Remote sensing vegetation index (VI) is a simple, effective, and widely used approach for quantitative and qualitative assessment of vegetation vigour, coverage, activity, and growth dynamics. To address the insufficient separability and high background sensitivity of existing VIs in tobacco identification, this study proposes a tobacco-oriented vegetation index (TVI). The TVI formulation incorporates four factors: (1) the high reflectance characteristics of tobacco leaves in the green band; (2) the pronounced difference between green band and red band among various land-cover types; (3) the pronounced difference between green band and blue band among various land-cover types; (4) and the canopy enhancement effect induced by the accumulation of visible-light brightness. Experimental results demonstrate that TVI exhibits high consistency and robustness in automatic flue-cured tobacco identification and area extraction, achieving an average extraction accuracy of 85.01% and an average extraction rate of 94.76%, and mean Precision, Recall, and F1 values of 85.01%, 89.80%, and 87.26%. Overall, TVI, with its clear physical rationale, concise formulation, and stable performance, provides a practical and reliable remote sensing tool for tobacco identification, area estimation, and growth monitoring.

Background The practice of tobacco monoculture usually leads to increased occurrence of soil-borne diseases and reduced yield and quality, posing a significant obstacle to sustainable farming. The soil microbiome is central to soil health, but the mechanisms by which crop rotation alleviates monoculture-related obstacles by reconstructing microbial communities and their interaction networks remain poorly understood.Methods A field study was conducted in two regions to compare tobacco grown on soils after rotation (with wheat or rapeseed) and tobacco grown on soils with continuous tobacco cropping. A comprehensive analysis was performed on soil physicochemical properties, enzyme activities, microbial biomass, 16S rRNA bacterial and ITS fungal gene sequencing, microbial co-occurrence networks and phenotypic data, including tobacco yield, disease index and chemical quality of cured tobacco. A multi-omics coupling framework was constructed to integrate environmental variables, community structure and phenotype.Results Crop rotation notably increased the content of available potassium in the soil and enhanced the activities of key enzymes involved in carbon and phosphorus cycling, such as beta-glucosidase, sucrase and acid phosphatase. These changes led to improved nutrient availability. Across the two regions, crop rotation consistently restructured both bacterial and fungal communities, enriching beneficial taxa, including Chitinophagaceae, Rhodanobacteraceae, Xanthobacteraceae, Cercophora and Montagnula, while suppressing the proliferation of potential fungal pathogens. The microbial co-occurrence networks under rotation conditions were more intricate, cooperative and functionally integrated. Path analysis, incorporating composite variables, revealed a comprehensive causal pathway: crop rotation enhances the abundance of beneficial microbes and increases network complexity, which, in turn, improves the soil health indexes. This ultimately results in higher tobacco yield, reduced disease incidence and superior chemical and sensory quality of the cured tobacco.

热泵作为一种新兴的制热设备,因其纯环保的制热方式及高效的制热能力得到广泛认可和应用.通过将热泵烤房和普通燃煤烤房进行对比试验分析,结果发现,使用热泵加热设备烤房的控温稳温效果好,烤后烟叶产值效益高、内在质量好,烘烤成本基本一致.

本研究以燃煤烤房为对照,采用固相微萃取-气相色谱/质谱(SPME-GC/MS)联用检测手段及PLS-DA等分析方法研究碳晶烤房对烤房内气体和烤后烟叶中挥发性成分的影响.结果表明:与燃煤烤房相比,碳晶烤房气体中新植二烯、苯甲醛、正十一烷、正十二烷、正二十烷含量极显著降低(P<0.01),占比分别降低2.869、0.089、0.186、0.266 个和 0.309 个百分点;碳晶烤房烤后烟叶中烟碱含量降低 4.377 个百分点,新植二烯、西柏三烯一醇、苯乙醛含量极显著增加(P<0.01),分别增加 3.152、0.017、0.057 个百分点.碳晶烤房烤后烟感官评吸质量总分为 72.8 分,比燃煤烤房提高 2.8 分,主要在香气质、香气量、余味方面有所提升.综上,碳晶烤房内气体与烤后烟叶中挥发性成分与燃煤烤房存在差异,且烤后烟叶感官评吸质量明显提升,碳晶烤房能够通过减少烘烤过程中烟叶挥发性成分的挥发损耗进而提升烟叶品质.

