Floral scent is an important vehicle of communication between plants and their pollinators. In an obligate mutualism between fig and fig wasps, the chemical regulation plays a crucial role in their encounter. Pollinating wasps mainly rely on their olfactory sensation to the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by their host plants to localize their hosts.

高榕,雌雄同株,与其共生的形态高度相似的传粉小蜂Eupristina altissima与非传粉小蜂Eupristina sp.均为果内产卵。利用Y型嗅觉仪生物测定法研究E.altissima和Eupristina sp.对不同发育期高榕榕果挥发物以及合成信息素混合物的行为反应差异。结果表明:E.altissima和Eupristina sp.对高榕雌花期榕果挥发物具极显著趋向行为,对高榕雄花期榕果挥发物具极显著驱避行为,表明E.altissima与Eupristina sp.雌蜂能够敏锐辨别高榕雌花期和雄花期榕果的挥发物,快速远离雄花期榕果,并实现对宿主雌花期榕果的定位。但是,E.altissima与Eupristina sp.对其它发育时期榕果挥发物的行为反应具有差异性,前者对雌前期榕果和传粉或产卵后榕果释放的挥发物存在显著的趋避反应,而后者无明显的行为偏向性,表明E.altissima能够识别雌前期榕果和传粉或产卵后榕果,可避免误入其中而无法繁殖后代,Eupristina sp.则不具备这种识别能力。E.altissima和Eupristina sp.小蜂对合成信息素的行为反应也高度相似,表现为芳樟醇、苯乙烯,以及苯乙烯和金合欢醇的交互作用对两种小蜂选择行为影响显著,组合A 1 B 2 C 2 （0.5%Linalool+1%Benzyl ethylene+1%Farnesol）的混合信息素对两种小蜂具有极显著的驱避作用,而组合A 2 B 1 C 1 （1%Linalool+0.5%Benzyl ethylene+0.5%Farnesol）,A 2 B 1 C 2 （1%Linalool+0.5%Benzyl ethylene+1%Farnesol）,A2B2C1（1%Linalool+1%Benzyl ethylene+0.5%Farnesol）的混合信息素对其具有极显著的吸引作用,但两种小蜂对组合A 1 B 1 C 1 （0.5%Linalool+0.5%Benzyl ethylene+0.5%Farnesol）的行为反应存在差异。两种小蜂对榕果挥发物和合成信息素的反应异同,可能与其触角结构的差异密切相关。研究结果为探究榕-蜂共生体系的化学信号传导机制提供科学依据。

薜荔延腹榕小蜂是寄生于薜荔榕果内的非传粉小蜂,利用数码照相机记录了薜荔延腹榕小蜂产卵全过程,详细描述了其产卵行为.薜荔延腹榕小蜂产卵过程可分为搜索产卵位点、产卵针刺入榕果及产卵与收回产卵针三个阶段.薜荔延腹榕小蜂的产卵针远长于榕果果壁（花序托）厚度,产卵针沿榕果直径方向插入果托,但在果壁层的行进路线并不一定是笔直的.产卵针在榕果果腔内可横向行进.小蜂各足的发达程度与其在产卵过程中所起的作用相关,小蜂虫体各部位必须协调一致,配合有序才能完成产卵行为.薜荔延腹榕小蜂的复寄生繁殖特性,以及薜荔果托的特殊结构,可能是造成薜荔延腹榕小蜂产卵效率低下的主要原因.

选取福州地区90株菩提树为实验样本,对其进行传粉生物学研究.菩提树榕果的发育过程可划分为雌前期、雌花期、间花期、雄花期和花后期.菩提树榕果内雌花有长、短花柱之分,柱头相互粘连靠合形成柱头平台,利于小蜂授粉和产卵,雄花迟熟.首次在福州地区观察到菩提树传粉小蜂Platyscapa quadraticeps (Mayr),并对其进行了形态学描述,未发现非传粉小蜂.福州地区菩提树种子产出率为52.65％,高于同域分布的其他小果型雌雄同株榕树的种子产出率,这可能是无非传粉小蜂竞争雌花资源的缘故.传粉小蜂的性比为0.10±0.06,与其他雌雄同株的小果型榕树比较,其性比极度偏雌,可能是由于传粉小蜂建群时间短,蜂少果多,单果内繁殖母本数量少,局域配偶竞争强度高所致.

