为了解禽流感病毒(AIV)在野禽和家禽之间的传播特点,本研究于2020年3月～2021年3月在野生鸟类资源丰富的拉市海国际高原湿地采集到野鸟粪便样品1367份、家禽泄殖腔拭子420份和环境水样20份,共计1807份样品,通过鸡胚接种和RT-PCR分离鉴定出1株斑头雁来源的H9N2 AIV和2株家禽来源的H9N2 AIV.利用Illumina Miseq测序平台获得3株分离病毒的全基因组序列,并构建了其遗传进化树,分析了与流感病毒的传播能力及致病力相关的关键氨基酸位点的特征.遗传进化分析结果显示,野禽源和家禽源AIV具有相同的遗传进化特征:3株H9N2 AIV均属于欧亚谱系h9.4.2.5分支的病毒,其HA、NA基因为Y280-like亚群,PB2、M基因为G1-like亚群,PB1、PA、NP和NS基因为F/98-like亚群,推测3株分离株均为重组病毒,重组模式为中国流行的H9N2 AIV S基因型.氨基酸位点分析结果显示,3株分离病毒HA、NA、PB2、PB1、M1和NS1蛋白的突变位点均与病毒跨种属传播能力和小鼠致病力增强相关;同时野禽源H9N2 AIV同样存在家禽源分离株相似的HA蛋白N166D替换和NA蛋白颈部aa63～aa65位点缺失,但PA蛋白中未发生N383D突变.以上结果表明,本研究中野禽源H9N2 AIV可能源于家禽的传播,病毒在自然宿主野禽中发生了适应性突变.本研究首次对拉市海高原湿地野禽源与家禽源H9N2 AIV的遗传变异特征进行了系统分析,为禽流感的综合防控提供基础数据.

观鸟作为一项探索自然的个人行为和户外休闲活动,在西方发达国家十分流行,每年有近千万的观鸟爱好者在全球各地寻找、观察和拍摄鸟类.他们在娱乐自己的同时,也为科学研究收集了重要的基础数据,并促进了观鸟目的地的社会经济发展.观鸟者手持望远镜,早出晚归,通过鸟的形态、羽色、行为、鸣叫和飞行姿势等特征鉴定其种类,学习鸟类知识.观鸟活动不仅对自然环境是友好的,还能为当地带来经济效益和社会效益.

随着中国经济的快速发展,参与观鸟活动的人数与日俱增,尤其是日益庞大的退休人群已成为观鸟活动的主力军.他们中有不少人将观鸟和鸟类摄影作为娱乐、爱好和消遣. 在森林中挖掘小型水塘,适量投放食物,吸引鸟类前来饮水、洗浴、取食,并在附近搭建隐蔽棚,让游客躲在里面隐蔽拍摄,这样的拍摄方式称为鸟塘摄影.这种方法在欧美发达国家的一些从事自然历史摄影的摄影家早在70年前就已经使用.20世纪80年代,泰国的环保组织发现在岗卡章国家公园周边,当地村民埋伏在野生动物饮水点附近非法猎杀动物,对当地野生动物资源的破坏非常严重.为了改变村民对动物的掠夺式利用,增加村民的收入,国家公园的管理者引入水塘野生动物摄影的方法.

2021年1月17日,在云南西双版纳勐腊县勐仑镇中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园曼安职工公寓和版纳大学城之间的公路旁(101°15′50″E,21°55′01″N,海拔551 m),于16:25时发现3只尾羽较为细长的棕灰色鸟从地面飞起,2只飞到曼安职工公寓内约3.5 m高的木瓜(Carica papaya)树上停歇,稍后1只飞离.17:35时再次观察到3只具有相同特征的鸟从地面飞起,降落在四楼楼顶,推测应与前者是同一群.2月20至3月23日,再次在相同地点观察到2只同种鸟类(图1).

2019年11月16至18日,在云南省西双版纳傣族自治州勐腊县勐仑镇中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园先后两次观察和拍摄到一种鹎科鸟类.经查文献并与所观察记录到鸟的形态特征进行比对,鉴定为白眉黄臀鹎(Pycnonotus goiavier),为中国新记录鸟种.

