Background & Aim:Milu(Père David's deer,Elaphurus davidianus)is a national key protected wild animal.Since its reintroduction in 1980,research on the diet composition of Milu has been a focus of researchers.We summarized the main feeding plants of Milu in the Beijing Milu Ecological Research Center,the Dafeng Milu National Nature Reserve,and the Shishou Milu National Nature Reserve.And we reviewed the common research methods of diet composition for animal including direct observation,utilization method,stomach content analysis,fecal microanalysis,stomach content or fecal DNA analysis and stable isotope technology and compared in terms of temporal scale,diet resolution,diet from the consumed stage,major strengths and major limitations.And,we analyzed the effects of ecological factors such as self-factors,plant nutrients and availability,and human activities on the diet composition of Milu.The analysis of the diet composition of Milu and common diet composition research methods aims to clarify the current progress of Milu diet composition research for promoting ex-situ conservation and natural return of Milu. Review results:The main food source of Milu is plants.The food selection of Milu is influenced not only by self-factors,but also by the nutrient content and availability of feeding plants and anthropogenic factor.Physiological variation and alteration of energy requirements due to self-factors can influence the diet composition of the deer.Plant nutrients including crude protein,soluble sugars,and fiber are important factors influencing diet composition.Plant availability and anthropogenic factors further influence diet composition by changing food diversity and abundance.The comparative analysis of common diet composition research methods shows that different methods reflect different time scales and food resolutions in resolving diet composition,and there are corresponding advantages and limitations in the face of large endangered ungulates such as Milu. Perspectives:We recommend that researchers should clarify the purpose and target population of the study.On this basis,researchers should reasonably assess the strengths and limitations of the available research methods,select appropriate sampling and data analysis methods to establish a reasonable diet composition research program.In future studies on the food composition of Milu,should focus on integrating the results of related studies on Milu,using a combination of methods to analyze diet composition,and comprehensively analyzing the food selection mechanism of Milu.This will not only guide the response of Milu to habitat fragmentation,wetland degradation and anthropogenic disturbance during reintroduction,but also further promote the development of Père David's population and long-term conservation efforts.

【Background】Alternanthera philoxeroides is a malignant invasive weed that is extremely difficult to control, causing serious harm to ecology and environment in China. The AP2/ERF (APETALA2/ethylene responsive factor) family is one of the largest transcription factor families in plants, which not only participates in the regulation of various signal networks in plants, but also plays an important role in plant response to herbicides.【Objective】The objective of this study is to systematically analyze the basic characteristics of ApAP2/ERF, reveal its expression patterns under herbicide stress, decipher the biological functions of ApAP2/ERF in response to herbicide stress, identify potential target genes for herbicide resistance, and to provide a theoretical basis for accurate and reasonable selection of herbicides.【Method】The AP2/ERF family members were identified from A. philoxeroides genome database using local BLASTp. MEME, ExPASyServer10, Plant-mPLoc, SWISS-MODEL, NCBI SRA database, and psRNA Target online website were used to obtain conserved motif, protein physicochemical property, subcellular localization, tertiary structure, transcriptome, and targeted miRNA information. Gene structure information was obtained from the GFF3 genome annotation file. Phylogenetic tree, expression pattern heatmap, and miRNA target relationship network were constructed using MEGA 11, TBtools, and R software. The expression patterns of AP2/ERF family members in response to five herbicides and at different time points (0-7 d) were analyzed using RT-qPCR.【Result】A total of 96 ApERF, 9 ApAP2, and 4 ApRAV genes were identified from A. philoxeroides, and they were named ApERF1 to ApERF96, ApAP2-1 to ApAP2-9, and ApRAV1 to ApRAV4, respectively. The identified ApAP2/ERF proteins are hydrophilic. Subcellular localization prediction revealed that the ApAP2/ERFs are located in the nucleus and cytoplasm. The expression patterns of ApAP2/ERFs were regulated by geographical condition, water condition, and low potassium stress. Under 41% glyphosate treatment, ApERF7/74/94 were highly induced within 3-7 days; under 50% isoproturon treatment, all six ApERFs were highly induced at a specific time; under 10% fluoroglycofen treatment, the expression levels of ApERF7/13/49/94 showed a trend of first increasing, then decreasing, and then increasing; under 20% fluroxypyr treatment, ApERF7/13/49/54/94 were highly induced at 0.5 d; under 13% oxadiazon treatment, ApERF13/49/54/74 were significantly downregulated in expression in a short period of time.【Conclusion】109 ApAP2/ERF family members were identified, and members located in the same group have similar motifs. The expression of ApAP2/ERFs is regulated by geographical condition, water condition, and low potassium stress, and is also induced by herbicides, suggesting that it responds to herbicide stress by influencing the ethylene signaling pathway.

