植物提取剩余物是植物经过物理、化学分离提取后剩余的部分物质,主要包括果渣、茶渣、蔬菜渣及药食两用草药渣等[1].桂林市有以桂林莱茵生物科技股份有限公司为代表的植物提取企业,主要植物提取剩余物有罗汉果渣、马蹄渣、甜叶菊渣、柑橘皮渣、柿子渣、中药渣等.

广西地处西南,光、热、水等自然条件优越,饲草、作物等生物产量高,具有开展肉牛养殖的优势条件.近年来广西肉牛产业发展迅速,取得了较好的成绩,但在产业发展过程中,也出现了很多不利于产业健康稳定发展的情况.本文通过对广西肉牛产业发形式进行深入分析,并给出产业健康发展相关建议.

Indicine cattle, also referred to as zebu (Bos taurus indicus), play a central role in pastoral communities across a wide range of agro-ecosystems, from extremely hot semiarid regions to hot humid tropical regions. However, their adaptive genetic changes following their dispersal into East Asia from the Indian subcontinent have remained poorly documented. Here, we characterize their global genetic diversity using high-quality whole-genome sequencing data from 354 indicine cattle of 57 breeds/populations, including major indicine phylogeographic groups worldwide. We reveal their probable migration into East Asia was along a coastal route rather than inland routes and we detected introgression from other bovine species. Genomic regions carrying morphology-, immune-, and heat-tolerance-related genes underwent divergent selection according to Asian agro-ecologies. We identify distinct sets of loci that contain promising candidate variants for adaptation to hot semi-arid and hot humid tropical ecosystems. Our results indicate that the rapid and successful adaptation of East Asian indicine cattle to hot humid environments was promoted by localized introgression from banteng and/or gaur. Our findings provide insights into the history and environmental adaptation of indicine cattle.

试验旨在研究添加剂及青贮原料间隙对罗汉果渣青贮品质的影响,为罗汉果渣的开发利用及其青贮技术的优化提供技术参考.原料间隙分三个处理:罗汉果渣碎粒(G1,青贮密度910.0 kg/m3)、罗汉果渣+4％麦麸(G2,青贮密度728.0 kg/m3)、罗汉果渣原样(G3,青贮密度700.0 kg/m3),并分别进行不添加添加剂(CK)、添加0.7％苯甲酸(benzoic acid,BA)、0.4％茶多酚(tea polyphenols,TP)、0.7％苯甲酸和0.4％茶多酚(BA+TP)、0.1％混合菌剂(complex flora,CM)处理,每个处理6个重复,采用呼吸袋法室温青贮45 d.结果表明:罗汉果渣经45 d青贮后,除罗汉果渣碎粒(G1)+TP处理为良好外,其他各处理均为优等等级.罗汉果渣+4％麦麸处理(G2)的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)含量均显著高于其他组(P<0.05),粗纤维(CF)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)均显著低于其他处理(P<0.05),乙酸含量均显著高于其他间隙处理(P<0.05).罗汉果渣碎粒处理(G1)丁酸含量除BA+TP组外,均显著高于罗汉果渣原样组(G3)(P<0.05).罗汉果渣+4％麦麸(G2)+BA及罗汉果渣+4％麦麸(G2)+BA+TP的互作对减少罗汉果渣青贮丁酸含量的效果最为明显.结果提示,罗汉果渣+4％麦麸处理有利于改善罗汉果渣青贮的发酵品质,且罗汉果渣+4％麦麸+0.7％苯甲酸+0.4％茶多酚的互作对提高罗汉渣青贮品质效果最佳,罗汉果渣+4％麦麸+0.7％苯甲酸次之.

