OBJECTIVE The paper accounted the actual cost and financing of public health services in Chinese rural areas on the basis of defining public health services in order to play a directing role in financing. METHOD Defining the public health services by literature analysis and expert consultation, obtaining data by sampling survey, and accounting the financing by the method of cost accounting. RESULT ( 1) Defining 8 functions, 23 categories and 59 items of public health services in Chinese rural areas; ( 2) Exploring a set of ideas and methods for accounting the financing of public health services in Chinese rural areas, including the six steps; (3) At present, if we do not consider the cost of basic medical services, we need input 69.648 billion Yuan and 50.53 Yuan per person ; if we consider the cost of basic medical, we need input 115.487 billion Yuan and132.84yuan per person; if we just consider the cost of basic medical services of township and village institutions, we need input 73.284 billion Yuan and 84.30 Yuan per person.

OBJECTIVE Based on the cost and financing of public health services of county and township and village institutions in sample areas, the paper will discuss the components of public health services’ financing by county, township and village in Chinese rural areas. METHOD To measure and analyze the costs of public health projects in sample rural areas by carrying out the survey of costs in 93 counties, townships, and village health institutions and grounding on the ideas and methods of cost measurement in economics. RESULT At present, if we consider the cost of basic medical, we respectively need input 62.171 billion yuan , 30.229 billion yuan and 23.088 billion yuan to county and township and village institutions; if we do not consider the cost of basic medical, we respectively need input 1.5798 billion yuan , 1.2836 billion yuan and 1.5298 billim yuan to county and township and village institutions; if we just consider the cost of basic medical of township and village institutions, we respectively need input 1.9967 billion yuan , 3.0229 billion yuan and 2.3088 billion yuan to county and township and village institutions.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the different functions of rural health care in 3 sample counties of Shanghai Municipality, Jiangsu Province and Qinghai Province and the components of all kinds of cost including housing depreciation, equipment depreciation, official operating expenses, low-valued materials and material costs and personnel costs. METHOD To measure and analyze the costs of public health projects in sample rural areas by carrying out the survey of costs in 93 counties, townships, and village health institutions and grounding on the ideas and methods of cost measurement in economics. RESULT Materials costs and personnel costs are accounting for 70.00% of the total cost of rural health care in sample areas; the cost in county level is accounting for 60.00% of the total cost, meanwhile, the difference between the township and village levels in the same sample area is obvious. While the cost ratio of the county and township levels is 1.12 times of that of the village level in Shanghai and Jiangsu, the cost ratio of the county and township levels and the village level is almost the same, reaching 19.64% and 19.67% respectively. DISCUSSION In order to effectively carry out the functions of rural public health projects, material costs and personnel costs should be paid great attention to; meanwhile, due to the differences in the population, economic development and other factors in the sample areas, the focus and division of tasks in the threelevel network of public health should also be different, which should be attached great importance to, especially in the measurement of the financing of rural public health services.

OBJECTIVE To clear target groups of public health services in Chinese sample rural areas, and analysis the complete degree of public health services in 3 sample counties of Shanghai Municipality, Jiangsu Province and Qinghai Province. METHOD To clearly define the principles and target groups by literature analysis and expert consultation, and determine the number of target groups, as well as the completion of the degree of target groups, according to the survey data and conventional statements of information. RESULT Study defines the public health services in rural areas to 59 items, as well as the number of units to serve the requirements and frequency. On this basis, the accomplishment degrees of public health services in rural areas are lower than 100.0%. The number of county in Shanghai is highest, reaching 87.2 %, and the lowest is the county in Qinghai Province, only 70.0%. DISCUSSION It is particularly urgent to effectively improve public health services in rural areas, particularly in the western regions.

OBJECTIVE Based on the unit cost of public health services in sample rural areas, the number and the accomplishment degree of target groups, accounting the financing of public health services in sample rural areas. METHOD To measure and analyze the costs of public health services in sample rural areas by carrying out the survey of costs in 93 county, townships, and village health institutions and grounding on the ideas and methods of cost measurement in economics. RESULT The result shows that the unit standard cost of sample county in Jiangsu, Shanghai and Qinghai Provinces should reach 233.27,318.55 and 101.66 Yuan respectively. Taking services’ population into account, 3 0257.1、 34 622.2 and 3 066.9 thousand Yuan should be increased respectively. DISCUSSION The financing in Shanghai sample areas is higher than that in Jiangsu and Qinghai, which may relate to target groups, the level of local economy and the accomplishment degree of public health services. So those factors should be taking into account, when accounting the financing of public health services.

