2018年1月28日傍晚,云南勐海县勐阿镇.正当人们兴高采烈采购年货准备过年的时候,一头长牙独象大摇大摆地走进了勐阿镇,在大街上闲逛溜达数小时后才姗姗而去.据了解,最近几年,云南野生亚洲象在人口相对密集的乡镇街道上"闯荡肇事"的频次在不断增加.

2018年春节前夕,美国鸟友、前国际鹤类基金会志愿者詹姆斯·比尔告诉我,他计划今年春季前往云南观鸟.当他得知我们每年都在盈江县进行春季繁殖鸟类监测时,他希望作为志愿者和我们一同参加这次鸟类监测,顺便观鸟. 盈江县面积4429平方千米,记录鸟类21目78科560种,被誉为"中国鸟类物种最丰富的县".

全球鹭科鸟类共有65种,由于大多数种的羽色平淡无奇,日常行为也比较单调,因此很少有人关注鹭鸟的保护.很少人知道,已有几种鹭在近些年灭绝,如百慕大夜鹭、罗德里格斯夜鹭、留岛夜鹭、毛里求斯夜鹭、阿岛夜鹭和新西兰苇(鸦)等.

采用登录网站收集新闻报道,查阅报纸、文献,私人通讯和实地观察等方法,收集了亚洲钳嘴鹳Anastomus oscitans 2010-2014年5年间在中国西南地区出现地点、群体数量、停留时间、栖息生境等数据.依据野外观察,该鸟群体大小和停留时间长短,与浅水沼泽面积和水体中福寿螺Pomacea canaliculata的密度有密切关系.在水域面积大和福寿螺数量多的分布点,亚洲钳嘴鹳可以停留3 ～ 32个月,群体数量达60～1100只.依据南亚地区此鸟种群数量近年快速增长的实际情况,认为其进入中国西南地区属于自然扩散,与全球气候变暖没有直接关系.

Through established nature reserve,reinforcement information, artificial feeding and habitat, the Black-necked Crane (Grus nigricollis) is getting effective protection, and the population continues to increase. Black-necked Cranes use large areas of open water, marsh or meadow, and farmland, and these areas have little disturbance from humans. Recently, the wintering habitats of the Black-necked Crane in Yunnan have been changing. Reservoir expansion in some reserves have resulted in the disappearance of night roosting sites. Water in some reservoirs has been seriously polluted. Forestation in some reserves has reduced the feeding habitats of the Black-necked Crane. Cultivation Maca (Lepidium peruvianum) in vast areas in these wintering areas may be the cause of a shortage of food for the cranes. Changes in wintering habitat will bring potential threats to the Black-necked Crane. More attention should be paid in monitoring the population of the cranes and management measures could be adopted in time.

2010年10月至2012年11月作者在云南省香格里拉县和会泽县等地进行鸟类调查时,先后观察记录到高原山鹑（Perdix hodgsoniae）和白鹤（Grus leucogeranus）,经查阅相关文献（杨岚等1995,2005,杨晓君2009,郑光美2011）,确认这两种鸟为云南省鸟类新纪录,现报道如下。1高原山鹑

这只蛙的模样很古怪吧?哈哈,按说根据体色应该叫它"紫蛙"才对.和大家熟悉的青蛙不同,它长得可有特色了:宽宽扁扁的大嘴巴上竖着几枚又尖又硬的角质刺,圆鼓鼓的眼珠上蓝下黑,两条前腿又粗又壮,好像举重运动员的胳膊.这怪蛙到底是何方神圣?告诉你,它就是人称"雷山角怪"的贵天雷山髭蟾. 模样有点怪 "髭"的意思就是"嘴上边的胡须".顾名思义,髭蟾就是嘴上长着"胡须"的蛙,雷山老乡们干脆叫它"角怪".其实,长"须"的只是雄蛙,而且过了繁殖季节,这些拉风的角质硬刺就会脱落.除了超有"男子"气概的"胡须",髭蟾还有像猫一样纵裂的瞳孔,眼球分为蓝、黑二色,让见到的人印象深刻.它们的皮肤十分松弛,用食指捏着向上提就能提起两三厘米.