为了探究娟姗牛应激条件下肠道菌群结构的调控机制,本研究选择非应激期(JR1)和应激期(JR2)各6头牛作为实验组进行测定,2组间肠道微生物多样性采用微生物16S rRNA基因测序技术对差异微生物功能进行初步预测.结果显示:Alpha多样性对2组样品6种指数检测结果均明显降低(P>0.05),说明夏季高温高湿的环境对肠道微生物的丰富度无明显影响,但可降低其物种多样性.厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门为门水平上的2个优势菌门,属水平上有瘤胃球菌属UCG-005、理研菌科-RC9菌属和瘤胃球菌属UCG-010为3个优势菌属.组间差异性分析得出,在属水平上JR2组粪便微生物中的Christensenellaceae R-7 group、Lachnospiraceae AC2044 group、Ruminococcus 2、普雷沃氏菌属Prevotellaceae UCG-004的丰度高于JR1组(P<0.05).代谢通路富集预测分析显示,主要参与氨基酸代谢、碳水化合物代谢、消化系统、内分泌系统、环境改变、能量代谢、代谢疾病、免疫系统等.采用STAMP差异分析比较2组样品之间功能的丰度,JR2组的消化系统丰度比例显著高于JR1组(P<0.05),说明应激对娟姗牛的消化系统影响较大.本研究结果得出的差异微生物可能作为娟姗牛应激条件下影响代谢调控的潜在微生物标记物,为广西等亚热带地区奶牛及肉牛肠道微生物菌群结构机制的阐明提供了数据基础,为下一步开发抗应激饲料、改善家畜肠道菌群结构、提高生产性能提供参考.

本研究使用不同的微生物菌剂发酵罗汉果渣,评定罗汉果渣的饲用价值.试验共设计5个处理组(CK、XJ、VE、RK、SK组),每组3个重复.发酵30 d后测定其营养成分及发酵品质.结果表明:SK组的粗蛋白质含量最高,较CK组高12.32％(P<0.05),VE组、XJ组的粗蛋白质含量分别较CK组高4.24％、1.32％(P>0.05);SK组、VE组、RK组的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)分别比CK组高5.96％、5.26％、4.34％(P<0.05);VE组的酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)最高,较CK组高3.82％,显著高于CK组和XJ组(P<0.05).乳酸含量最高为SK组,较CK组高16.06％,两组间差异不显著(P>0.05);丁酸含量最低为SK组,较CK组低31.25％(P<0.05);VE组、RK组的pH分别较CK组高1.07％、0.85％(P>0.05)、XJ组的pH较CK组低1.71％(P>0.05).综上,添加微生物制剂能一定程度的改善罗汉果渣的青贮品质.其中,VE组和SK组可以较好的保留罗汉果渣的营养成分,但是其对粗纤维、NDF和ADF的降解功能不明显,仍需进一步开展试验研究,才能更好的推进罗汉果渣的饲料化利用.

刺五加多糖(Acanthopanax senticosus polysaccharides,ASP)是从刺五加的叶、根茎、果中提取的重要活性成分,具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、调节肠道和免疫功能等多种生理功能.目前,刺五加多糖主要应用于猪、鸡的生产,作为一种绿色的新型中草药添加剂,具有广阔的发展前景.本文主要综述了刺五加多糖的提取纯化、单糖组成、生物学功能及其在畜禽生产中的应用,为深入研究刺五加多糖的生物活性及其作用机制并进一步应用到畜禽生产中提供理论参考.

试验研究功能性寡糖和复合益生菌对早期断奶犊牛生长性能、粪便评分、免疫功能及断奶应激的影响.30头娟西杂犊牛,随机分为2组,对照组犊牛饲喂正常开食料,试验组开食料中添加2 g/(头·d)甘露寡糖、3 g/(头·d)果寡糖及15 g/(头·d)的复合益生菌,试验正式期60 d.试验结果显示,试验组犊牛平均日增重、粗蛋白和粗脂肪的表观消化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);试验组血清中IgG含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),而试验组血清中白细胞介素(IL-1)含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05).整个试验期,试验组的粪便得分低于对照组.与断奶前2 d相比,断奶后4 d对照组血清中IL-1、血中超敏C蛋白、结合珠蛋白和皮质醇水平显著升高(P<0.05);断奶后4 d试验组血中超敏C蛋白水平显著升高(P<0.05),但是血中IL-1、结合珠蛋白和皮质醇水平均无显著变化(P>0.05).研究表明,断奶前期在犊牛开食料中补充复合微生态制剂和功能性寡糖可以提高犊牛的生长的性能,降低粪便评分,增强犊牛的免疫,缓解断奶应激.

