目的 观察不同剂量右美托咪定复合七氟烷麻醉对妇科腔镜手术患者苏醒期躁动的影响.方法 将90例行腹腔镜下全子宫切除术的患者随机分为N组、D1组和D2组,各30例.D1、D2组于全麻诱导后分别泵注0.5、0.8μg/(kg·h)右美托咪定至术毕前30 min,N组给予泵注生理盐水10 mL/h.术中吸入3％七氟烷复合麻醉维持.记录三组的苏醒时间、拔管时间、PACU期间最高Ramsay评分、Ricker镇静-躁动评分(SAS评分)、MAP、HR及术中麻药用量.结果 D1组的苏醒时间、拔管时间短于N组和D2组(P<0.05);D2组的PACU期间最高Ramsay评分高于N组和D1组(P<0.05);D1、D2组的术中SAS评分低于N组(P<0.05).T1时,D1、D2组的MAP和HR均低于N组,D2组的HR低于D1组(P<0.05);T2时,D1和D2组的MAP、HR均低于N组(P<0.05);T3时,D1组的MAP低于N组、D2组,D1和D2组的HR均低于N组(P<0.05).D1、D2组术中瑞芬太尼及七氟烷的用量均少于N组,D2组少于D1组(P<0.05).结论 全麻诱导后以0.5μg/(kg·h)静脉泵注右美托咪定,可缩短妇科腔镜手术患者苏醒时间和拔管时间,且可维持围术期血流动力学的平稳,减少麻醉药物用量.

目的 探讨复方利多卡因乳膏联合围术期心理干预减轻男性患者全麻苏醒期导尿管源性躁动的效果.方法 纳入2016年8月-2018年8月在空军军医大学唐都医院收治的行全麻腹腔镜下胃癌根治术的男性患者120例,按随机数字表法分成4组:对照组(C组)、复方利多卡因乳膏组(L组)、围术期心理干预组(G组)、复方利多卡因乳膏联合围术期心理干预组(LG组),每组30例.导尿术均在全麻诱导后进行,C组常规导尿,L组导尿管前端涂抹复方利多卡因乳膏5.0g辅助导尿,G组常规导尿并对患者行心理干预,LG组导尿管前端涂抹复方利多卡因乳膏5.0g辅助导尿并对患者进行心理干预.观察麻醉诱导前(T0)、手术结束即刻(T1)、拔出气管导管后5 min(T5)以及30 min(T30)时平均动脉压(MAP)、HR和SpO2数值.拔除气管导管后,对患者进行导尿管源性躁动评分并比较.结果 4组患者HR和MAP比较,T0和T1时差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05),T5和T30时L组、G组、LG组均明显下降,低于C组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);L组与G组各时点比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).4组各时点SpO2比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).与C组比较,L组、G组和LG组导尿管源性躁动发生率均显著下降,差异均有统计学意义(x2 =20.656、11.359、25.128,均P＜0.01);L组与G组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);与L组和G组比较,LG组导尿管源性躁动发生率显著下降(x2=12.025、16.008,均P＜0.01),结论 复方利多卡因乳膏联合围术期心理干预可有效维持全麻苏醒期血流动力学稳定,减轻男性患者导尿管源性躁动.

目的:探讨氯化钴(CoCl 2)诱导的化学低氧对经低氧诱导因子-1α(hypoxia-inducible factor-1α,HIF-1α)基因转染后的大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs)生物学特的影响.方法:第3代BMSCs以及转染有HIF-1α全长基因的第3代BMSCs,根据低氧诱导方式不同分为4组.BMSCs组、BMSCs-HIF-1α组:BMSCs或经HIF-1α基因转染后的BMSCs在H-35低氧工作站诱导的物理低氧环境下培养;BMSCs-CoCl 2组、BMSCs-HIF-1α-CoCl 2组:BMSCs或经HIF-1α基因转染后的BMSCs在CoCl 2诱导的化学低氧环境下培养.低氧培养8天后,Western blot测定各组内HIF-1α蛋白表达;流式细胞仪检测细胞周期内G 1/G2/S期细胞比例,统计增殖数(PI)和凋亡率.MTT法绘制细胞生长曲线,比较细胞数目.结果:与BMSCs-HIF-1α组和BMSCs-CoCl 2组比较,BMSCs-HIF-1α-CoCl 2组内HIF-1α蛋白表达上调(P<0.05),细胞周期内处于G 2期和S期的细胞数目增多(P<0.05),PI升高(P<0.05),细胞凋亡率下降(P<0.05).BMSCs-HIF-1α-CoCl 2组细胞在培养的3～8天内,细胞数目均多于其他三组细胞(P<0.05).结论:CoCl 2诱导的化学低氧上调了经基因转染后BMSCs内HIF-1α的蛋白表达,提高了细胞增殖能力,降低了细胞凋亡率.

