极地自然资源丰富,开发利用前景广阔,同时,极地与深海、外空或互联网等领域被我国列入各方合作的新疆域,具有重要的战略意义.但是,极地常常伴随着极寒、高海拔、低氧或强紫外线以及极昼极夜环境,作业人员的睡眠质量面临巨大挑战,极大地影响了人员健康和作业效能.而药物治疗失眠起效快,但不良反应大易成瘾,在极地环境下药物携带、保存和服用相对困难.因此,我们对极地环境下非药物手段治疗失眠的可行性进行综述,探索极地环境下通过非药物手段治疗失眠的重要意义,为极地环境下失眠治疗及极地医学研究提供思路.

睡眠对人的身心健康至关重要。光照是影响睡眠的主要因素，不同的光照条件对睡眠都有不同程度的影响，其机制较为复杂，尚未完全阐明。通过光照改善睡眠障碍相比于传统药物疗法具有明显优势，近年来成为研究热点。本综述总结近年来关于光照对睡眠的影响及其机制的研究，以及目前光照疗法的应用情况，探讨未来研究的方向，为光照疗法的临床应用研究提供理论依据。

开发利用极地资源是我国"战略新疆域"的重要组成部分.极地环境中寒冷、低压、低氧、强紫外线辐射等极端条件会导致作业人员心血管系统、自主神经系统、昼夜节律等发生一系列适应性和病理性变化.极地环境下心血管疾病风险增加,血管内皮细胞损伤和心血管结构与功能改变是其重要机制,补充膳食硝酸盐及服用抗交感神经药物可能是其潜在预防手段.冷刺激、低氧及紫外线辐射对自主神经系统平衡的影响或许也是极地作业人员身体功能发生改变的关键因素.极地作业人员除面对极端气候和地理条件外,还会因极昼和极夜而发生昼夜节律变化,研究表明褪黑素的分泌与昼夜节律高度相关,提示维持体内褪黑素正常分泌可能是调节昼夜节律的有效途径.此外,极地环境中各种极端条件也可导致作业人员发生呼吸、消化、内分泌系统疾病.因此明确极地环境下人体发生的适应性及病理性变化及其机制,可为极地作业人员适应极地环境及极地医学研究提供参考和借鉴.

虚拟仿真技术是构建"真实"环境与实验条件的有效手段.通过分析虚拟仿真技术的优势与特点并将其应用于极地特种医学领域,研究极地特殊环境下特殊作业人员在特殊伤病救治等医疗保障工作中,基于"数据还原―场景模拟―平台仿真―实验研究"的极地特种医学虚拟仿真实验的模式特点与运行策略,为进一步"真实"地探索极地特殊环境下医学保障工作提供新的实验研究思路与技术手段.

极地以其独特的地理环境和宝贵的科学资源,成为世界各国积极探索的重要地区,我国提出“两极拓展”的海洋发展战略,极地科考工作日益增加.开展极地寒区冻伤防治卫勤保障研究,包括极地寒区冻伤因素分析,致伤机理以及防治策略分析,具有迫切的现实意义与价值.本文归纳和总结近几年国内相关文献,综述极地寒区户外作业人员冻伤防治策略的研究进展,旨在为极地寒区户外作业人员冻伤防治提供参考.

《生理学》是军医院校一门重要的基础医学课程,利用VR(虚拟现实)技术的技术优势,通过搭建《生理学》虚拟仿真教学平台,探讨VR技术结合生理学课程教学在军事医学教育领域的应用策略,为军医院校开展军事医学研究与卫勤保障训练打下良好医学生理学基础提供思路与手段.

针对传统第二课堂教学中存在的问题,提出以TBL教学为基础,充分发挥“互联网+”在医学资源配置中的优化和集成作用,探索“互联网+”背景下TBL教学法在基础医学教育改革中的作用和意义,并为培养医学本科生的团队协作能力、自主学习能力以及创新思维能力提供新的培养模式和思路.

