Qaidam cattle are a typical Chinese native breed inhabiting northwest China. They bear the characteristics of high cold and roughage tolerance, low-oxygen adaptability and good meat quality. To analyze the genetic diversity of Qaidam cattle, 60 samples were sequenced using whole-genome resequencing technology, along with 192 published sets of whole-genome sequencing data of Indian indicine cattle, Chinese indicine cattle, North Chinese cattle breeds, East Asian taurine cattle, Eurasian taurine cattle and European taurine cattle as controls. It was found that Qaidam cattle have rich genetic diversity in Bos taurus, but the degree of inbreeding is also high, which needs further protection. The phylogenetic analysis, principal component analysis and ancestral component analysis showed that Qaidam cattle mainly originated from East Asian taurine cattle. Qaidam cattle had a closer genetic relationship with the North Chinese cattle breeds and the least differentiation from Mongolian cattle. Annotating the selection signals obtained by composite likelihood ratio, nucleotide diversity analysis, integrated haplotype score, genetic differentiation index, genetic diversity ratio and cross-population extended haplotype homozygosity methods, several genes associated with immunity, reproduction, meat, milk, growth and adaptation showed strong selection signals. In general, this study provides genetic evidence for understanding the germplasm characteristics of Qaidam cattle. At the same time, it lays a foundation for the scientific and reasonable protection and utilization of genetic resources of Chinese local cattle breeds, which has great theoretical and practical significance.

为探究柴达木黄牛的母系遗传多样性及遗传背景,本研究随机选取柴达木黄牛5个主产区268个个体,通过PCR方法和直接测序技术得到其mtDNA Cyt b基因全序列,使用生物信息学软件分析其遗传多样性、分化及母系起源,进而在分子水平上揭示其母系遗传多样性水平、分化程度及母系遗传背景.结果表明:柴达木黄牛Cyt b基因核苷酸序列长度为1140 bp,比对分析共检测到29个核苷酸多态位点,其中单一多态位点4个,简约信息位点25个;依据序列间核苷酸变异共确定了12种单倍型,其中优势单倍型为H2,品种单倍型多样度为0.5882±0.0300,核苷酸多样度为0.0040±0.0022,表明柴达木黄牛具有较丰富的母系遗传多样性.柴达木黄牛品种内5个群体间分化指数Fst值在-0.0104～0.1618,提示品种内群体间分化程度存在差异,其中格尔木群体与乌兰群体间分化程度最大(Fst=0.1618),大柴旦群体和茫崖群体间的分化程度最小(Fst=-0.0104).基于UPGMA法的品种内群体间聚类关系表明,柴达木黄牛品种内5个群体可聚为2类,其中格尔木群体与都兰群体最先聚在一起,大柴旦群体与茫崖群体也最先聚为一起,随后它们再聚为1类,而乌兰群体单独为另一类,2类最后聚为一大类.系统发育分析表明,柴达木黄牛由普通牛和瘤牛2个母系遗传支系组成,表明柴达木黄牛有普通牛和瘤牛2个母系起源且以普通牛起源为主.此外,研究发现,茫崖、乌兰、都兰各群体均有1个个体为牦牛mtDNA Cyt b单倍型序列类型,占总头数的1.12％,提示柴达木黄牛品种中存在一定程度的牦牛基因渗入.

旨在从分子水平上探究野牦牛及青海地方牦牛品种的母系遗传多样性、群体遗传结构、亲缘关系和遗传背景.本研究在测定青海省4个地方牦牛品种(即青海高原、环湖、雪多和玉树牦牛)22条全线粒体基因组(Mitoge-nome)序列的基础上,从GenBank下载了已公布的野牦牛及上述4个地方牦牛品种的142条相应序列,使用BioEdit 7.2.5、Arlequin 3.11和Network 10.1等软件对共计164条线粒体基因组序列进行综合分析.结果显示:1)根据序列间核苷酸变异共确定了 115种单倍型,其中野牦牛和青海地方牦牛品种分别拥有22种和93种单倍型;在野牦牛和青海高原、环湖、雪多、玉树牦牛中分别检测到22、26、18、23、19种特有的单倍型.遗传多样性分析显示,野牦牛单倍型多样度最高(0.992 8±0.014 4),且高于4个青海地方牦牛品种的单倍型多样度(0.973 1±0.007 7);4个青海地方牦牛品种单倍型多样度大小依次为:雪多牦牛(0.988 5士0.012 6)、玉树牦牛(0.975 8士0.018 7)、青海高原牦牛(0.973 0±0.016 6)和环湖牦牛(0.939 3±0.027 8).2)野牦牛与环湖牦牛之间的固定分化指数值(FsT值)最大(0.041 2),分化程度最高,而与玉树牦牛间的FST值最小(-0.008 8),分化程度最低.青海4个地方牦牛品种中,雪多牦牛与青海高原牦牛之间F ST值最大(0.035 8),分化程度最高,而雪多牦牛与环湖牦牛间FST值最小(0.011 2),分化程度最低.3)聚类分析显示,4个青海地方牦牛品种各自为1类,存在明显的母系遗传差异.相比而言,环湖牦牛和雪多牦牛聚类较近,青海高原牦牛和玉树牦牛聚类较近,而野牦牛与玉树牦牛聚类关系更近,各品种(群体)间的聚类结果与其分化程度、地理分布一致.4)系统发育分析表明,115种单倍型分布在3个大的母系遗传分支(即Mt-Ⅰ、Mt-Ⅱ和Mt-Ⅲ),其中Mt-Ⅰ支系所占比例为72.17％,由A、B、E和F 4种单倍型组构成;Mt-Ⅱ支系包括C、D和H 3种单倍型组,占26.09％;而Mt-Ⅲ支系只包含G单倍型组,由雪多牦牛和野牦牛所拥有,所占比例为1.74％,提示牦牛有3个母系起源.综上所述,野牦牛和青海4个地方牦牛品种均具有丰富的母系遗传多样性,其多样性水平由高到低依次为野牦牛、雪多牦牛、玉树牦牛、青海高原牦牛和环湖牦牛.青海4个地方牦牛品种间及与野牦牛间的遗传分化程度均较弱,但各自拥有特有的母系遗传信息,存在明显的母系遗传差异.野牦牛和青海家牦牛品种由3个母系支系组成,推测牦牛有3个母系起源.