Objective To prepare PTD4-Cu,Zn-SOD fusion protein.Methods The recombinant plasmid of pET 1 6b-Cu,Zn-SOD and pET16b-PTD4-Cu,Zn-SOD was transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3).Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside was then added at a final concentration of 0.84 mmol/L,and the cells were incubated for 4 h to induce the expression of Cu,Zn-SOD and PTD4-Cu,Zn-SOD fusion protein.Lysozyme and ultrasound were used to lyse the bacteria,the supernatant was collected for 15％ SDS-PAGE to analyze the expression of the target protein.Ni-NTA His bind resin was used to purify Cu,Zn-SOD protein and PTD4-Cu,Zn-SOD fusion protein under natural conditions.Western blot was used to identify the target protein.Results The results of Western blot showed that the purity of the target protein was about 90％,and the Cu,Zn-SOD protein with a molecular weight about 19 kDa and the PTD4-Cu,Zn-SOD fusion protein with a molecular weight about 20 kDa were found.Conclusion PTD4-Cu,Zn-SOD fusion protein is prepared successfully.

Objective:The aim of this research was to study the effects on hydrogen-rich saline against the rat model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and elucidate the possible mechanisms.Methods:Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250-300 g were distributed randomly into 3 groups (n=20):sham group,cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury group (I/R group),and hydrogen-rich saline treated group (HS group).The model was induced by right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) via suture.Reperfusion was accomplished by withdrawing the suture after 90 min ofischemia.During the process of reperfusion,rats in I/R group were injected saline (10 mL/kg) intraperitoneally,and rats in HS group were injected hydrogen-rich saline (10 mL/kg) intraperitoneally.Neurological deficit scores were evaluated at 24 h after reperfusion.Then,the rats were decapitated,TTC tests were performed to detect the infarct volume of cortex (n=10).Ischemic penumbra was collected to analyze the involved indexes (n=10).We used HE staining to observe the morphology of cortical ischemic penumbra,and used SOD and MDA to evaluate the oxidative response in the region of cortical ischemic penumbra,and used TNF-α and IL-6 to evaluate the inflammatory response in cortical ischemic penumbra via Elisa test.Results:TTC staining test suggested that the model of right MCAO could induce focal ischemia of brain obviously (P＜0.05).Compared with I/R rats,rats in HS group had decreased infarct volume of cortex (P＜0.05) and lower neurological deficit scores (P＜0.05).Rats in HS group maintained cellular structural integrity superiorly and had higher concentration of SOD (P＜0.05),and lower concentration of MDA(P＜0.05),TNF-α and IL-6 (P＜0.05) when compared to rats in I/R group.Conclusions:Hydrogen-rich saline could treat cerebral ischemi.a-reperfusion injury effectively,and the possible mechanisms involved the selectively antioxidant stress damage and effects of anti-inflammation in the region of cortical ischemic penumbra.

目的 探讨并研究右美托咪定联合舒芬太尼在宫颈癌术后镇痛中的应用.方法 选取陕西省肿瘤医院2015年6月至2016年3月收治的80例行宫颈癌手术的患者,根据患者采用的术后镇痛方案分为对照组和试验组,各40例.对照组采用舒芬太尼进行术后镇痛,试验组采用舒芬太尼联合右美托咪定进行术后镇痛,比较两组患者的镇痛效果.结果 两组患者各时间点的镇痛评分、生命体征差异不显著(P>0.05),试验组各时间点的镇静评分低于对照组(P<0.05).试验组不良反应总发生率低于对照组(P<0.05).结论 右美托咪定联合舒芬太尼对宫颈癌患者术后具有良好的镇痛效果,血流动力学相对稳定,患者较为满意,临床应用安全有效.

