Biological lignin valorization has emerged as a major solution for sustainable and cost-effective biorefineries. However, current biorefineries yield lignin with inadequate fractionation for bioconversion, yet substantial changes of these biorefinery designs to focus on lignin could jeopardize carbohydrate efficiency and increase capital costs. We resolve the dilemma by designing 'plug-in processes of lignin' with the integration of leading pretreatment technologies. Substantial improvement of lignin bioconversion and synergistic enhancement of carbohydrate processing are achieved by solubilizing lignin via lowering molecular weight and increasing hydrophilic groups, addressing the dilemma of lignin- or carbohydrate-first scenarios. The plug-in processes of lignin could enable minimum polyhydroxyalkanoate selling price at as low as $6.18/kg. The results highlight the potential to achieve commercial production of polyhydroxyalkanoates as a co-product of cellulosic ethanol. Here, we show that the plug-in processes of lignin could transform biorefinery design toward sustainability by promoting carbon efficiency and optimizing the total capital cost.

目的 以医学实验室血清球蛋白为例,研究如何用top-down法评定测量不确定度,为临床决策提供一定依据.方法 应用top-down法评定不确定度,先评定出有证参考物质(CRM)总蛋白(TP)和白蛋白(Alb)的不确定度,再把这两项的不确定度合成,即为球蛋白(Glb)不确定度.结果 浓度为70.10 g/L的TP、37.2 g/L的Alb的相对合成不确定度分别为1.77％、1.83％.Glb相对合成不确定度为2.55％,相对扩展不确定度为5.10％(k=2).结论 用top-down法评定Glb不确定度具有可行性,其可判断患者两次测量结果是否具有统计学差异,对患者的临床诊断和治疗具有潜在指导作用.

OBJECTIVE To explore the value of rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibody, C-reactive protein (CRP), and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS Using rate nephelometry, chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay (CMIA), and Westergren sedimentation rate testing, we detected RF, anti-CCP antibody, CRP, and ESR in 134 patients with RA and 50 healthy control individuals. RESULTS We observed significant differences in RF, anti-CCP antibody, CRP, and ESR concentrations between the RA and control groups (P <.01). The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy in the diagnosis of RA were 91.0%, 74.4%, and 87.0%, respectively, for RF; 88.0%, 90.4%, and 88.1%, respectively, for anti-CCP antibody; and 90.2%, 83.3%, and 89.5%, respectively, for the detection of RA via the combination of RF and anti-CCP antibody. CONCLUSION Anti-CCP is more specific than the other parameters we reviewed for the diagnosis of RA. Combined detection of the 4 parameters is beneficial when confirming a diagnosis of RA.

Objective:To investigate the features of common viruses in acute lower respiratory infection(ALRI) among hospitalized children in Nantong during 2014. Methods:Swab samples were collected from 752 hospitalized children with ALRI. Seven common respiratory viruses, including influenza virus A and B (IVA A, IVA B), parainfluenza virus (PIVⅠ, PIVⅡ and PIVⅢ), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and adenovirus (ADV) were detected with direct immunofluorescence assay, and to make epidemiological analysis by detailed clinical data. Results:In 752 cases respiratory tract samples, there were 317 cases of positive samples (42.1%). Of these, the proportion of RSV (58.7%) was the highest, followed by PIV Ⅲ(18.9%). The positive rate of virus was different with age. The positive rate of tested viruses among the 0~6 months old in-fants (53.33%) and 6 months~1 year old infants (51.09%) were the highest. The positive rate of virus was different with season. The positive rate in Jan (53.63%), Mar (58.75%) and Dec (53.35%) were higher than other months. The positive rate in Jun (32.39%) is the lowest. The positive rate of virus was different with disease of acute lower respiratory infection. Among these, the positive rate of virus in bronchiolitis (62.50%) was highest, followed by asthmatic bronchitis (49.54%), bronchial asthma concurrent infection (45.94%), pneumonia (36.12%). The positive rate in bronchitis with no gasp (31.21%) was lowest. RSV was the major viral pathogen in each group of diseases. Conclusions:RSV is the predominant viral pathogen associated with ALRI in the hospitalized children in Nantong. 0~1 year old infants are the main infected popula-tion. The prevalence of these viruses exhibits the season-dependence and disease-dependence.