生理学知识点多,理解难度大,一直是基础医学教学的难点.翻转课堂作为一种新兴教学模式被广泛地应用到医学教育领域.文章以"窦弓反射"为例,进一步探究了基于微课的翻转课堂教学模式在生理学教学中的应用.

极地是地球上环境最特殊的地域之一,自然资源丰富、科研环境得天独厚,是世界各国科学考察与资源开发利用重点关注的领域.极地作业人员作为长期参与极地科考、建设、保障的特殊职业群体,其心理卫勤保障问题已经开始受到关注.在南极大陆上,恶劣的外部环境与国内生活存在巨大差距,往往会对初临极地的考察队员们的心理状态造成较大压力.《柳叶刀》杂志曾在2008 年刊登过一篇来自美国和加拿大研究人员联合发表的心理调查报告,报告中指出参与北极或南极探索活动时,极地特殊的地理位置、超静的自然环境和受限的工作环境易使人产生极端心理状态.在参与极地探险活动的探险者中,40％ ～60％ 出现抑郁、易怒、入睡困难、记忆衰退、注意力难以集中等症状[1] .此外,大部分科考队员曾出现过不同程度的"越冬综合症"以及"四分之三现象".

翻转课堂这一概念的提出已将近30年,特别是近些年来随着新媒体在教学实践中的广泛应用,使得翻转课堂这一教学模式被越来越多的师生所认可.相比于传统教学模式,翻转课堂更加注重学生自主学习能力的培养,改变了师生在传统教学过程中的定位.课堂教学在培养学生创新能力上存在一定的局限性,第二课堂活动对于培养学生创新能力具有课堂教学无法比拟的优越性.本文拟对医学本科生第二课堂教学中存在的问题进行分析,阐述医学本科生第二课堂教学中进行翻转课堂的优势以及设计思路,探析翻转课堂在医学本科生第二课堂教学中的作用,为医学本科生第二课堂教学模式创新提供参考和借鉴.

采用文献资料法、实验法等,针对军校学员武装泅渡运动及其供能特点进行分析,通过在训练中对其相关生理生化指标的测试和分析,探索适合军校特色的武装泅渡训练模式,提高学员武装泅渡的运动成绩.

国际医学生生理学知识竞赛由马来亚大学医学院主办，为来自世界各地的生理学教师和医学生提供了很好的交流平台。通过竞赛，与国际一流医学院校交流，学习他们先进的教学理念和经验，在教学实践中进行双语教学、强调对生理学知识的理解和应用、注重以问题为中心的小组讨论，提高了生理学理论课教学质量。

To adapt to the transitional medical education,integration across the disciplines has become the general trend. Compared with the linear learning model based on the "structure-function-application" cognitive rules,nonlinear learning theory focuses on mining the inner association of knowledge to build open, extensible and independent knowledge network system by "the knowledge node" and is considered as an efficient,thorough and cross merging way to meet the requirements of transitional medicine. It is impor-tant to find ways to explore and practise the curriculum integration of physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology under the guidance of the nonlinear learning theory.

全程基于文献教学法是指全程借助于专业文献串联教学内容并展开学习和讨论的教学方式。首先由教师根据教学目标和内容选择文献，列出详细的阅读提纲和思考题；然后由学生在课前参照提纲自行阅读文献；最后在课堂中由教师指导学生自主学习并讨论。该教学法的优点在于教学目标和内容明确、学生主体性强，既不同于传统教学蜻蜓点水式介绍文献，也不同于“Journal club”自由发散式学习文献。调查和评估表明，该教学法适合小班次专题讲座式教学，既能有效地传授专业知识，更有助于培养学生的阅读和思考能力。