Objective To explore the effect of different doses of ketamine combined with propofol for induction on the infant Apgar scores and neonatal behavioral neurological assessment ( NBNA) in cesarean section.Methods Total of 80 ASAⅠorⅡparturients undergoing cesarean section in Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Yan′an University between May 2012 and May 2015 were divided into an observa-tion group and a control group according to the random number table method , 40 cases respectively.The control group received 0.5 mg/kg ketamine+2 mg/kg propofol,the observation group received 1.0 mg/kg ketamine+2 mg/kg propofol for induction.The SBP,DBP,HR and indicators related to the operation of the two groups were recorded.Apgar scores(1,5,10 min after birth) and NBNA scores(3,14,28 days af-ter birth) were compared between the two groups.Results After induction,1 min after intubation the heart rate of both groups was in an uptrend,systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure decreased after induction,then rose 1 min after intubation;compared with before induction,the systolic,diastolic blood pressure and the heart rate at 1 min after intubation of both groups were significantly increased ( P <0.01), while the systolic blood pressure and heart rate of the observation group was significantly lower than the control group(P<0.05).The 5 min,10 min Apgar scores of both groups tended to increase,and the 1 min and 5 min Apgar score,NBNA scores of the observation group were significantly higher than the control group( P<0.05 ) .Conclusion 1.0 mg/kg ketamine combined with 2.0 mg/kg propofol can decrease the pregnant stress reaction without increasing the risk of neonate apnea in the general anesthesia of cesarean section.

目的:观察达克罗宁胶浆对喉罩全身麻醉行乳腺癌手术的患者喉罩置入时血流动力学及苏醒期咽喉舒适度的影响.方法:择期全身麻醉下行乳腺癌手术患者120例随机分成两组,每组60例.A组将石蜡油均匀涂抹至喉罩表面,快速诱导后置入.B组将盐酸达克罗宁胶浆均匀涂抹至喉罩表面,快速诱导后置人.两组均采用静吸复合全身麻醉,术中麻醉用药均相同.观察两组患者喉罩置人前后的心率、血压变化,麻醉苏醒期呛咳、呕吐发生率,以及术后24h咽痛发生率.结果:A组患者置入喉罩后心率、血压均高于置入喉罩前,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).B组患者置入喉罩后心率、血压与置入喉罩前比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).B组麻醉苏醒期呛咳、呕吐发生率及术后24h咽痛发生率均低于A组(P＜0.05).结论:在喉罩全麻行乳腺癌手术中使用达克罗宁胶浆,可减轻喉罩置入时的血流动力学波动及术后咽喉部应激反应.

Objective:To observe the clinical effect of Propofol combined with oxycodone hydrochloride injection in painless endoscopes. Methods:Ninety six patients in ASA I and II,planned for painless endoscopes,were included in the study. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups:Propofol combined with oxycodone administrated intrave-nousl was group A,and propofol combined with fentanyl infusion was group B. All the subjects were monitored and re-corded MAP,HR,RR and SPO2 after enter into endoscope room(T1),before endoscopes putting(T2),during endo-scopes putting(T3)and after endoscopes taking out(T4). The waking time,respiratory depression occurrence,body movement,Ramsay scale,nausea and vomiting occurrence and dosage of propofol were recorded. Results:MAP de-creased significantly on T2,T3 and T4 compared with that of on T1(P < 0. 05). RR and SPO2 in group B had signifi-cant difference on T3 compared with that on T1,and also had significant difference compared with group A on T3 time point(P < 0. 05). The dose of propofol,waking time and respiratory depression in group A were decreased significantly campared with group B(P < 0. 05). The Ramay scale had no significant difference between the groups(P > 0. 05). There was no patient occurring nausea and vomiting in both groups. Conclusion:Propofol combined with oxycodone hydrochloride injection for painless endoscopes could decrease propofol dosage,avoid respiratory depression and de-curtate waking time.