目的:探讨结直肠癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)患者外周血中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio,NLR)以及血小板与淋巴细胞比值(platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio,PLR)检测的临床应用价值.方法:运用XE-2100血细胞分析仪检测62例CRC患者外周血细胞参数,分别计算NLR和PLR,并以20例肠良性病变患者以及33例健康体检者作为对照进行比较分析.结果:(1)CRC组的NLR(4.36±1.28)及PLR(184.2±23.40)显著高于良性病变组和对照组(F=67.49、50.10,P＜0.01).(2)NLR的受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC曲线)下面积(area under the curve,AUC)为0.826,95％可信区间(confidence interval,CI)为0.753～0.885;灵敏度为70.6％,特异性为82.2％.PLR的ROC AUC为0.745,95％ CI为0.664～0.814;灵敏度为67.6％,特异性为74.0％.(3)NLR与CRC患者肿瘤大小以及TNM分期有关(P＜0.05);而与其他病理参数无关(P＞0.05).PLR仅与CRC患者TNM分期有关(P＜0.05);而与其他病理参数无关(P＞0.05).(4)动态检测CRC患者手术治疗前后NLR与PLR水平,二者均呈时间依赖性下降,治疗后与治疗前相比差异有统计学意义(F=19.82、9.78,P＜0.01).结论:CRC患者NLR及PLR明显增加,且二者与病情严重程度及恶性进展密切相关,可作为CRC患者临床诊疗及病情评估的指标.

目的 以14项临床生化指标为例,探讨评定分析前不确定度的方法.方法 招募25名志愿者,各采集左右手臂共7管血,按照设定的参照方法及常规检验所用方法处理标本血清,于同一批内将结果配对计算分析.结果 LDH对每个因素都最敏感,分析前相对不确定度为12.01％;其次为AST、Glu,大于6.00％;Urea、TC分别为1.05％、1.61％;ALT、ALP、GGT、Cr、UA、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C、CK为2.5％～5.0％.AST、ALP、Urea、Cr、TC、TG因采血手臂不同带来的不确定度大;ALT、LDH、GGT、Glu由凝血时间不同带来的不确定度较大;LDL-C受运输方式的影响较大;UA、HDL-C、CK受真空管类型不同影响较大.结论 通过计算各分析前不确定度,说明采取相应对策从源头上减小不确定度值的必要性;其计算方式有望应用于其他指标与因素.

Objective To compare differences among three precision evaluation methods by measuring serum glucose .Methods Two serum samples from two different medical decision level persons were collected as experimen-tal samples .Serum glucose level was measured by Advia2400 automatic biochemical analyzer .Precision evaluations were performed according to the variance analysis ,EP15-A2 document and EP5-A2 document .Calculate and com-pared the coefficient of variation (CV ) among the three methods .Results The CV of the two samples (low level and high level of serum glucose) for variance analysis were 0 .80% ,0 .73% .The CV of method carried out according to EP15-A2 document were 0 .81% ,0 .72% .The CV of the method carried out according to EP5-A2 document were 1 .25% ,1 .09% .All the CV were lower than national standard .The CV of the method carried out according to EP5-A2 document were superior to other two methods .Conclusion The precision carried out according to EP5-A2 docu-ment was significant higher than the results of variance analysis and the method carried out according to EP 15-A2 document .

Objective:To investigate platelet parameters of patients with chronic heart failure(CHF) and its clinical significance.Methods:XE-2100 hematology analyzer was used to detect the platelet parameters such as platelet count(PLT),mean platelet volume(MPV),platelet distribution width(PDW) and platelet-large cell ratio(P-LCR) in 65 patients with CHF and 30 cases of healthy people.Cardiac function of patients with CHF was graded according to the New York Heart Association(NYHA) class program.Results:MPV,PDW and P-LCR of CHF patients were significantly higher than in the control group(P<0.05);whereas,PLT had no significantly change,compared with control group(P>0.05).The MPV and PDW of NYHA class II to class IV CHF patients were increased gradually and there were statistically significant differences among the NYHA class II,class III,class IV groups(P<0.05),but PLT and P-LCR had no statistical differences among the NYHA class II,class III,class IV groups(P>0.05).MPV and PDW had obviously positive correlation with NYHA classification(MPV,r=0.613,P<0.05,PDW,r=0.683,P<0.05).Conclusion:Platelet parameters can be used as a sensitive indicator to evaluate the cardiac function of CHF patients,especially the MPV and PDW closely related with the severity of heart failure.

