The short-term composting based on corncob for preparing Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation medium originated from agricultural production practices and so lacked systematic investigation. In this study, the influences of a Dafen (15 mm, DFT) and Xiaofen (5 mm, XFT) initial particle size (IPS) of corncob on the microbial succession and compost quality were examined. Results demonstrated that XFT compost was better suited for mushroom cultivation due to its high biological efficiency of 70 % and the absence of contamination. The composting microbes differed significantly between the DFT and XFT composts. During composting, the genera of Bacillus, Acinetobacter, Lactobacillus, Streptomyces, and Paenibacillus were majorly found in the DFT compost, while Acinetobacter, Lactobacillus, Puccinia, Bacteroides, and Bacillus genera dominated the XFT compost. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that throughout the thermophilic phase, XFT compost had much greater relative abundances of sequences relevant to energy, carbohydrate, and amino acid metabolism than DFT compost. Analysis of network correlations and Mantel tests indicated that IPS reduction could increase microbial interactions. Overall, adjusting the IPS of corncob to 5 mm increased microbial interactions, improved compost quality, and thereby boosted the P. ostreatus yield. These findings will be pertinent in optimizing the composting process of cultivation medium for P. ostreatus.

In this study, the volatile profile and taste properties of Flammulina velutipes root dried at room temperature, 40, 50 or 60 ℃ were analyzed by using an electronic nose (E-nose), an electronic tongue (E-tongue), and headspace solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). Results indicated that the drying temperature markedly affected the contents of free amino acids, soluble proteins, crude polysaccharides and 5’-nucleotides, and the overall quality of F. velutipes root dried at 50 ℃ was best. Significant differences among all dried samples were observed. Principal component analysis (PCA) combined with the E-nose and E-tongue radar charts as well as the GC-MS fingerprint could clearly discriminate all dried samples. The results obtained from hierarchical cluster analysis (the Euclidean distance was 6.5) were in agreement with those of PCA. These findings may provide theoretical support for the dehydration of edible mushrooms and other similar thermo-sensitive agricultural products.

The goal of this study was to examine the ability of white-rot fungus Lentinula edodes to degrade sawdust substrate by producing extracellular lignocellulolytic enzymes during its production. The highest activities of laccase (4.32 U mg−1 protein), filter paper cellulase (7.42 U mg−1 protein), and xylanase (4.58 U mg−1 protein) in sawdust substrate were observed at T5 (end-browning stage), while lignin peroxidase, lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase, and β-glucosidase reached their maximal activities of 19.52 U mg−1 protein, 7.56 U mg−1 protein, and 83.24 U mg−1 protein at T4 (end-spawn running stage), T3 (mid-spawn running stage), and T2 (mycelial colonization stage), respectively. The total loss of hemicelluloses, cellulose and lignin was 79.87

为了确定新鲜香菇子实体的最佳采收期,对不同成熟度香菇子实体中的鲜味物质(氨基酸和5'-核苷酸)进行了检测,并采用主成分分析和层次聚类分析的方法对数据进行了统计分析.结果表明,成熟度对新鲜香菇子实体中的氨基酸和5'-核苷酸有显著影响,不同成熟度香菇样本间存在显著差异.主成分分析(PCA)结合氨基酸和5'-核苷酸数据能够对不同成熟度的香菇样本进行清晰的区分,聚类分析(欧氏距离为4.0)得到的结果与主成分分析结果一致.新鲜香菇子实体氨基酸和5'-核苷酸质量分数、等效鲜味浓度(EUC)、感官评价和综合评价得分在菇蕾(T1)时期达到峰值,常规采摘期即六成熟(T4)和八成熟(T5)时期居中.在本实验条件下,综合考虑,保证香菇的外观形态、经济效益、EUC值、感官评价和综合评价得分均在较高水平的最佳采收时间为T4时期.本研究可为高品质香菇及其他类似农产品最佳采收期的确定提供参考.