Objective To construct the prokaryotic recombinant expression vector of PTD4-Cu,Zn-SOD.Methods By using the techniques of gene recombination,the primers of Cu,Zn-SOD and the oligonucleotide sequences of PTD4 were designed,PCR amplification was performed for Cu,Zn-SOD genes,the PCR products were identified,reclaimed and purified,and pET16b served as carrier.The prokaryotic recombinant expression vector of pET16b-Cu,Zn-SOD was constructed using double digestion with Xho Ⅰ and BamH Ⅰ,ligated reaction and plasmid transformation.Then PTD4 gene and pET16b-Cu,Zn-SOD carrier were double digested with Nde Ⅰ and Xho Ⅰ and ligated,and the plasmid was transformed,and the prokaryotic recombinant expression vector of pET16b-PTD4-Cu,Zn-SOD was constructed.The reconstructed vector was analyzed by restriction mapping and was verified by gene sequencing.Results The prokaryotic recombinant expression vector of pET16b-PTD4-Cu,Zn-SOD with a length of 6 207 bp was constructed successfully.The carrier fragment about 5.7 kp and PTD4-Cu,Zn-SOD gene fragment about 510 bp were obtained by double digestion with Nde Ⅰ and BamH Ⅰ,which was consistent with the expected results.The results of gene sequencing showed that the base sequences of pET16b-PTD4-Cu,Zn-SOD were correct when compared with the expected gene sequences.Conclusion The prokaryotic recombinant expression vector of pET16b-PTD4-Cu,Zn-SOD is constructed successfully.

ObjectiveObservation of oxycodone in gynecological tumor operation for postoperative analgesia in the tran-sition period of efficacy and safety.Methods 90 cases of gynecological tumor operation, American Society of Anesthesiologi sts(ASA)gradeⅠ~Ⅱ, Were randomly divided into 3groups: the F group(Fentanyl group), the D group(Dezocine group), the Q group(Oxycodone group).In 15min before the end of operation sev stop. F group was given fentanyl,D group was given dezocine,Q group was given oxycodone.Comparison of 3 groups were observed in patients with consciousness recovery time ,extubation time, the Ramsay score,the VAS score, postoperative nausea and vomiting, respiratory depression, lethargy and other adverse reactions after operation.Results Application of oxycodone group of patients in the recovery of consciousness recovery time ,ex-tubation time, the Ramsay score, the VAS score, postoperative nausea and vomiting, respiratory depression, lethargy and other adverse reactions were better than the control group(P<0.05). No significant difference in Ramsay scqre(P>0.05). There was no significant difference between the fentanyl group and dezocine group(P>0.05).Conclusion Oxycodone in gynecologic oncology postoperative analgesia effect of exact transition period, and conventional analgesics than ever.

目的：探讨纳美芬对老年妇科肿瘤患者术后呼吸抑制拮抗作用的有效性及安全性。方法：将行根治性手术的妇科肿瘤患者84例随机分为3组，A 组（空白对照组）在手术结束待自主呼吸恢复后给予生理盐水；B 组（纳洛酮组）给予纳洛酮；C 组（纳美芬组）给予纳美芬，待病人清醒后拔除喉罩。比较观察3组患者的血流动力学变化，以及意识恢复时间、拔管时间、定向力恢复时间，拔管后5min 意识状况评分，拔管30min 后镇痛评分等指标。结果：应用纳美芬拮抗组和纳洛酮拮抗组意识恢复时间、拔管时间及定向力恢复时间均明显短于对照组（P ＜0．05），纳美芬拮抗组和纳洛酮拮抗组之间无显著性差异（P＞0．05）。3组在用药时、用药后5min 、10min 、30min 等4个时间点的血流动力学均无显著性差异（P＞0．05）。 Ramsay 评分及 VAS 评分3组无显著性差异（P ＞0．05）。结论：纳美芬对老年妇科肿瘤患者术后呼吸抑制的拮抗作用效果确切，安全有效。