许多鸟儿都擅长爬树,比如啄木鸟和旋木雀.不过,啄木鸟只能头朝上跳着向上爬,若要从树干上下来,只能倒退;而旋木雀只会绕着树干螺旋式向上爬.能在树干上快速向上攀爬,也能头朝下顺着树干快跑,或者倒吊在树枝上移动的,就只有(shī)了.对于来说,像杂技家一样上下自如地"飞檐走壁"是再平常不过的事了,这是它们的"独门绝技".

髭蟾,顾名思义,是一种嘴上长着"胡须"的蟾蜍(蟾蜍是蛙类的一个类群,但不是所有蛙类都可用蟾蜍之名替代),主要分布于中国南方山地的亚热带阔叶林区.髭蟾长相怪异.第一次看到髭蟾的人,大都会对其颜色奇特的眼睛和上颌的"胡须"留下深刻的印象.一位澳大利亚朋友——博物馆两栖类学家朱迪·罗莉曾将我们送给她的峨嵋髭蟾照片拿给她母亲和朋友们看,他们根本不相信这种模样怪异的蛙是自然界的正常生物,经过激烈争辩讨论后一致认为:髭蟾的眼睛和上颌的"胡须"是用图像软件PS加工处理的.他们的这种反应其实也很正常,因为髭蟾仅在繁殖季节才下水交配产卵,而在非繁殖季节多隐匿于山林之中,踪迹难寻,人们对其生态习性的确所知甚少. 几年前,一个偶然的机会让我们与髭蟾结下不解之缘,对这种隐匿于山林之中的奇特物种也有了一些新的认识.

The weight,length and other four indexes of 131 artificially fed black-headed seagulls that were captured on Haigeng Dam of the Dianchi Lake in January of 2011 were measured,and the data were respectively compared to those measured from the specimen collected from different parts of Yunnan Province during the 1 960 s and 1 980 s.The results showed that there were no significant differences in the adult bird′s weight and tail length between the naturally and artificially fed birds(P0.05),but there were extremely significant differences in the total length,wing length,instep length and the bill length of the two groups(P0.01).The total length and the bill length of the artificially fed black-headed seagull were extremely shorter than those of the naturally fed birds(P0.01).Whereas the wing length and the instep length of the artificially fed black-headed seagull were extremely longer than those of the naturally fed birds.There were no significant differences in the weight,wing length and the instep length of the sub-adult birds of the two groups.However,the total length,tail length and the bill length of the artificially fed sub-adult seagulls were significantly shorter than those measured from the naturally fed ones.

A new record species-the woolly-necked stork (Ciconia episcopus)-for China has been detected during a field survey of Shangri-La county, Diqing Tibetan autonomous prefecture, Yunnan province, June 10th, 2011. Ciconia episcopus is the least concern spices according to IUCN.

The disease chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has caused dramatic amphibian population declines and extinctions in Australia, Central and North America, and Europe. Bd is associated with >200 species extinctions of amphibians, but not all species that become infected are susceptible to the disease. Specifically, Bd has rapidly emerged in some areas of the world, such as in Australia, USA, and throughout Central and South America, causing population and species collapse. The mechanism behind the rapid global emergence of the disease is poorly understood, in part due to an incomplete picture of the global distribution of Bd. At present, there is a considerable amount of geographic bias in survey effort for Bd, with Asia being the most neglected continent. To date, Bd surveys have been published for few Asian countries, and infected amphibians have been reported only from Indonesia, South Korea, China and Japan. Thus far, there have been no substantiated reports of enigmatic or suspected disease-caused population declines of the kind that has been attributed to Bd in other areas. In order to gain a more detailed picture of the distribution of Bd in Asia, we undertook a widespread, opportunistic survey of over 3,000 amphibians for Bd throughout Asia and adjoining Papua New Guinea. Survey sites spanned 15 countries, approximately 36° latitude, 111° longitude, and over 2000 m in elevation. Bd prevalence was very low throughout our survey area (2.35% overall) and infected animals were not clumped as would be expected in epizootic events. This suggests that Bd is either newly emerging in Asia, endemic at low prevalence, or that some other ecological factor is preventing Bd from fully invading Asian amphibians. The current observed pattern in Asia differs from that in many other parts of the world.

