10 kg/667 m2的磷酸二氢钾 + 500倍稀释的葛效达.该研究结果可为广西夏种包心芥菜品种选择及高效生产提供依据.

广西夏种包心芥菜市场前景广阔,经济效益好,但产量相对偏低.该课题组通过开展品种耐热性、培育壮苗方式、病虫害防治、促前期生长以及促包心技术等几个主要影响夏种包心芥菜生产因素的研究与示范,形成了一套夏种包心芥菜高效栽培关键技术,以期提高包心芥菜的产量,品质以及增加种植户的经济效益.

辣椒脉斑驳病毒(chilli veinal mottle virus,ChiVMV)于1979年在马来半岛的辣椒上被首次报道,现已蔓延至世界各地.在中国,ChiVMV自2003年在陕西出现以来,已在四川、湖南、贵州等辣椒主产区大面积发生,成为严重危害辣椒生产的主要病害之一.本文中重点对ChiVMV危害症状、传播以及株系分化、基因组结构及功能、辣椒抗性鉴定、遗传以及分子标记定位等方面研究进行综述,以期为抗病育种工作提供理论参考.

五彩椒(Capsicum annuum L. var. cerasiforme Bailey)原产于美洲热带地区,为茄科辣椒属多年生草本植物,是樱桃辣椒的一种,常作一年生栽培.果实单生朝天,圆球形,单果质量4～9 g,有乳白色、紫色、黄色、橙色、红色5种颜色,果皮薄、肉脆、辣度高,适合作观赏盆栽或现代农业示范园区种植,也适合规模化加工生产.五彩椒在我国广西、贵州、云南等地均有栽培,其中广西种植面积最大,是广西的名特优产品,通过线上和线下销售至全国各地.目前广西五彩椒常年种植面积5 333 hm2(8万亩)左右,但由于常年种植单一品种,导致种性退化,露地栽培病毒病发病率高达60%以上,产量、品质及经济效益大幅降低,严重阻碍了广西五彩椒产业的健康发展.

2015-2018年通过普查征集和系统调查,对广西13个地级市、44个县(区)、80个乡(镇)的辣椒种质资源进行了收集、调查、鉴定,并分析其分布情况、类型、农艺性状和优异性状.结果 表明,在广西共收集到144份辣椒种质资源,主要分布在桂西、桂北地区,多集中在海拔0～300m,指形椒、羊角椒是广西辣椒种质资源的主要类型;通过鉴定筛选出了上思彩椒、钟山大泡椒、黄坪辣椒、西林野山椒、荔浦指天椒、宁明辣椒6份特色优异的辣椒种质资源,为进一步利用和创制材料奠定基础.

对广西9个市县辣椒病毒病的发生情况进行初步调查,并采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法(DAS-ELISA)鉴定75份辣椒疑似病毒病样本的8种常见蔬菜病毒.结果 表明,桂南、桂中地区辣椒病毒病发生普遍较桂西、桂北地区的严重.共有71份辣椒样本检测呈阳性,其中辣椒脉斑驳病毒(Chilli veinal mottle virus,ChiVMV)的侵染最普遍,总检出率最高,达63.38％,为广西辣椒的优势病原种类;甜椒叶脉斑驳病毒(Pepper vein mottle virus,PVMV)、黄瓜花叶病毒(Cucumber mosaic virus,CMV)、辣椒轻斑驳病毒(Pepper mild mottle virus,PMMoV)、辣椒环斑病毒(Chilli ring spot virus,ChiRSV)的侵染也很普遍,总检出率分别为56.34％、43.66％、35.21％和33.80％.在71份阳性样本中,有87.32％的样本受2种及2种以上病毒的复合侵染,受2种或3种病毒复合侵染的分别占32.39％和29.58％;2种病毒复合侵染类型中,以ChiVMV+CMV、PVMV+PMMoV复合侵染最普遍,均占21.74％;3种病毒复合侵染类型中,以ChiVMV+CMV+PVMV复合侵染最普遍,占23.81％.

黄芪为常用大宗中药材,传统用药部位为根.药材采挖后,地上茎叶通常被丢弃,造成巨大浪费.为黄芪茎叶综合利用提供依据,本研究优化了黄芪茎叶中总皂苷提取工艺,并对其体外抗氧化活性进行了评价.以总皂苷为响应因子,以乙醇浓度、液料比、提取温度、提取时间、超声功率、超声时间和提取次数为考察因素,采用PB-CCD设计优选获得最佳提取工艺条件:乙醇浓度80％,液料比30∶1,提取温度80℃,超声时间30 min,超声功率200 W,提取时间120 min,提取次数3次,在此工艺参数条件下总皂苷得率在2.04％左右.通过体外抗氧化活性研究发现黄芪茎叶总皂苷对DPPH、超氧阴离子和羟基自由基均有一定的清除能力,并与总皂苷质量浓度呈一定的正相关关系.

[Objective]To provide technical support for the application and popularization of frost-prevention for cu-cumber,the effects of frost-prevention technique on morphology,antioxidant enzyme activity and cell membrane permea-bility of cucumber seedlings were analyzed under simulated frost condition.[Method]Cucumber seedlings were treated with frost-prevention technique(TR)under simulated frost condition,and then plant height,stem diameter,leaf length, leaf width and index of chilling injury were investigated at different times after temperature drop treatment.Antioxidant enzyme activity and other physiological indexes were measured 1 d before temperature dropped to 10 ℃/5 ℃(-1 d)and 1,3,5 d after temperature dropped to 10 ℃/5 ℃.[Result]Under simulated natural frost conditions,the relative plant height of cucumber seedlings after 3 d of TR group was 106.00%,which was significantly higher than that of CK 95.50% (P<0.05,the same below).There was no significant difference in relative stem diameter,relative leaf length,and relative leaf between TR and CK(P>0.05,the same below).The chilling injury indexes of TR group was 40.67% after 5 d tempera-ture drop treatment,which was significantly lower than that of CK.Superoxide dismutase(SOD)and catalase(CAT)ac-tivities of cucumber seedlings were significantly higher than those of CK after TR group for-1 d.The activities of SOD and CAT showed an upward trend after 1-3 d of treatment and were higher than those of CK,but the difference was not significant.Peroxidase(POD)activity of TR during-1-2 d of treatment was higher than CK,and it was lower than CK 3-5 d after treatment,but the difference was not significant.The content of hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)in TR group and CK group increased during-1-5 d of temperature drop treatment.The content of H2O2was lower than that of CK after treat-ment.Malondialdehyde contents(MDA)of TR group did not change greatly before and after temperature drop treatment, but it was significantly lower than that of CK on day 1 and day 5 after treatment.[Conclusion]Applying frost-prevention technique before the frost can improve the tolerance of cucumber seedlings against frost,and reduce the chilling injury of cucumber seedlings.

硒是人体必需的微量营养元素之一, 我国1/3的地区严重缺硒. 植物通过自身的新陈代谢作用,可以将无机硒转化为生物活性高、更安全的有机硒,利用富硒的水果、蔬菜、稻米等农产品的摄入来补硒是最安全有效的途径[1,2]. 水培是一种新型的蔬菜栽培方式,具有高效、清洁、一致性高、可控性强等优点[3].以迷你型温室水耕床(专利号:ZL201320519728.6)为例,介绍一种速生叶菜富硒水培生产的床架结构、育苗定植、施硒、采收等相关栽培技术.