Objective To investigate the changes of the amino acid receptors in solitary tract nucleus(NTS)of rats after spinal cord injury(SCI).Methods The rat model of T4 spinal cord transection was used in this study.The study was divided into SCI group(n=5)and Control group(n=5).Changes in mean arterial pressure(MAP)and heart rate(HR)were observed at 1,2,3,4,and 6 weeks after SCI;and the protein expression of the glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 1(NMDA-R1)and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor Aα1(GABAA-α1)in the NTS were detected by Western blotting analysis at different time points.Results The MAP level was significantly decreased at 1-3 weeks after SCI(P0.05),and it gradually recovered 4 weeks after SCI;the HR was significantly increased 1-4 weeks after SCI(P0.05)and recovered at the 6th week.The results of Western blotting analysis showed that the protein expression of GABAA-α1 was significantly increased 2 weeks after SCI and significantly reduced at 4 and 6 weeks after SCI(P0.05).Moreover,the ratio of NMDA-R1 to GABAA-α1 expression in NTS was significantly elevated after SCI(P0.05).Conclusion The adaptable changes of important receptors in the NTS following SCI may improve SCI-induced cardiovascular dysfunction.

Extracurricular activities play an important role in training research thinking and innovation capability of the medical students.Literature reading is an entry point of the extracurricular activities,How to guide students to train critical thinking and improve innovation capability in literature reading has a profound influence on extracurricular activities.The critical guidance literature reading is a bridge from the curricular study to the extracurricular activities,which also is an important way to develop critical thinking ability of the medical students for the need of the translational medicine.

生理学是一门实验性科学,随着教学改革的深入开展,自主设计性实验在生理学实验教学中体现出越来越重要的地位,其主要优点是有助于激发学生的学习兴趣和探索精神,培养科研创新能力,尤其是培养其创新意识。几年的实践证明效果是显著的,也取得了一些教学成果。

Experiment instrution is an important part of physiology teaching course.The automonous-designed experiments is helpful to spark students'interest and curiosity and to develop their innovation and research capability,but the traditional experiments also have the action on developing students' practical ability and basic scientific research.So how to suitably combine the traditional and automonous-designed experiments is a key point to process the innovation from heritance during the physiological experimental teaching reform.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), the colorless gas with the smell of rotten eggs, has been regarded as a novel gaseous signaling molecule. Although H2S has been proved been involved into the cardiovascular functions, the cardiovascular functions of H2S within the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) are not clear. Unilateral microinjection of NaHS (2 to 200 pmol), a H2S donor, into the NTS caused transient and dose-dependent hypotension and bradycardia (P < 0.01). Microinjection of CBS allosteric activator S-ademetionine (SAM) into the NTS also produced significant decreases in BP (from 101 +/- 8 to 82 +/- 7 mmHg, P < 0.01) and HR (from 469 +/- 16 to 449 +/- 14 bpm, P < 0.01), which was very similar to those of NaHS. Pretreatment with hydroxylamine, a CBS inhibitor, failed to affect the cardiovascular functions of intra-NTS NaHS. However, pretreatment with glibenclamide (10 nmol), a KATp channel blocker, eliminated the on BP (from -23 +/- 4 to -5 +/- 1 mmHg, P< 0.01) and HR (from -24 +/- 2 to -5 +/- 1 bpm, P < 0.01) by 78% and 79%, respectively, of intra-NTS NaHS (20 pmol). Likewise, pretreatment with kynurenic acid (Kyn, 5 nmol) also attenuated the effects of NaHS on BP (from -29 +/- 3 to -12 +/- 3 mmHg, P < 0.01) and HR (from 19 2 to 9 2 bpm, P < 0.01) by 59% and 53%, respectively, of intra-NTS NaHS (20 pmol). These data support the hypothesis that endogenous H2S produces cardiovascular inhibition functions in the NTS, mainly mediated by K-ATP channels regulation or/and glutamate receptors.

Experiment class plays an important part in physiology teaching in that it helps undergraduates to integrate theory with practice,improves their ability in experiment manipulation,and cultivates their innovation.In the course of teaching,teachers should teach research-oriented learning method,transfer their role,cultivate students' interest in learning,foster their question-raising awareness,train their scientific research thinking,and improve their problem-analyzing and problem-solving abilities,which will be very significant to cultivating students' creative ability.