【Objective】The objective of this study was to assess the effects of fermented Siraitia grosvenorii residue replacing part of diet on intestinal microbial diversity of Fufeng Ma-chickens and the best replacement ratio of diet with fermented Siraitia grosvenorii residue， and to provide reference for the application of fermented Siraitia Grosvenorii residue in chicken breeding. 【Method】A total of 20 Fufeng Ma-hens were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups with 5 hens （replicates） in each group. Fermented Siraitia grosvenorii residue was used to replace 3% （group A）， 6% （group B）， 9% （group C） and 0% （group CK） of the diet， respectively. A 97 d feeding experiment was conducted with group A， B and C as the experimental group and group CK as the control group， in which the pre-feeding period was 7 d and the formal period was 90 d. After feeding， the intestinal contents were collected， and the effects of the 3 replacement ratio of diet with fermented Siraitia grosvenorii residue on the intestinal microbial diversity were investigated based on Illumina high throughput sequencing technology.【Result】Chao1 index of 4 groups was ranked as CK（1158.19±132.34）＞C（1033.92±239.37）＞A（966.02±302.65）＞B（961.45±428.71）. Shannon index of 4 groups was ranked as CK （8.40±0.09）＞C（8.22±0.35）＞A（7.94±0.23）=B（7.94±0.44）. Simpson index of 4 groups was ranked as CK （0.99）=C（0.99）＞A（0.98）=B （0.98）. Wilcoxon test showed that there was no significant difference in Chao1 index among experimental groups and CK groups （P＞0.05， the same below）， indicating that the replacement ratio of 3%， 6% and 9% had no effect on the species richness of the intestinal microflora. The shannon index of group A was significantly lower than that of CK group （P＜0.05， the same below）， and there was no significant difference between the shannon index of other experimental groups and CK group， indicating that the intestinal microbial diversity reduced at the replacement ratio of 3% but did not affect at the replacement ratios of 6% and 9%. The simpson index of group A and B was significantly lower than that of CK group， while the simpson index of group C was not significantly different from that of group CK， indicating that the intestinal microbial diversity reduced at the replacement ratio of 3% and 6% but did not affect at the replacement ratio of 9%. A total of 29 bacteria were annotated at phylum level. The dominant bacteria at phylum level were bacteroidetes， firmicutes and proteobacteria. The relative abundance （RA） of bacteroidetes was C （43.03%）＞CK（39.93%）＞A（36.26%）＞B（32.97%）， the RA of firmicutes was B（31.61%）＞A（30.24%）＞CK（28.38%）＞C（27.29%）， and the RA of proteobacteria was A（22.25%）＞B（21.64%）＞CK（14.54%）＞C（10.93%）. The RA of proteobacteria in group A was significantly higher than that in group CK， the RA of proteobacteria in group C was significantly lower than that in group CK， while there was no significant difference between the RA of proteobacteria in group B and CK. At genus level， the RA of proteus was significantly different among the 4 groups: B（10.63%）＞A（10.02%）＞CK（5.7%）＞C（2.52%）. There was significant difference between group C and CK， while there was no significant difference between group A， B and group CK.【Conclusion】The species richness of the intestinal microflora was not affected by the replacement of 3%， 6% and 9% of diet with fermented Siraitia grosvenorii residue. The intestinal microbial diversity reduced at the replacement ratio of 3% and 6% but had no effect at ratio of 9%. 6% was the best replacement ratio which reduced the abundance of bifidobacterium but did not affect the abundance of proteobacteria.

纳米抗体是一种衍生于骆驼科和鲨鱼类动物的单域抗体,与传统抗体相比,它具有分子量小、结构稳定、易于改造和表达、低免疫原性、高抗原结合性、组织穿透性强等优点,独特的分子特性使其在诊断和治疗各种疾病及检测方面展现出良好应用前景.本文总结了纳米抗体的结构、特性、文库类型、筛选与表达策略,及其在动物疫病预防、诊断和治疗,动物产品食源性病原体和药物残留检验中的研究现状,并对纳米抗体的局限性和未来发展方向进行分析.

[目的]通过对蒙古牛线粒体DNA(mtDNA)的基因组进行测序,探究蒙古牛的mtD-NA基因组遗传多样性与母系起源.[方法]采用DNA提取、三代测序及生物信息学方法.[结果]在36头蒙古牛mtDNA全基因组序列中,共检测到22种不同的单倍型,平均单倍型多样度(Hd)为0.970,平均核苷酸多样度(Pi)为0.00845,表明蒙古牛有丰富的母系遗传多样性.构建的IQ系统发育树发现,蒙古牛具有瘤牛和普通牛两个母系支系.[结论]蒙古牛有丰富的母系遗传多样性,拥有普通牛和瘤牛两个母系起源,以普通牛起源为主.