观鸟是一项有益身心的户外休闲活动,在经济发达因家十分普及,由此衍生出各种观鸟产品,特别是观鸟器材,种类繁多.中国内地的观鸟活动随着改革开放和经济的持续发展,逐渐得到普及,越来越多的人加人观鸟行列.

The variation of water body area and the number of overwintering waterfowl species in Napahai Nature Reserve were successively observed for three years.The observation indicated that the bigger water body area sustained,the more waterfowl species observed,and vice versa.There was a positive correlation between the water body size and the number of waterfowl species.It was proposed according to the observation that a proper human intervention to the winter habitat was required for the waterfowls in order to maintain a moderate water acreage.

在全球现生的15种鹤中,黑颈鹤是唯一栖息于高原地区的种类.它繁殖于青藏高原及邻近地区海拔3500～4500米之间的高原沼泽湿地,繁殖地散布于中国青海、西藏、甘肃、新疆和四川等省区的高原山地;越冬地主要在西藏南部拉萨河谷和日喀则的农耕区以及云贵高原海拔2800米以上的山区.黑颈鹤尚有少数个体在印度拉达克高原繁殖,在青藏高原繁殖的黑颈鹤还有部分个体飞越喜马拉雅山,在尼泊尔、不丹等地越冬.

On-site observation of natural embryo development in Leishan moustache toad's(Vibrissaphora leishanensis) egg masses was conducted in Leigongshan National Nature Reserve,Guizhou Province from November,2007 to April,2008. The study site is at the middle slope with an elevation of 1500～1600 meters above sea level. Leishan moustache toads entered into brook water for mating and egg-laying in the middle of November. A total of 6 breeding sites and 23 egg masses were found and observed. Based on the guidelines developed by Zhao Ermi,we divided the embryo into early,middle and late phases. The result indicated that non-frosted embryo development took an average of 60 days in the early phase,74 days in the middle phase and 12 days in the late phase. The incubation period lasted 146 days. Frosted embryo development took average of 109 days,22 days in the middle phase and 13 days in the late phase. The incubation period lasted 144 days. The t test showed that the non-frosted embryo and frosted embryo were significantly different in the early and middle phases. However,they had no difference in anaphase and in total incubation days. Furthermore,if an embryo in the early phase met with negative environmental stimuli,development would pause and be adjusted during anaphase to continue development in a timely fashion.

A rapid investigation on winter aquaticbirds in Honghe Prefecture was conducted from Feb.7 to9 of 2006 by both the collaboration between Southwestforestry college and Forestry Bureau at prefecturelevel to cooperate with the monitoring of bird flu.The result recorded about more than 30,000 winteraquatic birds,belonging to 9 orders,8 families and43 species.

鲍比·哈瑞森,美国阿拉巴马州罕茨威尔城橡树林学院的副教授,一个颇有名气的观鸟者和鸟类摄影家,一直致力于寻找象牙喙啄木乌--一种早已被列为灭绝种类的鸟类.这一天他接到一个名叫吉勒·斯帕林的人给他打来的电话.在电话里吉勒告诉他:2004年2月11日,他在阿肯色州的一片沼泽森林里看到一只奇怪的啄木鸟.

美国纽约州北部的卡茨基尔山,一个晴朗的仲夏午夜,我正打算捕捉"洛蕾塔"--一只成年的雌性豪猪.动手之前,我特地戴上了厚厚的乙烯树脂手套,以免被"洛蕾塔"锋利的箭刺剌伤.我原本想将它暂时放进一个暖和的容积大约为13升的野餐用冷藏箱里,然后做一些数据测量和观察,但"洛蕾塔"自有打算,它用尾巴在我带着手套的手上重重一击,幸好厚厚的乙烯树脂层保护了我的手,但还是有很多箭刺剌穿手套,深深地扎进了我的手指和手掌.手立刻痛得无法动弹,"洛蕾塔"赢了第一个回合.