过氧化氢酶(CAT)是可清除生物体内多余的过氧化氢(H2O2)并将其还原成水和氧气的氧化还原酶,在植物响应胁迫的过程中发挥多种功能,保护植物细胞免受活性氧毒害.目前,尚缺乏对空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)CAT基因家族成员的系统研究.本研究通过生物信息学分析,从空心莲子草中鉴定到20个ApCAT基因,根据系统发育关系将其依次命名为ApCAT1至ApCAT20.特征分析表明,所有ApCATs均为亲水性蛋白.亚细胞定位预测发现,所有ApCATs均预测定位于过氧化物酶体,个别ApCATs也预测有定位线粒体、叶绿体和细胞核的可能.表达模式分析表明,ApCAT成员受纬度、海拔、温度、光照、水分条件等的影响较小,表达水平相对稳定.除草剂药效测试发现,20％氯氟吡氧乙酸和13％噁草酮的防治效果最好;结合定量PCR分析发现,ApCAT家族成员在空心莲子草响应除草剂处理过程中显著差异表达,参与对除草剂胁迫的应答过程.本研究系统分析了ApCATs家族成员的基本特征和表达模式,揭示了其除草剂诱导表达特征,为进一步研究ApCATs在空心莲子草响应除草剂胁迫中的生物学功能奠定了基础.

分析了阜阳市临泉县蝎子沟河道现状,发现当前城市河道普遍存在水体黑臭、生态基底破碎、城市滨水空间单调、地域性文化特色缺失等问题,故优化当前河道景观设计,消弭当前河道生态景观存在的一系列问题,成为当前实务界亟待解决的问题.为此,基于生态景观设计理论,以蝎子沟为例,对生态景观视角下的城市河道景观项目进行了探讨.在全面分析蝎子沟河道项目概况及现状问题的基础上,分别从场地景观元素梳理、河道线性设计、景观生态设计以及地域性文化植入4个方面剖析了生态景观设计在蝎子沟河道中的应用,设计了一个集生态、休闲、文化于一体的高质量城市河道景观,为现代化城市河道科学规划与合理建设提供参考.

分析了金色家园养老院周围环境、建筑、植物和使用人群的现状及存在的问题,通过景观更新的方法,研究了园艺疗法在养老院景观设计中植物的选择和园艺活动设计的相关问题.基于存在的问题,提出了园艺植物和活动的设计应与场地功能区相结合,形成复合型空间,解决养老院景观功能单一问题,避免园艺疗法与养老院景观的割裂.

洪湖湿地修复工程自2004年开始启动,如何开展生态恢复工程效益的评估成为方法学中讨论的重要话题.本研究基于2001年、2006年、2017年洪湖湿地土地利用数据,运用当量因子法,以洪湖湿地生态系统服务总价值动态为参考依据,开展湿地生态保护工程效益的评价.结果表明:2001年、2006年和2017年洪湖湿地生态系统服务总价值量分别为38.656亿元、41.362亿元、41.668亿元,服务价值以水文调节功能占据比重最大(46％),其次是维持生物多样性价值(15％).2017年洪湖湿地生态系统服务总价值较2001年共增加3.012亿元,其中原料生产、水资源供给、气体调节、气候调节、净化环境、水文调节、土壤保持、生物多样性和美学景观功能价值均有所增长,贡献率分别为0.86％、10.86％、1.63％、6.31％、7.10％、44.69％、4.78％、15.9％、9.62％,食物生产贡献率转为-1.76％,维持分循环几乎可以忽略不计.通过实施湿地生态修复工程,促进了湿地生态环境的改善,遏制了湿地退化现象,进而增加了生态系统服务功能总价值量.本研究通过当量因子法,横向比较了洪湖湿地生态系统服务价值,直观反映了洪湖湿地修复效果,有助于为洪湖湿地保护修复提供科技支撑.