我与高黎贡山的缘分始于1984年,那时我在中国科学院昆明动物研究所攻读硕士学位,第一次去野外采集鸟类标本就在高黎贡山西麓的腾冲县和东坡的隆阳区.此后,我多次在这片区域考察,与高黎贡山结下了不解之缘.

Protected areas are considered as an essential strategy to halt the decline of biodiversity. Ecological representation in protected areas is crucial for assessment on the progress toward conservation targets. Although China has established a large number of protected areas since the 1950s, ecological representation of protected areas is poorly understood. Here, we performed the complementarity analysis to evaluate ecological representation of protected areas in China. We used a database of the geographical distribution for 10,396 woody plant species, 2,305 fern species, 406 amphibian species, 460 reptile species, 1,364 bird species, and 590 mammal species from 2,376 counties across China. We identified complementary sets of counties for all species or threatened species of plant and vertebrate species using a complementarity algorithm. We evaluated ecological representation of 3,627 protected areas and discerned conservation gaps by comparing the distribution of protected areas with complementary sets. The results show that the spatially representative and complementary sites for biodiversity are poorly covered, and a fairly large proportion of protected areas is not designed to efficiently represent biodiversity at the national scale. Our methodology can serve as a generic framework for assessment on ecological representation of protected areas at the national scale.

Rhinopithecus bieti Milne-Edwards, 1897 is 1 of the largest and most northerly colobine monkeys. It lives at the highest recorded elevations for a nonhuman primate, 2,625–4,700 m. It has a restricted range between the Yangtze and Mekong Rivers in Yunnan and Xizang (Tibet) Provinces, mainland of China, in 15–20 groups comprising 6 isolated populations. It lives in multimale–multifemale bands of up to 480 individuals comprising cohesive 1-male units of < 20 individuals in nonoverlapping home ranges. Bands may have 1 or more all-male units. Mating and parturition are seasonal. With a total population of about 3,500, it is 1 of the most endangered primates and is listed as “Endangered” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.

2018年1月28日傍晚,云南勐海县勐阿镇.正当人们兴高采烈采购年货准备过年的时候,一头长牙独象大摇大摆地走进了勐阿镇,在大街上闲逛溜达数小时后才姗姗而去.据了解,最近几年,云南野生亚洲象在人口相对密集的乡镇街道上"闯荡肇事"的频次在不断增加.

2018年春节前夕,美国鸟友、前国际鹤类基金会志愿者詹姆斯·比尔告诉我,他计划今年春季前往云南观鸟.当他得知我们每年都在盈江县进行春季繁殖鸟类监测时,他希望作为志愿者和我们一同参加这次鸟类监测,顺便观鸟. 盈江县面积4429平方千米,记录鸟类21目78科560种,被誉为"中国鸟类物种最丰富的县".

全球鹭科鸟类共有65种,由于大多数种的羽色平淡无奇,日常行为也比较单调,因此很少有人关注鹭鸟的保护.很少人知道,已有几种鹭在近些年灭绝,如百慕大夜鹭、罗德里格斯夜鹭、留岛夜鹭、毛里求斯夜鹭、阿岛夜鹭和新西兰苇(鸦)等.

We studied the breeding biology of the Fire-tailed Myzornis (Myzornis pyrrhoura) in an alpine environment (3000-3800 m) of the Gaoligong Mountains in southwestern China during its breeding seasons in 2013 and 2014. Nests were built by both sexes and mainly contained moss and rhododendron flakes. They were located on vertical banks or rock faces, about 20-152 cm above the ground. This species was socially monogamous and sexually dimorphic both in plumage pattern and body size. Egg-laying was mainly initiated in mid-April and ended in early July, and the mean date of clutch initiation was 25 April in 2013 (n = 4) and 27 April in 2014 (n = 5), respectively. The clutch size averaged 3.00 +/- 0.15 (n = 10), and fresh eggs weighed 1.84 +/- 0.19 g (n = 11). Males and females made virtually equal contributions in breeding activities, including incubation, provisioning, brooding, and nest sanitation. Incubation lasted for 15 days (n = 2) with a notably high nest attendance (eggs were incubated 99.48% of the time). The total provisioning rates were 6.52 +/- 1.82 (range = 3.29-10.29) trips per hour, a rate that did not change significantly throughout the nestling period. Nestlings fledged at 19.67 +/- 0.33 (n = 3 nests) days after hatching, when they were 19% heavier than adults. Growth of nestlings met logistic expectations except for tail length. Overall, the reproductive success rate was 42.86%. Compared with other lower-elevation breeding babblers, Myzornis had larger and heavier nests, fewer but larger eggs, and a longer nestling period. These life-history traits may facilitate its reproduction in the cold alpine areas of the Gaoligong Mountains.