Ficus superba var. japonica is one type of deciduous and monoecious trees,however its reproductive behavior is very little known. In this study,we investigated the reproductive biology of F. superba var. japonica in Fuzhou and the results are shown in the following. (1) F. superba var. japonica plants bear multiple batches of fruits (0 -5 crops) annually,among which the 1 or 2 batches per year is the most case. The fig developmental patterns exhibited synchronous intra-tree,asynchronous or synchronous inter-tree. There was no overlap of different developmental stages in trees. The fig developmental period was obviously affected by seasons. In the autumn and winter ( from November to the next February) when the sunshine period is short and the temperature is lower related to the rest of year,the fig developmental cycle usually lasted for 2 to 5 months;while in the spring and summer ( from March to October) ,the plant grows faster,and the fig developmental cycle was completed in only 1 to 2 months. 2) F. superba var. japonica plants renewed their leaves 1 to 2 times each year. Both defoliation and leaf-renewing peaked in early spring and late summer. The new leaves always started to emerge within 1 or 2 weeks after defoliation. It seems that the fig development and the growth of new leaves would be associated with defoliation of old leaves. The carbohydrates for fig production are provided by leaves through the process of photosynthesis. 3 ) The foundress of F. superba var. japonica during the female flowering phase was usually occupied by only 1 -3 wasps. Therefore,the large quantity of small-sized figs had chances to host sufficient pollinating wasps to ensure their development. This circumstance can also avoid the adverse consequences such as the wasp death and the low spawning efficiency caused by too many pollinators in the limited fig space. It was found that the pollinators that enter syconia all had to some degrees disability. 4) In the female phase,the flower stalk (including gynophore) was shorter while its style ( including stigma) was longer,and vice versa. Therefore,the female flowers’stigma stayed in the same plane which conduced to fig wasps ’ pollination and spawning. The ovaries of female flowers were dispersedly distributed,forming two layers to maximally took the limited space of figs. The mean length of the pollinators’ovipositors was significantly longer than that of the style of female flowers (P <0. 001),indicating that the pollinators’ovipositors could reach almost all of the ovaries. In summary,our data provide the basic and useful information regarding the pollination biology of F. superba. var. japonica and for supporting city afforestation and conservation in tropical rain forests.

利用Y型嗅觉仪生物测定法分别测定了Wiebesia pumilae雌蜂对不同发育时期薜荔雌、雄榕果挥发物以及合成信息素的行为反应差异.结果表明:W.pumilae雌蜂对薜荔雌花期雌、雄果挥发物具极显著的趋向行为,对成熟期雌果和雄花期雄果挥发物具极显著的驱避行为,而对其他发育期的雌、雄果挥发物表现为无选择偏向性行为反应,表明不同发育阶段薜荔榕果所释放的挥发物成分和配比存在差异.W.pumilae雌蜂对薜荔相同发育期雌、雄果挥发物表现为无选择偏向性行为反应,表明雌、雄果释放的挥发物组分存在相似性.合成信息素芳樟醇、苯乙烯,以及二者的混合信息素对W.pumilae雌蜂的选择行为影响显著,表明芳樟醇、苯乙烯可能是榕果挥发物中的主成分;混合信息素A2B2C1和A2B2C2组合对W.pumilae雌蜂具极显著吸引作用,而A1B2C2组合对W.pumilae雌蜂具极显著驱避作用,表明混合信息素的交互作用明显,其交互作用既可能表现为增效作用,也可能表现为拮抗作用.

In order to study the wasp species of F.superpa Miq.var.japonica Miq.in Fuzhou,male-phase syconia from 27 fig trees in Fuzhou urban area were collected,observed and identified at regular intervals.About 48 990 specimens were collected from 802 syconia,consisting of 5 families,7 genera,7 species of fig wasps.Platyscapa ishiiana was the unique pollinator,whereas the others were non-pollinating fig wasps.The non-pollinators were classified into 3 families: Pteromalidae,Eurytomidae,Eulophidae and one subfamily Epichrysomallinae.In general,there were 1~3 wasp species in a single syconium,a maximum of 5.Pollinating fig wasps existed widely in the syconia in numbers by the dozens to hundreds of range,accounting for about 82.75%.Philotrypesis sp.,Acophila mikii,Otitesella ako have a higher proportion of the total,were 5.89%,5.61% and 3.17% respectively.Sycophila sp.,Sycobiomorpha sp.have a lower proportion of the total,were 1.94%,0.65% respective.These kinds of fig wasps were common species,can be collected almost all year round.Aprostocetus sp.were rarely found in syconia,since we collected only three samples throughout the year.Morphological characteristics of wasp in syconia of F.superpa Miq.var.japonica Miq.in Fuzhou were described,and the classification key of fig wasp species was prepared.