Tobacco is one of the important cash crops in China. Accurate extraction of tobacco planting area is of great significance to the adjustment of crop planting structure and scientific management and monitoring of tobacco fields. Based on GEE（Google Earth Engine） cloud platform, the authors used Sentinel-2A multitemporal data from February to November of 2021 to exclude error factors according to tobacco planting characteristics, and combined with the distribution characteristics of field sampling data to conclude the vegetation characteristics. Using the threshold method, Linyi City of Shandong Province was taken as an example. Study on automatic extraction of tobacco planting plots was carried out. The results showed that the combined model of GEE and random forest algorithm could accurately obtain the spatial distribution information of tobacco planting field, and the overall classification accuracy was 96.04%. The classification of this research method is of high quality, which can meet the research requirement and provide accurate, quick and scientific reference for the tobacco planting field management department.

为明确缓控释一体肥施用对烤烟生长和产质量的影响,以翠碧1 号为试验材料,采用大田试验研究了不同施用量缓控释一体肥对烤烟生育期、农艺性状、化学成分、感官质量和经济性状的影响.结果表明,随缓控释一体肥施用量的增加,打顶期烟株株高、茎围、有效叶片数、最大叶面积等农艺性状提升,主要化学成分烟碱、总氮和钾含量整体呈上升趋势,而总糖、还原糖含量呈下降趋势,经济性状及感官质量显著提升.综合分析,以基肥形式一次性施用1 500 kg/hm2 缓控释一体肥,能减少追肥次数、减轻施肥劳动强度,并能取得较好的烟叶质量和经济效益.该研究为缓控释一体肥在南平烤烟生产中的应用提供了理论依据和数据支撑.

为探究雪茄烟叶采收成熟度对晾制过程中颜色变化的影响,以雪茄烟品种QX103中部叶为试验材料,研究了不同烟叶成熟度(M1、M2、M3)对晾制过程中颜色表征指标、质体色素含量、含水率、丙二醛(MDA)含量、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性、多酚含量等的影响.结果表明,晾制过程中烟叶整体变黄速率表现为 M3>M2>M1,变褐速率表现为 M2>M3>M1,且M2晾制后烟叶褐色较深;各处理叶绿素a、b大幅度降解,降解幅度均表现为M3>M2>M1,失水幅度表现为M2>M3>M1.各处理叶片MDA含量在晾制10 d内呈上升趋势,第10天的含量表现为M2>M3>M1;各成熟度烟叶PPO活性在晾制0～10 d上升,第10天活性表现为M2>M3>M1,处理间差异显著,在10～15 d下降,M2下降幅度最大.在晾制过程中M1处理绿原酸、芸香苷、莨菪亭被氧化较少,多酚类物质积累较多.综上,在晾制过程中不同采收成熟度雪茄烟叶水分散失速率和膜脂过氧化程度存在差异,使得烟叶色素降解与多酚氧化速率不同,进一步影响雪茄烟叶颜色变化进程及晾制后烟叶颜色深浅.

不同烤烟品种烤后烟叶具有不同的外观及内在质量表现,而外观质量检验是开展烟叶分级、收购、工商交接业务的重要手段.了解并掌握不同品种的识别方法,对提高烟叶分级收购水平、密切工商协作关系具有重要意义.通过对临沂产区近年种植的主栽品种外观质量特征开展研究,筛选与遗传因素密切相关的烟叶主要外观特征作评价指标,剔除各品种外观特征相同或相似部分,找出各品种的主要识别特征,并通过这些特征逆向判断分析,形成了各品种的主要评价指标及识别方法,建立了临沂主栽品种烟叶样品库和外观质量影像资料数据库.研究为分级人员快速识别品种、精准评级和进一步开展品种研究提供了方法借鉴和有效技术支撑.