Electromagnetic pulse (EMP) causes central nervous system damage and neurobehavioral disorders, and sevoflurane protects the brain from ischemic injury. We investigated the effects of sevoflurane on EMP-induced brain injury. Rats were exposed to EMP and immediately treated with sevoflurane. The protective effects of sevoflurane were assessed by Nissl staining, Fluoro-Jade C staining and electron microscopy. The neurobehavioral effects were assessed using the open-field test and the Morris water maze. Finally, primary cerebral cortical neurons were exposed to EMP and incubated with different concentration of sevoflurane. The cellular viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) level were assayed. TUNEL staining was performed, and the expression of apoptotic markers was determined. The cerebral cortexes of EMP-exposed rats presented neuronal abnormalities. Sevoflurane alleviated these effects, as well as the learning and memory deficits caused by EMP exposure. In vitro, cell viability was reduced and LDH release was increased after EMP exposure; treatment with sevoflurane ameliorated these effects. Additionally, sevoflurane increased SOD activity, decreased MDA levels and alleviated neuronal apoptosis by regulating the expression of cleaved caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2. These findings demonstrate that Sevoflurane conferred neuroprotective effects against EMP radiation-induced brain damage by inhibiting neuronal oxidative stress and apoptosis.

Objective: To observe the clinic effect and adverse reaction of ketorolac tromethamine used for patient controlled intravenous analgesia(PCIA) in breast cancer.Methods: 60 patients for operation on breast,ASAⅠ-Ⅱ,aged between 36 and 61,were randomly divided into two groups(Group A and Group B) and the fentanyl was used for PCIA in group A,the ketorolac tromethamine in group B.VAS and RSS scores of all the subjects were kept at different time points of 2 h,4 h,8 h,12 h,24 h and 48 h after operation with PCIA(maintenance dose 2 mL/h,PCA 0.5mL,interval time 15 min).Results: there was no significant difference between the two groups in VAS and RSS score(P>0.05),and there was less adverse reaction in group B than in group A,but with no statistical difference(P>0.05).Conclusion: ketorolac tromethamine can be used for PCIA in breast cancer,safe and effective.

Objective:To observe the clinical effect of butorphanol and propofol using for Leep procedure on cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.Methods:Sixty patients treated with Leep for CINⅡ-Ⅲ were randomly divided into two groups:A group with a simple anesthesia propofol;group B,butorphanol and propofol anesthesia.The anesthetic effects and adverse reactions were observed and compared.monitoring MAP,HR,SpO2 and other indicators,record the amount of intraoperative propofol and recovery time of surgery,postoperative pain score.Results: The recovery time in group A was longer than that of in group B.MAP,HR,SpO2 and were significantly different in group B than that of in group A.Postoperative pain score was significantly lower in group B than that of in group A.Propofol dosage was significantly less in group B than that of in group A.Conclusion:Butorphanol and propofol combination anesthesia could be used for Leep procedure safely.

目的:观察持续靶控输注丙泊酚用于癫痫持续状态患者的临床效果.方法:伴有明显躁动的癫痫持续状态患者22例,使用巴比妥酸盐类和苯二氮(艹卓)类均不能终止发作.丙泊酚以首剂1 ～ 2 mg/kg,持续2 ～ 3 mg/(kg·h)给予.记录输注前、输注中、停药15 min后BP、HR、SpO2的变化及血气变化,采用Ramsay镇静分级法评分.结果:Ramsay镇静评分达到2分者2例,3分2例,4分5例,5分8例,6分5例.用药后BP和血液pH值、BE值下降,差异均有显著性,停药后各项体征与用药期间无明显变化.未见丙泊酚输注综合征、代谢性酸中毒、低血压、恶心、呕吐等不良反应.结论:对传统治疗无效的癫痫持续状态患者,丙泊酚靶控输注具有良好的治疗作用.

Objective We used ischemic preconditioning method by blocking rabbit's right carotid artery at intervals repeatedly and increasing blocking time to reconstruct collateral circulation. Cerebral protection effects were investigated after the right carotid artery was permanently blocked. Methods 48 rabbits were randomly divided into experimental and control groups (n=24).The right common carotid artery of the animals in the experimental group was compressed at intervals repeatedly. We blocked the right carotid artery blood flow by the Inflatable balloon, ischemic time=number of times×5+40(min), 2 times per day. The longest blocking time is 4 h (20th days). The procedure of control group was the same as that of experimental group, except that the carotid artery blood flow was not blocked. The establishment of a right collateral circulation in the rabbit brain was observed with Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) on the 1st, 10th and 20th day respectively. The blood flow in the right common carotid artery was completely blocked at 20th day. The neurological deficit score was observed at 1, 3, 6, 24 h. Then we got brain tissue specimens and compared the brain water content and pathological changes between the two groups. The number of brain microvascular of the corresponding places was also counted. Results During the experiment, no abnormal behaviors such as excitement, agitation, lethargy were observed in either group. DSA showed that contrast medium passed into the right middle cerebral artery Willis ring on the 10th day.Compared with the 1st day, the blood vessels on the right side were much clearer in DSA. On the 20th day there was almost no difference between the left and right sides in vascular imaging. Experimental group's neurological deficit score and water content were lower than those of the control group's (P＜0.05). Observation showed that there were more brain microvascular in the right side (ischemic side) pathological specimens of the experimental group 5.3±0.5 than control group 3.5±0.4 (P＜O.05) under microscope at 400 times. Conclusion By multiple ischemic preconditioning cerebral artery Willis ring and cerebral collateral circulation would be reconstructed, and it had obvious protective effect on cerebral ischemia resulted from completely blocked carotid arteries.