OBJECTIVE To measure the unit cost and to analyze the costs by their functions and related items carried out in 3 rural areas in Shanghai, Jiangsu and Qinghai Province. METHOD To measure and analyze the costs of public health services in sample rural areas by carrying out the survey of costs in 93 county, townships, and village health institutions and grounding on the ideas and methods of cost measurement in economics. RESULTS The unit cost of public health services in different areas is not same. The unit cost of pubic health services in shanghai sample rural areas ranks highest, reaching 283.79yuan per person, followed by Jiangsu province of 200.54 yuan per person and Qinghai Province of 75.03 yuan per person. DISCUSSION The unit cost in eastern sample areas is significantly higher than that in the western, which may relate to target groups, the level of local economy and the accomplishment degree of public health services. So those factors should be taking into account, when accounting the cost and financing of public health services in sample areas.

Objective:To evaluate the characteristics and effect of government investment in health inspection and supervision institutions between 2001 and 2006.Method:By national sampling survey,we obtained the data on govemment funds.Result:The increasing rate of total investment before and after three year's construction reached to 36.5%.In terms of per capita government funding,the growth rate reached to 53.2%.The central and western regions have obtained more input because of the supporting of government policies.

目的 评价2001～2006年间政府对卫生监督机构正常经费拨款的投入特征.方法 通过全国系统抽样,获取卫生监督机构人员经费、公用经费和经常性业务经费等基本资科,从投入的总量和人均经费来反映政府投入的特征.结果 就投入总量来说,3年建设前后人员经费、公用和经常性业务经费增长率分别为59.0%、45.4%;其中中部和西部地区的人均人员经费和人均业务经费较东部地区增长率高,体现了政府对中西部地区发展的关注和重视.

Objectives:To explore and discover the factors influencing quality of human resource in disease prevention and control system in China.Method: By using systematical sampling and cross-section surveying on disease prevention and control institutions at province,city and county level throughout counrty.Result and Conclusion:(1)The factors influencing quality of human resource covered public functions and task faced by disease prevention and control institution,staff wage,support and importance attached by the government and finance bureau,area economy and work environment,and so on.(2)The primary factors influencing quality of human resource employed newly covered support and importance attached by the government and finance bureau to public functions and task,area economy,public functions and task faced by disease prevention and control institution and the chance of tranining and on-the-job education.

Public health and food supervision system has played an important role in protecting people's health and promoting economic and social development.Along the development of public health supervision system,the paper mainly analyzed the reform and development process of food supervision system since 1949,in particular since the reform and opening up over the past 30 years,and concluded the effectiveness and experiences of the reform.

OBJECTIVE To explore how long to take,what quantity and quality for replacing doctors to require,and how much money to invest in doctors' income and social insurance by the government that integrating Management Town and Village Health Organizations,train rural doctors,substitute doctors educated normally with higher quality for rural doctors with their retiring,and make rural doctors normalized in Shanghai of China.METHOD By using stratified cluster and random sampling,the paper surveyed and analysis the willing of 312 health care organizers and providers and 720 village residents in 72 villages of 24 towns from 8 districts,and 137 rural doctors' work records in Shanghai.RESULTS and CONCLUSIONS Integrating Management Town and Village Health Organizations,train rural doctors,substitute doctors educated normally with higher quality for rural doctors with their retiring,and make rural doctors normalized needed 19 years and every town hospital need shoulder visiting a patient at home 3 595 times every year.77 002 000 Yuan were increased to improve the rural doctors' income and social insurance.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this paper was to survey the contents and means of visiting a patient at home of rural doctors in Shanghai,and analysis possible problems,to supply the scientific gist for improving the services of rural doctors in Shanghai.METHOD This paper was guided by the principles of stratified cluster random sample.And the detail work of visiting a patient at home of 160 rural doctors was investigated,who were in 72 villages of 24 towns from 8 counties in Shanghai.RESULTS and CONCLUSIONS There were 1.3 times of visiting a patient at home every day in Shanghai,and there was a visit from 0:00 to 24:00,and the content of the service was mainly for the patients with chronic diseases as well as the health of vulnerable groups.So the flexible service of visiting a patient at home was kept all right.The times of visiting a patient at home in 8-hour working hours were accounted for 39.8%,and the times out of 8-hour working hours were accounted for 64.4 percent.It indicated the working time of rural doctors visiting a patient at home was much larger than 8-hour time frame.The time of visiting a patient at home spending on the road was an average of 23.4 minutes,and the main means of transport were bikes,battery-bikes and motorcycles.There was a certain gap with the requirement of WHO at home,or a 15-minute walk distance there are adequate sanitation,so it must be improved.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this paper was to analysis the status quo of rural doctors in Shanghai, such as the number, age, job title, education, income, and any possible problems, to supply the scientific gist for improving the team building of rural doctors in Shanghai. METHOD This paper was guided by the principles of stratified cluster random sample. 137 rural doctors were investigated, who were in 72 villages of 24 towns from 8 districts in Shanghai. RESULTS and CONCLUSIONS Compared with the current people's increasing demand for health services, the number of rural doctors in Shanghai showed relatively deficient. The average age of rural doctors in Shanghai was 48.6 years old, and the number of 50~60 age group was up to 46.7 percent, which showed the aging trend was serious. Considering the constitution of job title, no qualified village doctors accounted for 13.5 percent, 19.9 percent was just the rural doctor, which was far away from the national development goals— By 2010, completing the transformation from rural doctors into practicing assistant physician in most rural areas. In regard to education constitute, the number of secondary or higher is 49.6 percent, and there was also a large gap comparing with the national development goals— in 2000, 80% of rural doctors in the county reach secondary level. The average annual revenue of the surveyed rural doctors was 14 400 Yuan, and 72.8 percent of the rural health service managers and organizers considered that the income of rural doctors was low comparing with the strength of their labor and investment.