目的探讨类风湿因子(RF)、抗环瓜氨酸肽抗体(抗-CCP)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)和红细胞沉降率(ESR)检测对类风湿性关节炎的诊断价值。方法利用速率散射免疫比浊和化学发光微粒子免疫检测法和Westergren法分别测定134例类风湿性关节炎(RA)患者和50例健康对照组的RF、抗-CCP、CRP和ESR水平。结果 RF、抗-CCP、CRP和ESR对RA诊断的阳性率分别为79.1%、74.6%、61.7%和82.9%。对RA诊断的灵敏度、特异度和准确度,RF分别为91.0%、74.4%和87.0%,抗-CCP分别为88.0%、90.4%和88.1%,将两者联合检测则分别为90.2%、83.3%和89.5%。结论 RF和抗-CCP是对RA诊断有较高灵敏度实验室血清学诊断指标,但抗-CCP对RA诊断有较高特异性;CRP和ESR尽管不是RA的特异性诊断指标,但对RA的辅助诊断也具有重要价值,四者同时检测有利于RA诊断。

我们通过改良四氯化碳皮下注射法制备犬肝硬化门静脉高压症模型,观察模型犬断流术围手术期使用载肝细胞生长因子(HGF)聚乳酸-O-羧甲基壳聚糖(PLA-O-CMC)纳米粒子对肝功能的保护作用.一、材料与方法1.动物:Beagle犬(n=15),雌雄不限,体质量10 ～15 kg。

目的 初步探讨小而密低密度脂蛋白(small,dense low-density lipoprotein,sdLDL)直接测定法的检测效果.方法按病例-对照的方法收集冠心病患者14例为冠心病组,健康体检者18例为对照组,采用直接法对sdLDL胆固醇(sdLDL-C)进行测定,分析直接法测定sdLDL-C的精密度、线性范围和回收率,并对冠心病组和对照组的测定结果进行分析.结果 sdLDL-C在2.396 mmol/L范围内线性关系良好,回归方程为Y=0.936X,r=0.993,对高、低两组不同sdLDL-C浓度的标本批内变异系数(CV)分别为2.74%和9.09%,回收率均为93.9%.sdLDL-C浓度在冠心病组与对照组间的差异有统计学意义(t=3.087,P<0.05),sdLDL-C直接测定法对于诊断冠心病的灵敏度为35.71%,远高于低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C),略高于三酰甘油(TG),与总胆固醇(TC)持平,sdLDL-C与TC或TG联合检测可提高对于诊断冠心病的灵敏度.结论 sdLDL直接测定法简单快速,适用于自动生化分析仪检测,但对低浓度标本检测精密度不高,尚需进一步完善和扩大样本量研究.

目的 研究气压管道物流传输系统对生化项目检测结果 的影响.方法 对普通住院病人、ICU病人进行采样,一针两管,通过气压管道物流传输系统及人工转运两种方式转送标本,随后进行生化指标的测定,并对测定结果 进行分析比较.结果 普通住院病人两种转运方式对生化项目的 影响差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),ICU重症病人部分项目(AST,TBi,TP,ALB,K+,PHOS)差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 气压管道物流传输系统对普通住院病人生化项目基本没有影响,对lCU人群应慎重.

[Objective] To explore the seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus(HEV) infection in the population of Nantong City during 2000-2006.[Methods] The serum samples of 12 537 cases from Nantong City were detected for anti-HEV IgG and anti-HEV IgM antibodies with the method of ELISA so as to calculate the seroprevalence for HEV.[Results] The seroprevalence of HEV in crowds of Nantong City descended from 20.03% to 4.85% during 2000-2003,then it maintained a mean level of 4.40% during the years 2003-2006.Although no significance was observed between the male and the female,the prevalence of the adult population aged 25-64 was significantly higher than that of the minor below 15 years old(8.17% vs 1.39%,P≤0.005) .[Conclusion] During 2000-2006,the prevalence of HEV in Nantong City has gradually declined by 2003 and maintains a relatively low level.This study also indicates that the prevalence of HEV differs in age but not in gender.

目的:探讨C-反应蛋白(CRP)在肝胆疾病诊断中的意义.方法:对185例肝胆疾病患者,同步检测其肝功能及CRP.结果:肝胆疾病患者的血清CRP水平与总胆红素(TBi)水平成直线正相关;胆系病变患者中CRP升高率高于病毒性肝炎(P＜0.01).结论:血清CRP测定有助于肝胆疾病的鉴别诊断.