为了解糙皮侧耳风味与能量的关系,对不同成熟度糙皮侧耳子实体风味、能量以及能量代谢相关酶活性进行研究.结果表明,在不同成熟度的糙皮侧耳中,等效鲜味浓度(equivalent umami concentration,EUC)、总挥发性物质、能荷、腺苷三磷酸酶(adenosine triphosphatase,ATPase)、细胞色素c氧化酶(cytochrome c oxidase,CCO)和琥珀酸脱氢酶(succinic dehydrogenase,SDH)活性具有显著差异.T4时期采收的糙皮侧耳子实体中的挥发性物质含量(八碳化合物)、能荷水平以及ATPase、SDH和CCO活性最高,而T3时期的EUC最高.此外,CCO活性与EUC和八碳化合物含量呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05),表明该酶对糙皮侧耳风味起着关键作用.综上,糙皮侧耳的独特风味与其能量状态密切相关.

为解析平菇发酵培养料制备过程中黄曲霉毒素降解的变化规律,采用非靶向代谢组学技术和宏基因组学技术,对平菇发酵培养料制备过程中 5 个时期黄曲霉毒素含量及相关微生物基因丰度进行关联分析.结果表明,发酵初期(T1)培养料含有AFM1、AFG2 两种黄曲霉毒素,升温阶段(T2)其含量均升至最高;第 2 次至第 4 次翻堆(T3 至T5)时期未检测到黄曲霉毒素.相关性分析表明,两种黄曲霉毒素含量与曲霉属的相对丰度呈显著正相关.类芽胞杆菌属(Paenibacillus)和藤黄单胞菌属(Luteimonas)在发酵过程中是优势属,且具有降解黄曲霉毒素的能力;发酵过程中黄曲霉毒素含量变化与该 2 个属的相对丰度呈极显著负相关,推测该 2 个属可能在平菇培养料发酵过程中降解了黄曲霉毒素.

为科学评价不同香菇品种的营养特征与口感风味,以河南省常规栽培的14个香菇品种为研究对象,采用氨基酸自动分析仪测定其游离氨基酸,并系统比较了 14个香菇品种的游离氨基酸组分比例及呈味特征.结果表明,14个香菇品种中游离氨基酸含量丰富,多数含17种氨基酸,总含量为10.91～20.57 mg/g,不同品种间差异较大.14个香菇品种中必需氨基酸/(必需氨基酸+非必需氨基酸)均接近40％,必需氨基酸/非必需氨基酸接近或大于60％,是理想的蛋白质来源.呈味氨基酸中,豫香1号甜味、苦味及芳香族氨基酸含量均最高.谷氨酸对香菇风味的影响最大,其味道强度值(TAV)在9.29～20.06.主成分和聚类分析结果一致,14个香菇品种被显著分为4类(欧氏距离=2.5),其中,豫香1号综合品质最好,为第1类;农香1号、南山1号和香1024综合品质次之,聚成第2类;香25、香LS、香28、雨花3号、L18、香808、香9608、香931、韩香1号聚成第3类;农香3号综合品质最差,为第4类.该结果较好地反映出香菇不同种质间的差异性.

对糙皮侧耳生长期间菌丝胞外酶的活性以及培养料中木质纤维素含量、单糖组成和分子量的变化进行了研究.结果表明:在糙皮侧耳生长过程中,培养料中的木质素、半纤维素和纤维素含量和分子量显著下降;漆酶和锰过氧化物酶的活性呈先增加后降低的趋势,峰值(分别为3.38和1.62 U/mL)出现在发菌末期;木聚糖酶和羧甲基纤维素酶的活性随糙皮侧耳生长而不断增加,在子实体采收期达到峰值(分别为4.17和3.37 U/mL);纤维素中的单糖主要是Glu,半纤维素中的单糖主要是Xyl和Ara,木质素中的单糖主要是Glu和Xyl.采用扫描和透射电子显微镜对培养料的超微结构进行观察,发现随着糙皮侧耳的生长,培养料中的玉米芯变得结构疏松、无规则,其细胞壁中的木质纤维素被降解利用.