2011年1月至11月使用瞬时扫描法及焦点动物取样法对云南省大理市洱源县西湖湿地(26°00′～26°01′N,100°02′～100°03′E,平均海拔1 970m)的紫水鸡(Porphyrio porphyrio)行为进行了观察,将行为定义为取食、寻食、休息、修饰、警戒、位移和其他共7类,扫描时将取食和寻食合并为觅食,分析非繁殖期的日节律和时间分配特点.觅食高峰出现在早晨和傍晚,低谷在秋季为下午14:30时(占所有行为类型56.56％)、冬季12:30时(55.61％)、春季11:00时(55.80％).休息高峰秋季出现在12:30时(26.79％),冬季一日内呈上升趋势,春季呈双峰型,低谷在13:30时(14.64％).从时间分配来看,寻食、取食、修饰等行为在不同季节间存在显著差异,寻食时间从高至低依次为冬季、春季、秋季,分别占总活动时间的19.87％、9.36％、3.03％;取食时间则相反,依次为秋季(72.54％)、春季(56.78％)及冬季(44.59％);与新西兰Pukepuke Lagoon种群相比,西湖湿地紫水鸡种群在秋季大量取食,在冬季增加寻食和休息时间,以应对高原湿地的温度和食物变化.修饰行为在繁殖期前(春季)最多(15.84％),繁殖期后(秋季)减少(11.10％).以上结果说明,为适应气候、食物等条件的年周期变化,紫水鸡行为策略在不同时期和地点具有可塑性,这可能是该物种在滇西北地区得以繁衍及扩散的原因之一.

China is one of the world's richest countries in terms ot biodiversity,which has been seriously threatened.In 2010,to effectively protect biodiversity,the State Council of China authorized the Protection Strategy and Action Plan of China Biological Diversity (Year 2010-2030),in which 32 terrestrial Biodiversity Priority Areas were delineated as preferential areas,and background surveys of biodiversity in these areas were also discussed.To protect biodiversity,the Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China,alongside various research institutions such as Chinese Academy of Sciences and universities,conducted biodiversity background surveys at the county level in 18 counties in Northwest Yunnan of the southern section of the Hengduan Mountains Area from 2010 to 2011.The survey included ecosystems and species.At the ecosystem level,the survey investigated the diversity of vegetation formations within each county.At the species level,the survey investigated diversity of species composition,quantity,and usage of higher plants,vertebrates,and macro-fungi,analyzed the quantities of endemic,rare,and endangered species.The survey culminated in a species inventory at the county level.Based on the survey results,a comparative analysis of biodiversity composition among different counties was conducted.Among the 18 investigated counties,Yulong County,Jianchuan County,Gucheng District,Shangri-La County,and Eryuan County have relatively abundant ecosystem types.While all of these counties have more than 48 formations,Yulong County has the largest number of formations (108 formations).The formations of other counties ranged from 20 to 40.Yulong County not only has the richest vegetation formations,it also has the most abundant number of species (including 4,550 higher plants,625 vertebrates,and 222 macro-fungi).The region also has a high proportion of endemic species.With respect to higher plants,the ratio of endemic species in most of the counties is about 20％,however,the ratio can approach or exceed 50％.With respect to animal species,the ratio of endemic species in most of the counties is about 10％,with the highest ratio in Heqing County,where 46 endemic species account for 17％ of the total species.The authors hold that a comprehensive biodiversity survey is a necessary basis and hence suggest that this study be taken as a case for large-scale biodiversity investigations in the future.