The 22 morphological characteristics of 30 species of common Ficus plants in Fujian Province were analyzed by clustering in this study. Results showed that: the average Euclid distance among different Ficus species is 5. 336 8. Euclid distance between Ficus sarmentosa var. impressa and Ficus sarmentosa var. lacrymans is 1. 715 5,which is the closest one,the farthest Euclid distance is between Ficus callosa and Ficus auriculata,which is 9. 770 7. At the Euclid distance of7. 575 1,30 Ficus species in Fujian Province were clustered into 6 groups: GroupⅠ include 6 Ficus species. Group Ⅱ include 16 species. Both of Group Ⅲ and Group Ⅴ include 3 species,while there is only 1 species in Group Ⅳ and Group Ⅵ. The results can provide useful information for the classification of Ficus plants in Fujian Province.

在福州地区选取85株细叶榕,对其传粉生物学进行研究。细叶榕榕果发育过程可划分为5个时期:雌前期、雌花期、间花期、雄花期和花后期。细叶榕雌花有长花柱、短花柱之分,柱头较长且弯曲,每个柱头独立,没有形成有利于小蜂传粉和产卵的联合柱头平台,雄花迟熟。细叶榕常年挂果,每年的4—8月为花序芽萌发高峰期,单株每年结果1～4次。细叶榕榕果从雌前期到花后期的发育时间长短与水热条件密切相关,在较为干冷的10月至翌年3月,细叶榕榕果发育较慢,一个发育周期通常需要3～6个月;在较为湿热的4—9月,榕果发育明显变快,一个发育周期仅需1～2个月。榕果的发育呈现株间、株内异步,花序发育周期交叠的现象频繁发生。细叶榕雌花期单果进蜂数量以1～2只占绝对优势,使个体小、数量多的榕果能够获得有效进蜂,既保证了传粉小蜂在榕果狭小空间内的有效传粉,也保证了榕树自身的正常结实,是榕-蜂协同进化的结果。福州细叶榕榕果内有17种小蜂,隶属于小蜂总科中的6个科（亚科）,其中榕小蜂科的Eupristinaverticillata是细叶榕唯一的传粉者,在榕小蜂群落结构中占绝对优势。细叶榕种子产出率明显较低,仅为13.64%,可能是其柱头未形成联合柱头平台,以及非传粉小蜂种类和数量较多的缘故。细叶榕可能通过增加年花期数（结果批次）来增加种子的产出,以确保自身的繁衍。本研究结果为城市绿化和热带雨林生物多样性保护提供科学依据。

Ficus virens Ait.var.sublanceolata(Miq.) Corner is a monoecious tree widely cultivated for ornamental purpose in Fuzhou.In order to study the wasp species of F.virens Ait.var.sublanceolata in Fuzhou,Fujian,male-phase syconia from two different sites were observed,collected and identified at regular intervals.A total of 33,641 fig wasps were collected from 546 syconia in different seasons.Eleven fig wasp species were found,which belong to Agaonidae,Epichrysomallinae,Otitesellinae,Sycoryctinae,Eurytomidae,Ormyridae and Eulophidae of Chalcidoidea,respectively.Among them,only Platyscapa coronata of Agaonidae served as a pollinating agent through active pollination.Male polymorphism was common in the non-pollinating fig wasps.The wasp community composition and structure differed greatly across seasons.In winter and spring(from December to May of next year),there were more species and higher numbers of fig wasps inside syconia,among which pollinating fig wasps were the dominant species.In summer and autumn(from June to November),there were fewer species and lower numbers of fig wasps inside syconia,among which Camarothorax bimasculinus and Sycophila sp.1 were dominant species.The species of Camarothorax,Sycophila,Otitesella,Sycoscapter were common,while the species of Ormyrus and Aprostocetus were rarely found in syconia.The identification key of fig wasp species of F.virens Ait.var.sublanceolata in Fuzhou were developed.This experiment provided a scientific basis for wasps classification,as well as for studies on co-evolution of fig-fig wasps and the impact of non-pollinating fig wasp to fig-fig wasps symbiotic system.

In this paper,the impacts on flavonoids content and flavonoid extract rate of Ficus awkeotsang Makino were studied.The result showed that the flavonoids extract rate was significant effected by different driving temperetuers.The flavonoids content differed greatly in different parts of F.awkeotsang.The flavonoids average content of young leaves was highest at 7.80%.The flavonoids content of F.awkeotsang leaves was affected significantly by light conditions and sampling time.The flavonoids content of leaves of female trees was higher than that of male trees.

The effects of different storage conditions on longevity of W.pumilae were investigated in laboratory experiments.Results showed that the best conditions to delay longevity of W.pumilae were:proper 2% honey water,darkness,temperature of 10 ℃ and relative humidity of 95%.Under the same condition,W.pumilae survived longest for 15 days.Relative humidity and temperature had extremely significant effects on the survival longevity of W.pumilae,and food(2% honey water) and light had significant effects on the longevity of W.pumilae.The sequence of effect on the longevity of W.pumilae was relative humiditytemperaturefoodlight.Between relative humidity and temperature,as well as light and temperature all didn't showed a significant interaction effects.