应用核糖体基因转录间隔区域(Internal Transcribed Spacer,ITS)序列及拮抗法对河南食用菌主产区香菇栽培菌株进行鉴定,并分析遗传多样性.以收集的41个香菇栽培菌株为样本,两两之间进行拮抗测试分析,提取DNA并进行PCR扩增、回收、测序,采用比对邻接法(neighbor-joinging,NJ)构建系统进化树.结果表明,16个差异菌株拮抗现象明显,其余菌株无拮抗或者拮抗不显著,41个香菇菌株初步分为16个不同菌株及7个不同亚种;ITS序列比对及系统发育分析将41个香菇品种聚为独立进化的4个大类,即3个不同的菌株和8个不同的亚种,种内遗传距离为0.0000～0.0065,与Pleurotus ostreatus(KY962509)种间遗传距离为0.3740.综上所述,"ITS+拮抗法"结合可以明确区分菌株间拮抗、无拮抗及拮抗不明显现象基因序列的相似度、遗传距离的差异及亲缘关系的远近,为香菇品种的鉴定提供理论支撑.

为了确定平菇新鲜子实体的最佳采收期,对不同成熟度平菇子实体中的风味物质进行了检测,并采用主成分分析和层次聚类分析方法对数据进行统计分析.结果表明,成熟度对平菇新鲜子实体中的游离氨基酸、5'-核苷酸和挥发性物质有显著影响,不同成熟度平菇样本间存在显著差异.主成分分析(PCA)能够对不同成熟度的平菇样本进行清晰的区分,聚类分析(欧氏距离为2.5)与主成分分析结果一致.平菇新鲜子实体游离氨基酸(34.31 g·kg-1)、醛类(13.30％)和烃类(0.48％)总量以及综合评价得分(3.78)在T2时期最高,5'-核苷酸总量(1.64 g·kg-1)、等效鲜味浓度值(108.75 g MSG·100 g-1鲜质量)和其他类挥发性物质(4.98％)在T3时期达到峰值.在本试验条件下,综合考虑,保证平菇的外观形态、经济效益、风味质量和综合评价得分均在较高水平的最佳采收时间为T3时期.

Cultivating oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus), a typical primary decomposer of lignocellulose, on a short composting substrate is a novel procedure which possesses energy conserves, reduced the chance of infection by competitive species, shorter production duration and achieved high production efficiency. However, the microbiome and microbial metabolic functions in the composting substrate during the mushroom cropping is unknown. In the present study, the contents of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin and the activities of protease, laccase and cellulase were evaluated in the corncob short composting substrate from before oyster mushroom spawning to first flush fructification; meanwhile the changes in the microbiome and microbial metabolic functions were surveyed by using metagenomic sequencing. Results showed that the hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin in the short composting substrate were decomposed of 42.76, 34.01, and 30.18%, respectively, during the oyster mushroom cropping process. In addition, the contents of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin in the composting substrate were reduced rapidly and negatively correlated with the abundance of the Actinobacteria phylum. The activities of protease, laccase and cellulase fastly increased in the period of before oyster mushroom spawning to full colonization and were positively correlated to the abundance of Actinobacteria phylum. The total abundance of bacteria domain gradually decreased by only approximately 15%, while the abundance of Actinobacteria phylum increased by 68% and was positively correlated with that of oyster mushroom. The abundance of oyster mushroom increased by 50 times from spawning to first flush fructification. The dominant genera, all in the order of Actinomycetales, were Cellulosimicrobium, Mycobacterium, Streptomyces and Saccharomonospora. The total abundance of genes with functions annotated in the Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins (COG) for Bacteria and Archaea and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database for all three life domains was positively correlated.The three metabolic pathways for carbohydrates, amino acids and energy were the primary enrichment pathways in KEGG pathway, accounting for more than 30% of all pathways, during the mushroom cropping in which the glycine metabolic pathway, carbon fixation pathways in prokaryotes and methane metabolism were all dominated by bacteria. The genes of cellulolytic enzymes, hemicellulolytic enzymes, laccase, chitinolytic enzymes, peptidoglycanlytic enzymes and ammonia assimilation enzymes with abundances from 0.28 to 0.24%, 0.05 to 0.02%, 0.02 to 0.01%, 0.14 to 0.08%, 0.39 to 0.16%, and 0.13 to 0.12% during the mushroom cropping identified in the Evolutionary Genealogy of Genes: Non-supervised Orthologous Groups (eggNOG) database for all three life domains were all aligned to COG database. These results indicated that bacteria, especially Actinomycetales, were the main metabolism participants in the short composting substrate during the oyster mushroom cropping. The relationship between oyster mushrooms and bacteria was cooperative, Actinomycetales were oyster mushroom growth promoting bacteria (OMGPB).

