Confused understanding of Bi syndrome and flaccidity disease often occurred in medical books before Eastern Han Dynasty. While the two diseases were not expounded respectively, until the formation of Huangdi Neijing. This paper sorts out the expositions of Bi syndrome and flaccidity disease in Huangdi Neijing to explore their differences in connotation, causes, pathological mechanism, classifications, symptoms, treatment and prognosis. The author thinks that Bi syndrome is different from flaccidity disease, and prolonged Bi syndrome may consequently lead to flaccidity disease. Therefore, the treatment of Bi syndrome and flaccidity disease should be based on proper differentiation. Bi syndrome and flaccidity disease can be manifested in different stages of a disease. Deficiency and heavy sensation indicate flaccidity, while excess and heavy sensation indicate Bi syndrome. In the treatment of Bi syndrome, apart from identifying its patterns, doctors should also pay attention to the tendency of Bi syndrome turning into flaccidity disease. Therefore, when the treatment of Bi syndrome fails to reach favorable effect, doctors should reconsider treating flaccidity disease instead to improve the efficacy.

历代注家关于《黄帝内经》"手少阴脉动者妊子"说有不同认识,通过分析认为,"手少阴脉"指手少阴心脉,其具体诊察部位在神门穴,"动甚"可释作脉搏搏动有力、滑利甚至是滑数,"妊子"即怀孕之义,故此说讲的是以手少阴心经神门穴脉象诊察妊娠的方法,而不是判断胎儿性别的方法;历代注家的得失表明,学习《内经》一定要具有历史的观念,尽量避免以今释古带来的误解.

利用俗字学相关知识,借助具体事例、详细分析,探讨了俗字学知识在研读《黄帝内经》中的重要价值.结果表明,在研读《黄帝内经》的过程中,俗字学知识的重要价值主要体现在有助于识文断字,考释语词含义;有助于弄清讹误因由,准确校勘文本;有助于沟通异文,澄清错误观念;有助于准确理解经义,指导临床实践4个方面.这提示从事内经学教研工作的学者,在解读、讲授《黄帝内经》时,一定要重视俗字学知识的运用.

"手"是人体四肢部位的核心概念,"手"相关术语是人体术语的重要组成部分.本研究在术语学视角下,检讨《黄帝内经》中与"手"相关的术语,选取"腕骨"等17个术语加以考辨.部分术语仍属于专业术语,保留在中医学专业词汇中,可归入"纯术语"中,如"锐骨""本节"等.部分则进入普通词汇,已经渗透到人们的生活中,逐渐和一般词汇相融合,成为"一般术语"或"准术语",如"鱼际""小指"等.研究肢体类术语可以丰富人体术语系统,为准确地描写和阐释中医术语提供借鉴,同时对大型辞书编纂和中医标准化系统建设提供用例补充.

在术语学视角下,查检《黄帝内经》中与下肢相关的术语,选取"髀骨"等28个术语加以考辨,其中包括单音节术语10个,双音节术语18个.按照由上至下的顺序,28个术语可分别归入"股(大腿)""膝""胫(小腿)""足(脚)"四大类.围绕中医学术语溯源这一核心,综合运用中医学、术语学、训诂学等理论,探讨《黄帝内经》中与肢体相关的术语的发展演变情况.部分下肢相关术语现在仍属于专业术语,保留在中医学专业词汇中,部分术语则已进入普通词汇,与一般词汇融合.

The classical curriculums of TCM (including Neijing, Nanjing, Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases, Synopsis of Golden Chamber, Science of Epidemic Febrile Disease of Traditional Chinese Medicine, etc.) are main and compulsory courses of traditional Chinese medicine major in higher education of TCM. It plays a significant role in the higher education system of TCM. In the teaching process, we deeply discover the essentiality and necessity of the cultivating professional ability in the teaching goal of the related major of Chinese medicine, thus consciously run through this main rote in every classical course. We have made great efforts to explore and gained some experience especially in the establishment of the assessment system.

借助训诂学、文字学等传统手段,结合异文语料、碑刻俗字等材料,尝试对《素问·四气调神大论》中“寒变”“白露”“独沉”“铸锥”四语词进行考辨与训释并最终得出如下结论:一是“变”有呕吐之义,故“寒变”犹言寒呕,指的是呕吐病证中以呕吐物清冷为主要表现者;二是“白露”是“甘露”之异形词,亦可写作“日露”,而今当以“甘露”为典正,其义为甘美的露水;三是“独沉”当从《太素》校作“浊沉”,而“沉”亦可作“黕”,其义则为滓垢、污浊、浊垢、污垢;四是“铸锥”之“锥”当系“兵”字之误,考其致误之迹,疑因“兵”俗体作“(兵)”“(兵)”“(兵)”诸形,传抄刊刻中,或受“铸”字影响,或思“兵”乃金铸,又妄增“金”旁,遂形近于“錐”,故终致此误.