为分析山东烟叶感官质量与物理化学指标的相关性,解析烟叶品质的化学基础和物理标识,采集典型中部和上部烟叶样品,通过感官质量评价、理化检测和数理统计分析,对烟叶叶位、地域分布差异进行了比较.结果表明,山东省上中部烟叶物理指标总体适宜,化学成分总体相对协调,感官质量总体较好,地域分布差异显著.中部烟叶在适宜范围内指标的比例高于上部烟叶.感官质量评价指标与化学成分和物理指标进行典型相关分析,分别得到3对和2对显著性典型变量,对典型变量影响较大的感官质量评价指标有杂气、余味、香气质,影响较大的化学成分指标为还原糖、总糖、两糖比、氯、总氮和烟碱,影响较大的物理指标为叶宽、单叶重、叶片厚度、叶面密度和叶长.杂气与钾氯比成显著正相关,与氯、半纤维素成显著或极显著负相关;余味与钙、氮碱比、钾氯比、叶宽、含梗率成显著或极显著正相关,与淀粉、烟碱、钠、硫、氯、两糖比、叶片厚度、叶面密度成显著或极显著负相关;香气质与钙、钾氯比、叶宽、含梗率成极显著正相关,与总氮、烟碱、钠、氯、两糖比、叶片厚度、叶面密度成显著或极显著负相关.

As a common herbicide in farmland, there has been wide concern over quinclorac residue because of its potential risks to the environment and human health. For the detection and monitoring of quinclorac residue in the environment, enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) and time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TRFIA) were established. The half-maximal inhibition concentrations (IC50) of ELISA and TRFIA were 0.169 mg/L and 0.087 mg/L with a linear range (IC20–IC80) of 0.020–1.389 mg/L and 0.004–1.861 mg/L, respectively. Compared with ELISA, the limit of detection (LOD, IC20) and IC50 of TRFIA improved approximately 5-fold and 2-fold. The cross-reaction rates for the quinclorac analogs were less than 2%. The average recoveries of quinclorac in river water, paddy water, paddy soil, and brown rice samples were 77.3–106.1%, with RSDs of 1.7–12.5%. More importantly, the results of the two methods were consistent with that of the referenced method of UPLC-MS/MS (R2 > 0.98). ELISA and TRFIA both showed good detection performance and could meet the requirements of the quantitative determination of quinclorac. Therefore, the proposed ELISA and TRFIA could be applied to the rapid and sensitive detection and monitoring of quinclorac residue in the environment.

生姜作为我国重要食药兼用的经济作物,其种植过程中遇到的土传病害给姜农和生姜产区地区经济造成严重损害,姜农在防治病害过程中使用的大量化学农药也给生姜的食用、药用安全造成不良影响.采取小区对比试验的方式,研究烟用土壤调理剂在生姜种植上的土壤改良效果,试验结果表明,相对常规施肥(CK),施用烟用土壤调理剂后,土壤有效磷、有效钾、有机质含量显著升高,生姜在长势、发病率、经济效益等方面表现好于对照,综合试验结果显示,烟用土壤调理剂在生姜上的施用,可以降低农药使用量,提高作业效率,降低病害害发生率,在生姜种植上具有推广应用价值.

为实现闭式循环烘烤过程中冷凝水的开发利用,研究了冷凝水流出速率及其主要化学成分和致香物质含量.结果表明,闭式循环烘烤过程中,冷凝水流出速率呈先升高后下降的趋势,变黄末期流出速率最大,干筋期流出速率最低.冷凝水中总植物碱含量随烘烤进行逐渐升高,未检测到总糖、还原糖和蛋白质.冷凝水中最多检测到了24种致香物质,其中苯甲醇、苯乙醇、2,3-二联吡啶、3-羟基-2-丁酮等致香物质的含量与其在烟叶中的含量属于相同数量级.