[目的]空心莲子草是一种世界范围的恶性入侵杂草,其贮藏根的形成在其入侵中具有重要作用,对其不定根的发生及其膨大情况进行研究有助于人们有针对性的进行防控.[方法]利用组织培养体系,对空心莲子草匍匐茎段进行无菌培养,培养条件主要考虑培养基凝固剂的类型、外植体是否带节、外植体节下茎段长度、外植体扦插方式和扦插深度.[结果]空心莲子草茎段比较理想的组培条件为:带1节长度为4 cm的去叶空心莲子草茎段,使用体积分数75％酒精浸泡1 min,0.1％升汞浸泡6 min消毒,在MS培养基中连续继代培养,采用第3代无菌苗的茎段作为外植体,在含有普通琼脂的MS培养基(钾离子浓度降至标准培养基60％)条件下,节下部长度为1.5 cm带节外植体正向扦插深度为1.4 cm的时候,可以获得生长良好的空心莲子草植株.实验发现外植体的下部截口上方的茎段能够不经过愈伤组织诱导直接生长出不定根,即出现节间生根现象.外植体培养70 d时,发现有部分不定根出现膨大趋势.继续培养80 d后,笔者观察到空心莲子草不定根出现明显膨大.[结论]研究成功构建了空心莲子草茎段不定根膨大的组织培养体系,为进一步在组培条件下开展空心莲子草贮藏根的形成机理研究提供依据.

[目的]考察外来植物日本落叶松(Larix kaempferi)对土壤及生物多样性影响的研究进展.[方法]通过总结、归纳和比较相关研究文献,对中国引入日本落叶松后栽培地生态系统的土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性、土壤生物多样性、植物多样性以及珍稀动物保育受到的影响进行综述.[结果]日本落叶松的引入不仅改变了栽培地的土壤理化性质和土壤酶活性,也通过凋落物的产量、现存量和分解速率的变化,改变了地下生态系统的生物多样性,进而影响着地上植物的多样性和珍稀动物的栖息生境.同时,日本落叶松林的土壤特性、土壤微生物和林内生物多样性也随林龄、林分组成、人为干扰等因素而变化.[结论]应加强现有日本落叶松林抚育管理,及时清理枯枝和病死树,对近熟林阶段日本落叶松人工林进行土壤肥力管理,并积极开展外来种日本落叶松人工林对森林生态系统健康和生态功能的科学评估.此外,在原始森林、珍稀动物活动区等生态敏感区域,应严格限制 日本落叶松等外来种的引种.

Alligatorweed [Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb.] is an invasive semiaquatic weed that poses a serious threat to agricultural production and ecological balance worldwide. However, information about genetic factors associated with the adaptation and invasion mechanisms of this species is limited. Screening for appropriate reference genes is important for gene expression and functional analysis research in A. philoxeroides. In this study, 30 candidate genes that showed stable expression in different A. philoxeroides tissues under various treatments in RNA-seq data were chosen to design quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) primers. After the amplification specificity validation, 25 candidates were selected and further evaluated in a diverse set of A. philoxeroides samples, including leaf, stem, and root tissues under drought, salinity, heat, chilling, five herbicides, and corresponding untreated controls using qRT-PCR. The delta-CT method, geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder algorithms were used to identify stable reference genes from A. philoxeroides samples. Overall, CoA, RFI2, Tubby, SRP19, and V-ATPase were the top five ideal reference genes in all organs and conditions. Tubby and CoA were the most stable reference genes in the leaf/stem; and RFI2, ERprr, and SPR19 were suitable reference genes for the roots. This work provided a foundation for exploring gene expression profiling of A. philoxeroides, especially those adaptation- and invasion-related genes, which may help in management of this invasive weed.