目的:探讨在《内经》教学中借鉴出土古文献材料的必要性.方法:借助具体例证,揭示出土古文献材料在研读《内经》中的重要性及对《内经》教学借鉴出土古文献材料的必要性.结果:马王堆汉墓、张家山汉墓等出土古文献材料可以确证“炅”为“热”的异体字,提示“地苍”极可能是由“灺”致误而来,揭示了“肝生于左,肺藏于右,心布于表,肾治于里,脾为之使,胃为之市”是说肝、肺、心、肾、脾胃分别与东、西、南、北、中相通,蕴含着肝、肺、心、肾分别与春、秋、夏、冬相通而脾胃“治中央”“转味而入出”“通于土气”的深意,可为教师讲授《内经》提供参考.结论:出土古文献材料在研读《内经》时具有重要参考价值,教学中当借鉴出土古文献材料.

受学者研究出土古文献材料时每每征引《黄帝内经》的启发,结合马王堆汉墓、张家山汉墓、老官山汉墓等出土的古文献材料,借助具体而详实的事例,探讨出土古文献材料在研读《黄帝内经》中的重要价值.认为对于研读《黄帝内经》而言,出土古文献材料的重要价值主要体现在有助于异体字的识别、文本的校勘、语词的训释、理论的解读等4个方面,故从事内经教学者在研究、讲授《黄帝内经》时,理应积极借鉴出土古文献材料.

本文以传统的文字学、训诂学、校勘学等为主要手段,对《素问·脉要精微论》中“地苍”“衣被”“偻附”“易”4语词做了简要考察,提出一是“地苍”疑本作“灺”,其义是指火炬燃烧后剩余的灰烬,后“灺”误作“地”再误则成“地苍”;二是古时“被”有衣之义,“衣被”本是同义复词,义指衣服;三是“偻附”当作“偻俯”,义指曲身,而在本篇则指因膝部病变导致的下肢弯曲难以直立;四是“溢饮者,渴暴多饮,而易入肌皮肠胃之外也”句中的“易”字可视为“益”之省体,而此处当读为“溢”.

With the method of exegesis, the paper studied and gave new explanations of eight terms in the chapter of Discourse on how the generative qi communicates with Heaven from Suwen ( Plain Questions ) , including qisuo( its appropriateness,其所) , yuru yunshu ( like a hinge, 欲如运枢) , pianju ( half wet-ness,偏沮) , biju( closed, 闭拒) , shouju ( rest,收拒) , qili ( qi movement, 气立) , lufeng ( dew and wind,露风), and hanre([disease with] chill and fever, 寒热). qisuo(其所)should actually be qiyi ( its appropriateness,其宜) and it was written as qixing( its movement,其行) in Taisu( Grand Simplici-ty) because suo( place,所) and xing( movement,行) are similar in strokes and were confused in hand-written script. In the term of yuru yunshu (欲如运枢) , yu (欲) and ru (如) are synonyms meaning"like", while yunshu (运枢) should be written as lianshu (连枢) . This term means that patients who have externally contracted cold evil will suffer from inhibited movement as if their waist and thigh are hinged. Pianju(偏沮) means half-body wetting rather than hemilateral anhidrosis. Biju(闭拒or 闭距) is a synonym compound meaning closed. Shouju (收拒 or 收距) is also a synonym compound, which means stopwork and rest. Qili(气立) is the establishment of general qi, extended to mean the movement of qi. Lufeng(露风) indicates fog, dew and wind, referring to the external pathogen. Hanre(寒热) re-fers to a range of diseases with the main clinical manifestation of aversion to cold with fever, and not just the symptoms.

通过对古医家论治牙痛理论源流的简要回顾与分析,得出如下结论:(1)自殷商至明清时期,古医家不断思考牙痛的病因,探求牙痛的治疗,逐渐形成了较为明晰的论治思路,而在这一历史进程中,《内经》相关论述起到了至关重要的作用;(2)古医家论治牙痛思路值得今日中医药工作者借鉴者有:明辨龋齿之有无;脏腑辨证重肾胃,经脉辨证重阳明;六淫邪气重风、热,内生邪气重痰、瘀,而寒痛亦不可忽视.

《内经》课程是中医、中西医结合专业最重要的基础课程之一,在中医的高等教育体系中具有举足轻重的地位.在教学中,我们越来越认识到能力培养的必要性和重要性.如何在确保实现中医学专业目标、《内经》课程教学目标的基础上,在教学环节当中体现能力培养的要求,则需要在实践中不断探索经验.在前期教学改革研究的基础上,我们重点关注以能力测试为重点的《内经》课程考核体系改革,取得了一些经验和成果,希望能与同道进行分享和交流.