为提高上部叶的工业可用性,以NC102品种3个不同采收成熟度(BM1、BM2、BM3)的烤后上部烟叶为材料,分析了叶尖、叶中、叶基3个分切区段的外观质量、物理性状、化学成分及其可用性指数(CCUI)和感官质量的差异.结果表明,同一成熟度下,烟叶外观质量总分表现为叶中＞叶基＞叶尖;填充值在低、中成熟度时表现为叶尖高于叶中和叶基,其他物理指标差异不显著;还原糖含量和糖碱比在低、中成熟度下表现为叶尖＜叶中＜叶基,在高成熟度下差异不显著,淀粉含量在各成熟度下均表现为叶尖＜叶中＜叶基,钾含量和钾氯比在各成熟度下均表现为叶尖＞叶中＞叶基,总氮含量、烟碱含量及氮碱比在不同区段及不同成熟度间差异不显著;低、中成熟度下烟叶CCUI为叶尖＜叶中＜叶基,且低成熟度处理中叶基段与叶尖和叶中段差异达到显著水平,高成熟度下则无显著差异.随成熟度提高,不同区段烟叶外观质量、物理性状、化学成分及CCUI间的差异总体呈逐渐缩小的趋势.烟叶感官质量得分表现为:低、中成熟度下叶尖＜叶基＜叶中,高成熟度下叶尖＞叶中＞叶基.综上,采收成熟度影响叶片不同区段的质量,低、中成熟度烟叶的叶中和叶基段综合质量优于叶尖段,而高成熟度下叶尖段化学成分整体协调性和感官质量优于叶中和叶基段.

The extensive usage of atrazine constitutes a risk for water environment due to its great mobility, long half-life and low biodegradability, which could further cause residual injury to the succeeding crops. Therefore, the efficient removal of atrazine in water environment is an important measure to control its risk. In this study, modified carbon nitride (TEA-CN-30) was synthesized based on a facile photochemical reduction method with the assistant of triethanolamine and applied for atrazine photocatalytic degradation. The photocatalytic performance was significantly improved compared to bulk graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4). Almost 90% atrazine degradation was achieved in just an hour. The possible degradation pathways were dealkylation, hydroxylation, and dechlorination based on intermediates analyzing. Besides, the germination inhibition effect of atrazine on wheat seeds was reduced after photodegradation by TEA-CN-30. TEA-CN-30 was also capable of simultaneously removing 10 other commonly used pesticides, including insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides. This work implies promising applications of TEA-CN-30 in alleviating negative effects of multi-pesticides on environment.

[目的]本研究仿真烤烟成熟过程中鲜烟叶色的动态变化,为实现烤烟成熟期的可视化表达奠定基础.[方法]通过原位测量成熟期烤烟鲜烟叶的颜色参数和SPAD值,分析SPAD值和颜色参数随成熟度提高的变化规律及两者之间的相关关系,进而构建基于SPAD值的鲜烟颜色参数的预测模型.[结果]随着成熟期的不断推进,SPAD值呈不断减小的趋势,并与颜色参数(L、b、C、H°)呈显著或极显著相关.基于SPAD值构建的颜色参数预测模型的判定系数分别为0.70(L)、0.26(a)、0.66(b)、0.71(C)、0.59(H°);颜色参数的实测值与预测值的相关系数r和RMSE分别为0.67**和3.09(L)、0.24和0.68(a)、0.54**和3.93(b)、0.52**和3.67(C)、0.53**和3.57(H°).基于SPAD值进行鲜烟叶颜色仿真的效果为:随着SPAD值的减小,颜色变化趋势是从绿到黄,与大田实际情况基本一致.[结论]初步表明基于SPAD值进行烤烟鲜烟叶叶色仿真是可行的.

针对根系分泌物收集存在的问题,研制了一种不扰动根系生长、不破坏根际环境的收集装置.利用此装置收集感染/未感染烟草疫霉菌(Phytophthoranicotianae)的烟草根系分泌物,采用液相色谱-质谱联用仪(Liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometry,LC-MS)检测获得的根系分泌物,通过PLS-DA和OPLS-DA分析根系分泌物有机物的变化,获得差异性代谢物主要为有机酸、碱、烯、醇、酯、酮、醛、酰胺等物质.在感染疫霉菌后,代谢物含量发生较大变化,其中差异性显著的物质有17种.为研究根系分泌物与疫霉菌互作识别提供重要的理论依据.