为探讨发酵桂闽引象草替代部分日粮对鸡肠道菌群的影响,试验选定30日龄的东兰乌鸡4羽,随机分成4组,每组1羽.使用发酵桂闽引象草分别替代5％(1组)、10％(2组)、15％(3组)及0％(K组)的日粮;以1、2、3组为试验组,K组为对照组,进行饲养试验.采集鸡大肠内容物,对其细菌16S rDNA扩增子V3～V4区进行二代高通量测序,分析菌群的物种组成及相对丰度差异.结果表明:Chao1指数,2组(813.500)>3组(782.892)>1组(765.444)>K组(751.243);Shannon指数,K组(7.386)>2组(7.327)>3组(7.098)>1组(6.968).从chao1指数来看,物种丰富度最高的是2组,最低的是K组;三个试验组的物种丰富度均高于对照组.从Shannon指数来看,对照组的菌群多样性高于试验组;三个试验组的菌群多样性以2组最高,以1组最低.拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门在1、2、3、K组的相对丰度分别为43.59％、55.33％、56.84％、56.01％和49.89％、40.32％、38.79％、39.95％,在各组中占比分别为93.48％、95.65％、95.63％、95.96％,是四组中的优势门,试验组和对照组中的相对丰度差异不明显.变形菌门在1、2、3组中的相对丰度(4.08％、1.41％、2.05％)高于对照组(0.97％),分别为对照组的4.2、1.45、2.11倍.互养菌门在1、2、3组中的相对丰度(0.72％、0.9％、0.49％)高于对照组(0.32％),分别为对照组的2.25、2.81、1.53倍.相对丰度前10位的属隶属于两个门(拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门).多形杆状菌属在各组中的相对丰度分别为28.4％、29.4％、31.84％、28.23％,是四组中的优势属;其相对丰度在试验组和对照组中差异不明显.瘤胃球菌属和巨单胞菌属在1、2、3组中的相对丰度(8.03％、5.21％、3.97％和5.44％、2.05％、2.06％)高于对照组(2.44％和0.15％),分别是对照组的3.29、2.19、2.20倍和36.26、13.66、13.73倍.用发酵桂闽引象草替代部分日粮,鸡肠道菌群丰富度增高,多样性降低,对鸡肠道优势菌影响不明显,最主要的影响是变形菌门、互养菌门的数量增多及厚壁菌门中的瘤胃球菌属、巨单胞菌属的数量增多.

[目的]本研究旨在从基因组水平探究隆林牛和郏县红牛的线粒体DNA(mtDNA)全基因组遗传多样性与母系起源,并对2个黄牛品种的mtDNA全基因组遗传多样性进行比较分析.[方法]采用全基因组重测序及生物信息学方法.[结果]在15头隆林牛和28头郏县红牛mtDNA全基因组序列中,共检测到36种单倍型,其中郏县红牛有26种单倍型,隆林牛仅有8种单倍型,2个黄牛品种共享2种单倍型.郏县红牛和隆林牛的平均单倍型多样度(Hd)分别为1.000和0.943,平均核苷酸多样度(Pi)分别为0.0080和0.0053,表明其遗传多样性丰富.构建的系统发育树表明,隆林牛和郏县红牛具有瘤牛和普通牛两个母系支系.[结论]隆林牛以瘤牛起源为主,郏县红牛为普通牛与瘤牛的混合起源,这2个地方黄牛品种具有独特的母系遗传信息,表现出明显的母系遗传差异.

1 广西肉牛和饲草料产业发展情况 广西是我国主要的甘蔗产区,甘蔗尾叶资源丰富,但目前饲料化利用比例低,其中不少都荒废在田间地头.广西肉牛产业因市场缺口巨大,同时由于肉牛生产过程消耗粮食少等优势成为畜牧产业高质量发展的主要方向,广西肉牛产业由脱贫攻坚主要产业转变为乡村振兴重点发展产业之一.在广西各项政策的支持下,近年来广西牛存栏量和牛肉产量稳步上升(见表1).