目的:观察布托啡诺复合丙泊酚用于门诊无痛胃镜的麻醉效果.方法: 门诊ASA 1-2级无痛胃镜检查的患者61例,随机分为3组,即单纯丙泊酚组(P)15例、丙泊酚复合芬太尼组(PF)23例和丙泊酚复合布托啡诺组(PB)23例,观察入室后 (t1)、置镜前 (t2)、置镜中 (t3)、出镜后 (t4) 各时点MAP、HR、RR、 SPO2及意识恢复时间、定向力恢复时间、Ramsay镇静评分、丙泊酚用量及不良反应.结果: P组麻醉效果有效率为86.7%,PF、PB组有效率100%.各组t1时点的MAP、HR、RR、SPO2与t2,t3及t4各时点相比均有显著变化(P<0.05),其中P组有4例出现低血压,3例出现低血氧症,PF组有2例出现低血氧,PB组无一例出现低血压及低血氧.意识恢复时间及定向力恢复时间 P组与PF、PB三组之间相比均有显著性差异(P<0.05),Ramsay评分无显著性差异,丙泊酚用量P组与PF、PS组相比显著增加(P<0.05).结论: 丙泊酚复合布托啡诺不仅可以减少丙泊酚用量,有效降低呼吸抑制不良反应,而且缩短苏醒时间,使整个检查过程更加平稳,周转加快.

Objective:To investigate the effects of different anaesthetic techniques on Bronchoalveolar Lavage in therapy of pulmonary infection.Methods:30 patients undergoing bronchoalveolar lavage(BAL) were divided in to 2 groups randomly.Total-lung ventilation(TLV)was used in group A during general anesthesia,while one-lung ventilation(OLV)was used in group B.The heart rate,mean arterial pressure,pulse oxygen saturation and blood gas analysis were monitored before and after BAL.The lavage time,operation time and volumes of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were also recorded and compared.Results:No difference of HR or MAP was observed between 2 groups(P0.05).After BAL,PaO2 and pH in group B were higher compared with A group(P0.05),while there was no significant difference of SpO2 or PaCO2 between 2 groups(P0.05).The volumes of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lavage time increased in group B compared with group A.Meanwhile,the operation time in group B was much less than that of in group A(P0.05).Conclusion:One-lung ventilation together with general anesthesia is a safe and effective approach during BAL.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:Ketamine has been widely used in paediatric anaesthesia but its influence on development in infants and toddlers still remains unclear. In order to elucidate the influence of ketamine on brain development in neonatal rats, semiquantitative reverse transcriptase PCR, quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR and immunohistochemistry assays were performed to detect the expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subtypes expression.METHODS:Seven-day-old rats were divided into two random groups. All of them were injected with ketamine intraperitoneally at postnatal day (PND) 7; one group was sacrificed at PND 7, but the other group was sacrificed at PND 28. Each group was divided into five random subgroups.RESULTS:In the semiquantitative reverse transcriptase PCR and quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR experiments, ketamine treatment caused a marked increase in mRNA expression in all subtypes at PND 7 and in NR2A subtypes at PND 28. Immunohistochemistry results indicated that NR2A, 2B and 2C receptor protein increased significantly at PND 7, and NR2A receptor protein increased at PND 28.CONCLUSIONS:Exposure to ketamine resulted in an increase in N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits at PND 7, and this increase persisted to PND 28 in NR2A.