为明确烟叶颜色参数与烘烤特性的关系,对烤烟品种NC55和NC102上部叶正、背面颜色参数和烘烤特性随采收时间的变化规律进行研究,对烟叶颜色参数与变黄指数、变褐指数进行相关性分析和回归分析,基于烟叶颜色参数建立变黄指数、变褐指数回归模型,并对其进行检验.结果发现,随烟叶采收时间的推移,烤烟品种NC55和NC102烟叶正、背面的颜色参数L值(亮度值) 、b值(黄度值)和C值(饱和度值)总体上呈不断增大的趋势;H°值(色相角值)则大体上呈不断减小的趋势;a值(红度值)呈先减小后增大的趋势;变黄指数呈增大趋势,变褐指数呈先减小后增大的趋势,存在某一阶段的烘烤特性好于其他阶段的现象.烟叶颜色参数与变黄指数、变褐指数呈极显著或显著相关,基于烟叶正面颜色参数建立的变黄指数、变褐指数回归模型预测结果较好,基于烟叶正面颜色参数建立的回归模型预测烘烤特性可行.

[目的]为探讨不同光照强度下叶片组织结构的生长发育特点,明确光照强度对烤烟叶片物理性状的影响.[方法]大田试验设计了4种不同光照强度,对4个不同时期的烤烟中部和上部叶片组织结构进行观察,并测定了烤后烟叶的物理性状.[结果]随着光照强度减弱,烤烟中部叶片上表皮、栅栏组织、海绵组织及叶片厚度均呈下降趋势,烤烟上部叶片上表皮、栅栏组织、海绵组织及叶片厚度在圆顶期和成熟期呈先上升后下降的变化趋势;中上部叶的叶宽、叶面积、单叶重及叶面密度均呈先增大后减小的变化趋势,含梗率、拉力值和平衡含水率均呈先减小后增大再减小的变化趋势.[结论]研究结果可为烤烟种植合理区划和制定适宜的栽培管理技术方案提供理论依据.

为探究热泵密集烤房烘烤过程中干湿球温度响应情况以及与燃煤密集烤房的差异,优化热泵密集烤房烘烤环境,在热泵密集烤房与燃煤密集烤房内用SSN-22温湿度自动记录仪测量烤房不同空间、不同时间的干湿球温度并与设定值对比分析.结果表明:①热泵密集烤房烘烤过程中的干球温度响应度略小于燃煤密集烤房烘烤过程中的干球温度响应度.②热泵密集烤房烘烤过程中的湿球温度响应度大于燃煤密集烤房烘烤过程中的湿球温度响应度.③热泵密集烤房与燃煤密集烤房烘烤过程中水平方向的干湿球温度响应度高于垂直方向的干湿球温度响应度.④热泵密集烤房与燃煤密集烤房烘烤过程中的干球温度响应度高于湿球温度响应度.提高热泵密集烤房供热能力和通风能力是提高烟叶烘烤质量的重要措施.

在霍格兰营养液中添加6个不同浓度(0、0.1、0.2、0.4、0.8、1.6 mg·L-1)的植物生长调节剂吲哚丁酸(IBA),研究其对烟苗根系的影响.结果表明,随着IBA浓度的增加,烟草幼苗根系指标呈先增加后降低的趋势.0.4 mg·L-1处理较其他处理提升了根系活力,增幅达5.07％～29.02％.而1.6 mg·L-1 IBA处理较对照处理降低了烟苗根系活力.不同浓度的IBA对烟苗根系各项品质指标影响不同,随着IBA浓度的增加,烟苗根系各项指标呈先增加后减少的趋势,各处理间差异显著.0.4 mg·L-1 IBA处理较其他处理显著增加了烟苗根总长度、 根表面积、 根体积、 根平均直径、 根尖数,增幅分别达4.78％～30.24％、8.25％～27.17％、5.71％～35.79％、11.77％～163.11％、6.86％～47.21％.此外,0.4 mg·L-1 IBA处理提高了烟苗根系SOD、POD和CAT活性,降低了MDA含量.在该试验条件下,推荐烟草漂浮育苗营养液中添加IBA浓度为0.4 mg·L-1,可促进烟苗根系发育.