有研究表明.目前我国乡村医生所提供的服务与实际需求之间存在很大的距离[1].鉴于此,本文旨在了解上海市乡村医生现有服务情况,分析服务范围和服务时间构成情况,探索现行乡村医生服务中潜在的问题,针对现有服务提出意见和建议,以改善农村居民就医,提供贴心满意的服务.同时,也为全国农村医疗卫生服务体系改革提供参考.

The origin, development and status quo of rural was sorted out on the basis of reviewing the literature, the achievements and problems of rural were affirmed, and the results were the foundation for the study of rural and their services. Rural of China appeared in the 1960s, also known as the barefoot doctors . At the time, the team has greatly promoted the improvement of the farmers’ health, together with the rural cooperative medical scheme and three-level health service network has been praised as China’s three magic weapons by WHO. Since the mid-80s, the development of rural in China has entered into a smooth development period, the standardized management of rural has entered into a period of sustainable development, and the quality of rural has improved markedly. However, in the current, the team of rural still has a lot of problems, including qualitative problems, management problems, age and educational institutions, the problems of continuing education and pension security, and so on. All these problems are waited to be resolved.

In this paper,based on the income of staffs of 209 health inspection and supervision institutions through stratified cluster sampling method,we compare the income of staffs of health inspection and supervision institutions in different areas(eastern,middle part and western) and different levels(provincial,municipal and county) ,and analyze the influencing factors of income.Result shows that the average income is 19926.8 yuan and there are significant differences among different areas and levels.And the factors "area" and "level" play the most important role.It is suggested that we must increase the income of staffs of western and primary health inspection and supervision institutions to ensure the implementation of health inspection and supervision functions.

This paper introduces the study results of the project of "Evaluation on the Development of Health Inspection System during three-year construction in China' in brief.Main findings are as follows:In the past three years,the development environment of health inspection system is improving gradually,and the three-year construction has achieved great results.The resource(such as financing,human resource and facilities) of health inspection system has experienced a rapid increase,the working ability has been improved obviously,the fulfilling extent of public function has some increased,the recognition and support from governments and society have highly arisen.At the same time,there are still some problems such as insufficient and unstable government investment,staff shortage and low quality,lack of the equipments and facilities.

This paper analyzes the existing problems of public health and food supervision system and the new challenges combined with the outbreaks of several food safety events in 2008.Some solutions are proposed including legislation,operation mechanism,and supervision pattern.

我国卫生监督体系经历了从无到有,从集执法、科研及技术服务于一体的卫生防疫机构到独立组建卫生监督机构的沿革。在实行“法治社会”治国方略的总体方向和强调公共卫生体系建设的历史阶段中,卫生监督体制改革虽已取得阶段性成果,但推进卫生监督体系的建设和发展仍有一些亟待解决的问题。

通过对人员流动的定量分析,明确卫生监督体系人员流失的严重程度。采用分层整群抽样的方法,获取全国东中西、省市县各地区各级别209家卫生监督机构2001年1月～2005年12月的人员流动情况。运用卫生人力综合素质评分方法,对上述机构的人员流动情况进行定量分析。结果显示:(1)我国卫生监督机构5年来存在人员"量"和"质"相对流失的现象;(2)流入流出人员的素质得分呈现"剪刀差"现象。说明卫生监督体系建设亟需提高对高素质人才的吸引力。