COX4I2 is an isoform of cytochrome C oxidase subunit IV (COX4), which plays an important role in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. This gene affects heat production and thus affects thermoregulatory capacity in mammals. A splice region variant (rs109072064, NC_037340.1:g.61202988C > T) was identified in COX4I2 by using Ensembl, which transforms the amino acid arginine into cysteine in XP_005214921.1. In this study, we sought to determine the relationship between the mutant locus and the environment in which the cattle are located. We verified that mRNA (XM_005214864.4), which translated XP_005214921.1, is expressed in bovine muscle, fat, heart, liver, kidney, lung and testis tissues. The g.61202988C > T variant was then genotyped in 569 individuals of 34 cattle breeds. Compared with the CC genotype, southern cattle carried more the CT and TT genotypes. Furthermore, the association results carried out that the frequencies of genotypes (CC, CT, TT) and the value of climate parameters (mean annual temperature (T), relative humidity (RH) and temperature humidity index (THI)) were significantly correlated (P < 0.01). Hence, we speculated that the g.61202988C > T variant of COX4I2 gene was associated with the environmental adaptation trait in Chinese cattle and the locus may be considered as a molecular marker for Chinese cattle breeding.

肉牛产业在助力广西脱贫攻坚任务中发挥了重要作用,为更好促进广西地方肉牛产业可持续发展,本文针对广西肉牛产业的可持续发展养殖模式进行了调查研究.主要从牛群养殖、饲料加工、产业链延伸与经营策略、养殖模式、养殖效益等情况开展调研分析,旨在通过本次调研为广西肉牛产业持续助力乡村振兴提供经验与模式.

该文分别从种质资源品种丰富,水牛资源基础数量庞大,肉牛种业发展处于初级阶段3个方面介绍了广西肉牛种业的现状,简述了发展广西肉牛种业存在基础母牛存栏不足,水牛资源利用不充分,规模养殖场有待完善等问题,提出了整合科研技术力量,加强良种繁育体系建设,持续加大基础母牛扶持力度,引导各地建设适度规模养殖场,建立牛只遗传信息档案管理,规范牛只交易转移标准对策,以期为广西肉牛种业发展提供参考.

随着养殖产业规模的发展壮大以及"益生菌+生物垫床"技术的逐步推广,如何科学有效的处理废弃发酵床与牛粪混合物,成为肉牛生态养殖业及"益生菌+生物垫床"技术推广的难题.本研究使用微生物发酵以及蚯蚓处理两种不同方式对废弃发酵床和牛粪混合物进行处理,试验结果表明:相较于微生物发酵,蚯蚓处理废弃发酵床及牛粪混合物后,有机质和总钾含量减少,但总磷明显增高,含水量明显降低,pH值下降至偏中性,微量元素富集明显.综合看来,蚯蚓处理废弃发酵床及牛粪混合物的方式具有更好的利用价值.

生物垫床模式是肉牛生态养殖的一种重要养殖方式,笔者在日常科研和技术推广中发现养殖场利用生物垫床养殖的效果不一,多数出现了坏床、死床的现象,部分养殖场生物垫床变成了黑泥潭,完全失去了生物垫床的作用.就此现象笔者谈谈其失败的原因及解决方法.

Buffalo breeding has become an important branch of the beef cattle industry. Hence, it is of great significance to study buffalo meat production and meat quality. However, the expression profiles of mRNA and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) molecules in muscle stem cells (MuSCs) development in buffalo have not been explored fully. We, therefore, performed mRNA and lncRNA expression profiling analysis during the proliferation and differentiation phases of MuSCs in buffalo. The results showed that there were 4,820 differentially expressed genes as well as 12,227 mRNAs and 1,352 lncRNAs. These genes were shown to be enriched in essential biological processes such as cell cycle, p53 signaling pathway, RNA transport and calcium signaling pathway. We also identified a number of functionally important genes, such as MCMC4, SERDINE1, ISLR, LOC102394806, and LOC102403551, and found that interference with MYLPF expression significantly inhibited the differentiation of MuSCs. In conclusion, our research revealed the characteristics of mRNA and lncRNA expression during the differentiation of buffalo MuSCs. This study can be used as an important reference for the study of RNA regulation during muscle development in buffalo.