《黄帝内经》作为中医学的奠基之作,对其下力气研读学习十分重要,打下《内经》的基础从而了知中医思维,对各家之说、中医各科的研读和运用不可或缺.而相对于其十四余万字的篇幅以及简古奥雅的文理,当今中医院校所开“内经学”课程的学时略显不够,若要学好《内经》,则课外的学习必不可少.结合当今中医院校本科生的课程、学习及文化素养等情况,提出“由浅入深逐步学习”“文史哲学有所涉猎”“机械记忆不可舍弃”课外自学《内经》的方法并进行了较为细致的探讨,从而对学生自主学习《内经》提供帮助和参考.

目的:探讨将相关校勘、训诂研究成果融入内经教学的重要性与需要注意的问题.方法:将《内经讲义》中对《素问·上古天真论》《素问·四气调神大论》《素问·生气通天论》《素问·汤液醪醴论》《素问·至真要大论》等篇相关语词的校注内容与相关校诂成果加以对比,以示融入相关校诂成果在内经教学中的必要性.结果:内经教材对现有校勘、训诂成果的借鉴尚有不足,仍需进一步加强,融入相关校诂成果可以弥补教材的不足.结论:内经教师要加强学习,重视将相关校诂成果融入教学,以优化教学内容,提高教学质量.

传世本《黄帝内经》中《素问》与《灵枢》皆有“太阳为开、阳明为阖、少阳为枢”；“太阴为开，厥阴为阖，少阴为枢”的记载［1－2］。其文亦见于《针灸甲乙经·经脉根结》之中［3］，这就是学者常常提及的三阴三阳开阖枢之说。这几句话，不但有历代注释《素问》《灵枢》的学者加以发挥，且经常为治伤寒学者所征引。然正如学者所论，《黄帝内经》所谓“开”实是“关”之误字，故本文径以关阖枢为题。

目前存世的《医书汇参辑成》刊本实有嘉庆十二年丁卯(1807年)次知斋本、道光十九年己亥(1839年)崇让堂本、清文奎堂本(年代不详)3种.3种版本中,次知斋本为初刻本,崇让堂本、文奎堂本皆系据次知斋本重刻,三者实属同一个版本系统.其中,次知斋本、文奎堂本质量较好,而崇让堂本则文字错讹较多.其版本特征均为24卷,分12册(两册一卷)装订,半页九行,行二十七字,小字双行,长15.1 cm,宽11.2cm,白口,四周单边,上单鱼尾.内容以偏述为主,涉及中医基础理论、方剂、中药、内科、妇科、儿科、五官科等,范围广泛,内容丰富,分类编写,排列有序,浅显易懂,检索方便,实用性强.既体现了作者对经典理论的重视和传承,也多有个人结合临床实践所发的创见,流传颇广,对后学有所启发.

敲(跻)道人盼蟾子刘即刘名瑞,乃全真道教南无派第二十代宗师,是一位著名的近代高道,其人力主佛、儒、道三教贯通之学,兼通医术,有《敲(跻)洞章》《瀊熻易考》《道源精微歌》《元汇医镜》4书行世.其中《元汇医镜》一书少为学者所知,甚至连其弟子赵避尘也将此书误记为《医宗金鉴》.该书撰于光绪戊中年(1908),完成于宣统二年(1910).民国己巳年(1929)刊本是将初刻原板改换扉页重印而成.该书分为5卷,内容丰富,以医学为主兼涉相术,具有浓郁的道医色彩.

近年来,徐延祚撰辑的《铁如意轩医书四种》渐受重视,而与之不相称的是,学者对徐氏其人其书了解甚少,故草成此文,以供学界参考. 1 徐延祚其人 徐延祚,字龄臣,以字行,奉天锦县(今属辽宁省锦州市)人,学界多已知之. 1.1 徐氏生卒年代:关于徐氏生卒,曹瑛曾推定说“约出生于十九世纪三四十年代”,“离世的时间当在1897年之后”[1].今由1917年6月18日第516号政府公告《内务次长暂行代理部长张志潭呈大总统为京师警察厅医员徐延祚积劳病故拟请援例给恤文》中的内容确知,徐氏因感染疫气于民国六年(1917年)五月六日去世,若其生年果在十九世纪三十年代,则徐氏卒时至少已77岁.

This article is to give textual criticisms on the lifetime of CAI Zong-yu, a celebrated doctor in the Qing dynasty. Also, further discussion is stated in the paper, including relation between CAI and Liu Jing Shang Han Bian Zheng, teacher-student relationship between CHEN Xiu-yuan and CAI.