Alternanthera philoxeroides is a notorious invasive weed worldwide, but it still lacks a genome information currently. In this study, we collected 4 groups of A. philoxeroides Illumina RNA-seq data (62.5 Gb) and performed a comprehensive de novo assembling. Totally, 421,372 unigenes were obtained with a total length of 230,842,460 bp, with 43,430 (10.31%) unigenes longer than 1000 bp. Then 119,222 (28.3%) unigenes were functional annotated and 235,885 (56.0%) were grouped into reliable lncRNAs reservoir. Besides, 534 tRNA and 234 rRNAs were identified in assembly sequences. Additionally, 131,624 microsatellites were characterized in 106,761 sequences. Then SSR primers were developed for the amplification of 40,752 microsatellites in 36,329 sequences. The miRNAs are key post-transcriptional regulators, about 86 candidate miRNA sequences were detected from A. philoxeroides assembly, and miRNA target genes prediction revealed possible functions of them in growth and development as well as stress responding processes. These results provide a vital basis for sequence-based studies of A. philoxeroides in the future, especially gene function analysis.

Metal tolerant protein (MTP) is an important member of the cation transporter (cation diffusion facilitator, CDF) family and plays an important role in heavy metal transport and detoxification by plants. In the present study, MTP sequences from model plants and BLAST analysis were used to identify a total of 40 MTP genes in the genome of Alternanthera philoxeroides, and a variety of bioinformatics analysis software and online tools were used for the bioinformatics analysis (e.g., phylogenetic reconstruction, conserved domain analyses and gene structure analysis of the identified genes). The results showed that most of those 40 identified ApMTP genes contained two to six transmembrane domains (TMD), and phylogenetic analysis indicated that the genes belonged to the Fe/Zn-CDF (7), Mn-CDF (20), and Zn-CDF (13) sub-families. Furthermore, a conserved motif (HXXXD) was identified on or around the TMD-II and TMD-V of the Zn-CDF and Zn/Fe-CDF subfamily members, and another (DXXXD) was identified on the TMD-II and TMD-V of the Mn-CDFs subfamily members. The expression pattern of each gene was investigated by extracting relevant information from NCBI. The expression pattern analysis showed that ApMTP has the characteristics of tissue specific expression and response to different treatments such as root hypokalemia.

以南京大校场为例,对保护与传承理念下纪念性景观的设计进行探寻,得出了具体的南京大校场设计方案.在设计手法、设计元素、空间布局、材质应用等方面进行了探索,打造一个独特的大校场机场跑道公园,为当代南京大校场的规划建设提供参考.

以屈原词赋、历史文献和考古发现为线索,首先梳理了相关文献总结了历史上的楚园林特质,其次提出了在现代城市园林中楚文化应用的基本原则,最后以"楚韵山水"城市公园为例,从山水格局、建筑特色、场地设计、叙事性景观营造和植物设计等方面提出楚文化应用的策略,为楚文化在现代城市公园中的应用提供参考.

The storage root of alligatorweed [Alternanthera philoxeroides(Mart.) Griseb.] growing in terrestrial habitats is an important metamorphic organ for its propagation, overwintering, and spread. However, the regulatory mechanism adventitious root expansion to form storage roots is still unclear. To reveal the changes accompanying the root-swelling process, we quantified sugar, soluble protein, and phytohormone content in adventitious and storage roots. Results demonstrated that sucrose, fructose, and soluble protein increased in storage roots, whereas abscisic acid (ABA), indoleacetic acid (IAA), brassinosteroid (BR), gibberellin, jasmonic acid, and cytokinin (trans-zeatin [tZ] and isopentenyladenine [iP] and the corresponding ribosidestZR and iPR).tZ-type (tZR andtZ) content decreased, suggesting the involvement of sugars and hormones in the formation of storage roots. To further reveal the molecular basis ofA.philoxeroides's ability to form storage roots and provide candidate genes for molecular function analyses, we assembled a de novo transcriptome ofA.philoxeroidesbased on four sets of RNA-sequencing data. According to functional annotation and expression profiling, 42 unigenes involved in sucrose synthesis and hydrolysis were identified, in addition to 70, 58, and 78 unigenes in ABA, BR, and IAA signal transduction, respectively. The quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed 21 unigenes involved in sugar metabolism and hormone signal transduction were differentially expressed during the formation of storage roots. These results revealed metabolic changes during the formation of storage roots and provide candidate genes involved in sugar and phytohormone metabolism inA. philoxeroides.