采用登录网站收集新闻报道,查阅报纸、文献,私人通讯和实地观察等方法,收集了亚洲钳嘴鹳Anastomus oscitans 2010-2014年5年间在中国西南地区出现地点、群体数量、停留时间、栖息生境等数据.依据野外观察,该鸟群体大小和停留时间长短,与浅水沼泽面积和水体中福寿螺Pomacea canaliculata的密度有密切关系.在水域面积大和福寿螺数量多的分布点,亚洲钳嘴鹳可以停留3 ～ 32个月,群体数量达60～1100只.依据南亚地区此鸟种群数量近年快速增长的实际情况,认为其进入中国西南地区属于自然扩散,与全球气候变暖没有直接关系.

由于较难到达等客观原因,以往对高黎贡山中段的鸟类调查比较缺乏.2011年8月至2014年7月,采用样线法对高黎贡山中段六库-姚家坪-风雪垭口-片马一线鸟类多样性进行了调查,旨在完善该区域不同海拔和生境的鸟类信息.野外共观察到225种鸟类,其中有3个高黎贡山新纪录鸟种.结合以往资料,高黎贡山中段共记录鸟类357种,隶属于18目60科,占云南省鸟类903种的39.53％.其中,留鸟282种,占78.99％.该区鸟类垂直分布呈单峰型,以2300～2800 m的中山湿性常绿阔叶林中分布的种类最多.该区域鸟类G-F指数高,多样性十分丰富,而且受危和特有现象明显,保护鸟类42种,横断山区特有鸟类57种,分别占所记录鸟类的1 1.76％和15.97％.结合该区域鸟类的垂直分布特征,提出保护中山湿性常绿阔叶林对该区域鸟类多样性的保护至关重要.此外,我们建议以后也应对该区域低海拔生境的鸟类进行调查.

2009年4月10日至6月21日,在高黎贡山赧亢自然公园对环颈山鹧鸪育雏期的栖息地进行了调查.主成分分析结果显示:育雏期的利用样方6个主成分累积贡献率达到77.512％,包含了7个因子.利用T-检验和Mann-Whitney U-检验与对照样方进行对比发现,两者在6个因子上表现出显著差异.在育雏期,环颈山鹧鸪偏向于选择高灌木盖度和封闭度.

By the methods of catching and photographing to get the bird’s sample,we analyzed the percent-age of juvenile Black-headed Gull in 3 areas of Dianchi Lake.Sampled and Black-headed Gull banding was car-ried at Haigeng dam of Dianchi Lake.During January 2011,January and February 2012,December 2012,and March 2013,we captured 131、339 and 475 gulls,respectively.Photo sampling carried at Green Park,Haigeng Dam and Baiyukou in January,February and December of 2013.Every season and every site,there 1000 birds were pictured.With consulting a lot of data,the percentage of juvenile Black-headed Gull in Dianchi Lake and population quantity were investigated.The result showed that,in the periods of2010,2011,2012and 2013 win-tering,ratio of Juvenile was 23.7%,33.6%,48.9%,43.1%,respectively.Among them,the ratio of Juven-ile was increased significantly.Moreover,population quantity had maintained increasing,especially in 1992、2002、2010,the increase was jumped.Base on the ration of juvenile and increase regulation of population quanti-ty,we predicted the population of Black- headed Gull wintering in Dianchi Lake would be increased greatly in next a few years.

洱海地处云南西部,是中国西部候鸟迁徙时的重要停息地和越冬地,但其湖滨带鸟类组成与季节变化尚无专门研究.作者于2011年1月(冬季)、3和4月(春季)、7月(夏季)、10和11月(秋季)采用样线法对洱海湖滨带的鸟类多样性进行了调查,在洱海西岸湖滨带共设4条调查样线,总长度48.2 km,冬夏季节各进行2d共4次调查,春秋各进行4d共8次调查.共记录到鸟类13目38科115种,其中有国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类7种;留鸟61种,夏候鸟7种,冬候鸟39种,旅鸟8种;按生态类群分,有游禽19种,涉禽22种,猛禽7种,陆禽3种,攀禽8种,鸣禽56种.研究结果表明,秋季的鸟类物种数及多样性指数最高,夏季均匀性指数最高.5类生境中,树林灌丛生境的鸟类多样性和均匀性最高;近岸水域鸟类个体数量最多.依据调查结果,建议沿环湖公路营造更多树林,在适宜地点建造滩涂,将有利于鸟类栖息觅食.