以平菇P99和NY-2为亲本,通过单孢杂交选育出适合工厂化栽培的平菇菌株黑平16-1.该菌株子实体叠生,菌盖蓝黑色,短柄,肉厚,韧性强,现蕾集中,出菇温度5℃～28℃,适宜出菇温度10℃～15℃;工厂化瓶栽,单瓶产量达到185 g,一茬菇平均生物学效率为74％,显著高于对照菌株(CK1、CK2、CK3)及亲本菌株(P99)10％、13.3％、10％、11.6％;单瓶最重220 g,生物学效率为88％.每100克干菇总氨基酸含量17.12 g,蛋白质含量25 g,粗脂肪含量1.6 g,粗纤维7.72 g;蛋白质含量高于3个对照菌株(CK1、CK2、CK3)1.3％、3.4％、2.7％,2017年通过河南省农作物品种鉴定.

为了对收集的河南省野生食药用菌资源开展分类鉴定,应用ITS(Internal transcribed spacer)序列分析方法对收集于不同地区的51株野生食用菌菌株进行鉴定,基于NJ(Neighbour-Joining)法构建rDNA ITS1、ITS4序列的分子进化系统树,同时对相同属间各菌株ITS序列进行比对分析.NCBI数据库比对结果表明,51个菌株的核酸序列相似性在92.9％～100％,隶属于2个亚纲5目14科14属28种;遗传进化树分为3个分支,侧耳属(Pleurotus)的盖囊侧耳(Pleurotus cystidiosus)单独聚为一支,肺形侧耳(Pleurotus pulmonarius)、哥伦比亚侧耳(Pleurotus columbines)、糙皮侧耳(Pleurotus ostreatus)和美味侧耳(Pleurotus sapidus)聚为第二支,丝膜菌属(Cortinarius)、马勃属(Lycoperdon)、口蘑属(Tricholoma)、乳牛肝菌属(Suillus)、灵芝属(Ganoderma)、乳菇属(Lac-tarius)等聚为第三支,种间各自聚为小支,表现出良好的单系性;侧耳属的25个菌株为6个差异菌株,丝膜菌属、马勃属、口蘑属、乳牛肝菌属、灵芝属、乳菇属等的18株菌株为14个差异菌株.本研究为深入了解河南省野生资源分布奠定基础.

试验比较了 9个配方工厂化瓶栽黑平16-1效果,为工厂化瓶栽黑平16-1培养料配方选择提供参考.结果:配方9菌丝生长最快,满瓶时间最短,为22 d;供试配方对原基形成时间没有显著影响,对采收时间有显著影响,配方6、配方7、配方8、配方9采收时间为5 d,比配方1、配方2、配方3、配方4、配方5晚2d;配方3、配方7、配方8、配方9第1潮菇生物学效率较高,均超过60％.结论:配方9比较适合作为工厂化瓶栽平菇培养料配方.