Jelly fig(Ficus awkeotsang Makino) is dioecious, and its sex and cultivars are difficult to be distinguished from their morphological characteristics of the branches and leaves without fruit. In this context sequence-related amplified polymorphism(SRAP) was then used for identification of plant sex and cultivars. An efficient PCR reaction system was developed for detecting the SRAP and it was very reliable, effective and reproducible. Of 153 pairs of SRAP primers only me5-em14 primer was successful to amplify a specific band of 220 bp from a female plant, named FA me5-em14-220. This marker was not associated with male plant and can be used as SRAP marker for sex identification of F. awkeotsang. Eight pairs of primers with high polymorphism and quality were selected from 153 pairs of primers, and 171 polymorphic bands were amplified from the DNA samples of 24 female and 16 male cultivars of F. awkeotsang. Specific fingerprints of each cultivar of F. awkeotsang had been obtained. Twenty four female cultivars of F. awkeotsang were effectively identified by using any combination of em6-me6 with me3-em2, me1-em8 or me1-em9, or combination of me3-em2 with me9-em14; 16 male cultivars of F. awkeotsang were identified with a single pair of primers me1-em8, or combinations of me1-em9 with me3-em2 or me6-em6.Two SRAP markers, me1-em8-350 bp and me1-em8-240 bp, related to male cultivars were obtained. The fragment me1-em8-350 bp is unique to cultivar Dayang 57, and the fragment me1-em8-240 bp to Dayang 241. DNA fingerprinting data of F. awkeotsang cultivars are important basis for validation, patent protection and utilization of varieties or clones. This study provides important theoretical guidance and practical value for identification of genetic diversity, evaluation of varieties or clones and quality control of planting materials.

According to the agricultural industry standard NY147-88 Determination method of rice quality,the paper determined the milling quality,appearance quality,cooking quality and nutrition quality of 14 indica rice varieties in Fujian province,and established a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model for analyzing their grain quality characteristics.The results showed that A.B.T.6 had the best grain quality,followed by Iari-10697,Guangnong 1,ABC10313 and Fuzaoxian,and the others had poor grain quality.

Studied on the main nutrition composition of the achenia of female Ficus awkeotsang W13 in Fujian Province.The main results show that the pulp of Ficus awkeotsang contain pectin 36.29%,dietary fibre 42.35%, total sugar 23.82% ,protein 3.74%,total flavonoids 3.14%,and crude fat 2.72%.Contents of mineral elements and vitamins are rich in the achenia.It is an ideal material for the rational exploitation and development of Ficus awkeotsang into a health food. Compared with pectin contents in achenia among 24 different female strains,the main results show that pectin content of Dayang T84 was the highest,the differences were extremely significant.The strains that pectin content significantly higher were achenia of W13,Xin25,Hong 9,Qiyuan F1.

This paper explored an improved CTAB method to extract high-quality genomic DNA from the leaves of Ficus awkeotsang Makino,which was the application of β-SH(mercapto) ethanol and PVP,and increasing the concentration of CTAB up to 3%,and substituting chloroform-isoamylol for phenol.The research results showed that this modified method can effectively eliminate impurity and prevent DNA samples from turning brown.High-quality and high-yield genomic DNA with OD260nm/OD280nm approximate 1.8 was obtained,and it was fully suitable for SRAP analysis and restriction enzyme digestion.

研究了Scilla peruviana的核型,其核型的公式为K(2n)=16=4m(2SAT)+4sm+8t,第8对染色体具随体,属极不对称的“3C”核型,并利用低温处理法对Scilla peruviana的根进行处理,发现其第一、二、五、六对染色体上存在低温感受性部位(CSRs)。

A method of extraction and assay for the pectinesterase were investigated and proposed as follows: the best concentration of NaCl in extracting mixtrure is 5%,the best extracting temperature is 30℃,the best extracting time is 24 hours,the best conservating time is 24 hours,the best concentration of NaCl in mixture is 0.6% to 1.0%,and maintain the pH on 7.0.Between 30-50℃,the pectinesterase in achenes of Ficus awkeotsang has a good thermal stability.

Objective To detect the mutations of presenilin-1(PS-1) gene of thirteen Chinese patients with sporadic Alzheimer's disease(SAD).Methods Genomic DNA were isolated from the peripheral blood of the patients with SAD or VD by an initial diagnosis.The exon3 of their PS-1 gene was analysed by using polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and sequencing technique.Results One absence mutation was found on exon3 of PS-1 in one patient,and in which one base(C) was absent.Conclusion It suggests that mutations in exon3 of PS-1 gene exist in patients with SAD.