随着我国城市化建设深入发展,如何配置城市建设资源,实现城市公园建设目标,营建人与生态和谐共处的城市发展氛围,提高城市化建设综合质量,成为社会各界关注的要点问题,其中"区域性"作为城市公园建设指引力之一,与公园建设地域文化、历史、民俗风情、自然条件、社会条件及经济发展等因素息息相关,只有明确城市公园建设地域性,才能创设人与生态和谐共处城市公园.通过研究中山公园地域性,以期累积城市公园建设经验,推动城市化建设与时俱进.

以越南顺化园林为例,采用实地调查、文献资料检索等方法,在其地形地貌、气候环境、传统文化艺术和宗教的分析的基础上,研究了园林在形式和内容上与这些当地条件上的协同关系,以期为新时代"一带一路"背景下的中越文化交流、越南古典园林保护以及当代园林设计提供参考.

对岩溶植物在强光高温、干旱、土壤养分和生境异质性等岩溶典型环境下适应性的相关研究进行了综述.结果 发现:强光高温和地质性干旱迫使植物改变自身生理结构和形态结构来应对岩溶环境所带来的损伤;特殊的土壤性质也使岩溶植物进化出较强的生化调节功能;空间异质性与植物功能性状的关系是近些年来国内研究的热点.目前在岩溶植物适应特殊生境方面研究有较大进展,但在研究广度上存在不足,应加强群落演替与不同功能性状间关系等方面的研究,为岩溶区生态恢复治理提供依据.

该文以越南安轩花园为例,采用实地调查、文献资料检索等方法,在功能分区、空间布局、建筑装饰和植物造景等方面的研究基础上,总结出越南古典私家园林的造园特点,为新时代"一带一路"背景下的中越文化交流、越南古典园林保护以及当代园林设计提供参考和理论依据.

石首麋鹿国家级自然保护区是世界上最大的麋鹿野生种群栖息地,也是长江中游保存较为完好的一块湿地.本研究以石首麋鹿保护区草本植物群落为研究对象,垂直于故道选取典型样地进行群落学调查.以x2检验为基础,结合联结系数AC和共同出现百分率PC来测定草本优势种的种间联结及相关性.根据优势种间的联结性在不同生境中的变化来划分植物功能群.结果 表明:以优势种为主体对石首麋鹿保护区草本植物进行功能群划分可行性较高.对12种草本植物优势种共划分了3组植物功能群:“阳性湿生型”、“阳性湿中生型”和“阴性湿中生型”.每组植物功能群都有其特定的优势种和分布区,较好地反映了水、热生态因子与植被的关系.研究石首麋鹿保护区的草本植物功能群,不仅有助于揭示保护区植被格局的变化,同时也可为保护区正在开展的湿地修复工程提供一定的理论依据.

神农架林区是国际著名生态旅游胜地,为打造神农架樱花谷景观,提升早春旅游观赏价值,从武汉大学引进了一批染井吉野(Cerasus yedoensis‘Yedoensis’)和山樱花(Cerasus serrulata).为了解引种樱花的适应性,对樱花原生地、引种地的环境进行相似性分析,并调查引种樱花一年的相对生长量.结果表明:神农架林区的气候环境和土壤环境适合樱花生长,经一年生长,引种的山樱花长势比染井吉野好.总体来看,引种樱花在神农架林区有较好的适应性,可以进一步引种其他品种的樱花,为打造神农架樱花谷提供帮助.