采用氢氧化钠抽提法对平菇中的黑色素进行提取.以黑色素得率为指标,采用Box-Behnken试验设计及响应面法优化平菇黑色素的提取条件,并对平菇黑色素的溶解性、稳定性、抗氧化活性等理化性质进行检测.结果表明,平菇黑色素的最佳提取条件为:料水比1:40,提取温度60℃,NaOH浓度为0.60 mol·L-1,超声功率280 W,超声时间40 min,在此条件下检测黑色素得率为2.19％,与预测值基本相符.平菇黑色素是碱溶性物质,具有一定的热稳定性和光稳定性.平菇黑色素具有较高的抗氧化性,当浓度为0.5 mg·mL-1时,平菇黑色素对DPPH自由基和ABTS自由基的清除率分别为70.23％和40.24％.试验结果为平菇黑色素的高效生产及应用于保健食品及食品添加剂等的开发提供了理论基础.

研究冷刺激温度、时间对白灵菇菌株'白灵18'子实体形成的影响.结果 表明,冷刺激可使白灵菇子实体较快形成,冷刺激温度控制在-1～2℃,时间控制在2～3天较为适宜.

以15个平菇菌株为材料,采用工厂化瓶栽方式,比较不同菌株的生产特性.结果表明:菌丝生长速度以菌株‘黑抗650’和‘P03’较快,接种后19天满瓶比率高,达100％;入出菇室5天现蕾比率以黑抗‘650’和‘P02’较高,分别为68.75％和70.83％;第一潮菇生物学效率以菌株‘4514’和‘黑平8号-2’较高,分别为54.29％和50.22％.鉴于参试菌株第一潮菇生物学效率均不到60％,认为作为工厂化瓶栽菌株使用均不理想.

以黑平8号平菇菌株为材料,采用工厂化瓶栽生产方法,设置不同出菇温度,通过测定原基形成时间、密集度、色泽,子实体颜色、朵形和菌盖光亮度,采收时间、产量和生物学效率等指标,比较不同出菇温度对平菇生长发育的影响.结果:出菇温度越低,原基形成时间越长、颜色越深,子实体朵形越紧凑.随着出菇温度的升高,菌盖光亮度变差,子实体采收时间变短,产量和生物学效率下降;最终确定以16℃为黑平8号在工厂化瓶栽条件下的适宜出菇温度.

2019年对河南省23个平菇品种的12个生物经济学指标进行观察检测,并运用模糊数学和聚类分析评价不同平菇品种的综合品质.结果表明,不同品种间菌丝抗逆性和子实体外在品质相关指标的变异系数较大,而产量和内在品质相关指标的变异系数较小.模糊数学评价与聚类分析结果较为一致:品质优良的黑平17-1、灰美2号、新831、农平4号、黑抗650、黑丰、天达300聚为Ⅰ类,品质中等的变异夏福、Y9H15、早秋4508、农友3号、Y6P3、黑平16-1、平杂A、5506、灰平1号聚为Ⅱ类,品质差的农平1号、江都71、雪美、小白平、耐热王、苏引6号、中蔬10号聚为Ⅲ类.模糊数学评价方法结合聚类分析可给予平菇综合品质较全面、客观的评价.

为了解玉米芯粒径对平菇栽培用发酵料中代谢物的影响,采用代谢组学技术分析添加不同粒径玉米芯的发酵料中微生物代谢物及其代谢通路.结果表明,添加小粒径玉米芯(D50=0.5 cm)和大粒径玉米芯(D50=1.5 cm)的发酵料中微生物代谢物差异显著.在正离子(POS)和负离子(NEG)模式下分别筛选得到464种和201种差异代谢物,包括芳香族化合物、氨基酸、糖及醇类、脂质、生物碱等.差异代谢物分别富集到90条(POS模式)和94条(NEG模式)代谢通路,差异显著的有2条,分别为源自鸟氨酸、赖氨酸、烟酸生物合成生物碱和组氨酸代谢.说明不同粒径玉米芯发酵料中微生物代谢物具有显著差异,为发酵料栽培平菇原料选择提供了理论依据.