Objective To investigate clinical significance of serous level of cystatin C(CysC) in the evaluation of glomerular filtration function.Methods The serous levels of CysC,creatinine(Scr) and blood urea nitrogen(BUN) were detected by immunoturbidimetry methods on 117 patients,respectively.By using CockCroft-Gault formula,the creatinine clearance(Ccr) was calculated.These patients were divided into four groups based on their levels of Ccr.Results The serous mean levels of CysC,BUN and Scr increased gradually when Ccr decreased(P<0.01).The serous levels of CysC were negative correlation with Ccr(r=-0.486,P<0.01),but positive correlation with Scr levels(r=0.857,P<0.01).The ratios of abnormal levels of CysC and Scr were 24% and 0,60.7% and 14.2%,78.5% and 46.4%,100% and 100%,in group A(n=25),B(n=56),C(n=28) and D(n=8),respectively.Conclusions:Detecting serous level of CysC is a convenient,feasible,reliable and sensitive method,which could be applied to evaluate glomerular filtration function.The detection could evaluate the damages on renal function quickly and exactly.It is worth of clinical spreading and application.

系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)是常见的多系统损害的自身免疫性疾病,近年来的研究发现,T细胞亚群的平衡偏移在疾病的发生发展中有重要的意义.由于T细胞亚群的平衡偏移导致活化T细胞产生的细胞因子也发生偏移,从而诱导B细胞的异常增生,产生大量抗体,促进细胞毒性T细胞活化等一系列免疫效应性病理损伤[1],同时在SLE患者血清中可检测到主要由T辅助细胞分泌的细胞因子,如IL-2,IL-6等.这些特异性自身抗体及细胞因子均是SLE诊断的实验指标.为探讨SLE患者血清IL-6水平与自身抗体之间的关系,我们对55例SLE患者血清进行IL-6水平和抗ENA抗体谱检测.

对冠心病(CAD)与外周血白细胞(WBC)计数的关系探讨如下. 1对象和方法 1.1对象我院心内科2001～2005年经冠状动脉造影确诊为CAD患者105例,男72例,女33例,年龄42～78(66.5±9.4)岁.

Objective To study LDL-C value measured by Homogeneous assay and the value calculated by Planella formula and Friedewald formula.Methods Collected 1 862 specimens and determined directly LDL-C,TG,TC and HDL-C by auto analyzer.With also calculated respectively LDL-C by Planella formula and Friedewald formula.Results ①When TG≤4.52 mmol/L,the correlation of both LDL-C values of indirectly calculated methods and Homogeneous assay(P r=o.909,F r=0.841) were better than in the group of TG>4.52 mmol/L(P r=0.807,F r=0.787).②When TG≤4.52 mmol/L,the correlation in the group of TC<6.21 mmol/L was better than in the group of TC>6.21 mmol/L.The correlation was worst in the group of TG>4.52 mmol/L and TC<6.21 mmol/L.Conclusion The calculated LDL-C can be used as reference only when they are on the basis of reliable TC,TG and HDL-C measurement.

目的:研究建立实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(RFQ-PCR)检测人B细胞激活因子受体-BCMA含量的方法,及探讨其外周血单个核细胞(PBM C)中BCMA mRNA表达的检测价值。方法:在BCMA基因高保守区设计特异性引物和荧光探针,用逆转录-PCR扩增目的片段实时检测产物的荧光强度,根据标准品建立标准曲线,由软件自动计算出待测样本中BCMA mRNA含量,并以BCMA mRNA和2βM mRNA含量的比值进行BCMA表达水平评价。结果:RFQ-PCR检测BCMA含量的线性范围为109pg/m l~101pg/m l,低浓度样本批内和批间变异系数(CV)分别为13.5%和11.2%,高浓度样本批内和批间CV分别为8.9%和9.7%。30例健康献血员样本的PBM C中,90%(27例)检出有BCMA mRNA表达,范围为0.10~0.98。结论:RFQ-PCR检测BCMA mRNA含量的方法,具有较好的检测灵敏度和重复性。

目的设计一种既保持数据记录功能又包含质控图内涵、不需要计算机辅助的质控数值表。方法绘制包括数据批次、测定值、(测定值-设定靶值)/设定标准差、符合的规则、控制状态及判定根据的六栏质控记录表。结果质控数值表优点:①适合于W estgard多规则分析法;②完整记录判断过程;③制作简便,不必要计算机辅助,尤其适合基层单位应用。