对来自海西州都兰县香日德农场病死骆驼的脓肿病料进行了病原菌的分离培养及分子生物学鉴定,诊断为伪结核棒状杆菌引起的脓肿病,并进行了药物敏感性试验,对指导临床用药具有一定意义,仅供同行参考.

Cashmere traits were deployed for fiber yield and quality during the domestication of goats. However, the genetic alterations underlying cashmere trait selection are still unclear. We sequenced 120 Chinese native goats, including 2 cashmere goat breeds and 6 ordinary goat breeds. The genome-wide selective sweep of cashmere goat and ordinary goat revealed a novel set of candidate genes as well as pathways, such as nuclear factor-.B and Wnt signaling pathways. Of them, LHX2, regulating hair follicle development, was evident from the strongest selection signal when comparing the Uhumqin cashmere goat and ordinary goat. Interestingly, we identified a 582-bp deletion at 367 kb upstream of LHX2 with higher frequency in cashmere goats and their ancient relatives. Thismutation probably arose along with breeding procedures and is putatively responsible for cashmere production and diameter, as revealed by association studies. Luciferase assay showed that the 582-bp sequence, which acts as an insulator, restrains the expression of LHX2 by interfering with its upstream enhancers. Our findings provide new insights into the genetic formation of cashmere and facilitate subsequent molecular breeding for cashmere goat improvement.

Cashmere evolved naturally in the goat, and almost all breeds of goat can produce more or less cashmere fibers. However, the genetic alterations underlying cashmere trait selection are still unclear.We sequenced 120 Chinese native goat including two cashmere goat breeds (Ujumain, Chaidamu) and six ordinary goat breeds (Jining Gray, Matou, Guizhou Black, Jintang Black, Yunnan Black Bone, Chengdu Brown). The genome-wide selective sweep of cashmere goat and ordinary goat revealed a novel set of candidate genes as well as pathways, such as Nuclear factor kappa-B and Wnt Signaling pathways. Of them, the LHX2 gene regulating hair follicle development, was evident from the strongest selection signal when comparing the Uhumqin cashmere goat and ordinary goat. Interestingly, we identified a 582bp deletion at 367 kb upstream of LHX2 with higher frequency in cashmere goats and their ancient relatives. This mutation probably rises along the breeding procedures, and is putatively responsible for cashmere production and diameter, as revealed by association studies. Luciferase assay shows that the deletion, which acts as an insulator, restrains the expression of LHX2 by interfering its upstream enhancers.Our study discovers a novel insulator of the LHX2 involved in regulating cashmere production and diameter, which would be beneficial to understanding hair follicle development and regeneration. Our findings also provide new insights into the genetic formation of cashmere, and facilitate subsequent molecular breeding for cashmere goat improvement.

Background The genetic mechanism of goat polledness has been studied for decades, but identifying causative variants and functional genes remains challenging. Results Using a genome-wide association study (GWAS), we identified a significant striking locus for polledness in two different goat breeds. To reduce the linkage disequilibrium among variants for localizing causative variants in the finer region, we sequenced 79 goats from six Chinese native breeds (Jining Gray, Matou, Guizhou black, Yunnan black bone, Chaidamu, and Ujumqin) and identified 483.5 kb CNV (150,334,567-150,818,099) translocated into the previously identified 11.7 kb polled intersex syndrome region, which was consistent with previous research using intersex goat populations. Within the 483.5 kb CNV, a ~322 bp horn-specific element, similar to the superfamily of tRNA-derived families of SINEs, located at the first intron of the ERG gene was identified. The results of the GO enrichment analysis showed that the Horn-SINE element-associated genes were involved in both nervous system and head development. Finally, we used RNA sequencing to investigate gene expression profiles in the horn bud and skin tissues of horned and polled goats. We identified 1077 and 1222 differentially expressed genes between the horn bud and skin tissue in polled and horned goats, respectively. We also identified 367 differentially expressed genes in horn buds between polled and horned animals, and found that the two CNV-related genes, ERG and FOXL2, were upregulated in the horn bud of polled goats. Gene functional enrichment analysis demonstrated that the downregulated genes in the horn bud of polled goats were enriched in skeletal system development, whereas the upregulated genes were significantly overexpressed in muscle tissue development. Conclusions Broadly, this study describes a novel structural variant responsible for polledness/intersex traits and contributes to the discovery of molecular mechanisms underlying the development and regulation of the polledness trait.

都兰县宗加镇西西羊场死亡绵羊采集肝脏和肺脏进行组织学检测、细菌学检测、绵羊肺炎支原体检测.结果:组织学检测和细菌学检测未检出致病菌,肺组织进行绵羊肺炎支原体PCR检测为阳性.

德令哈市蓄集乡红星一社牧户羊感染传染性脓疱病毒的诊断,根据临床症状和病毒DNA的提取及PCR扩增、F1L基因的扩增和克隆,综合判定为由羊传染性脓疱病毒感染引起的疾病.

近年来,随着海西地区畜牧业的发展,牛羊流产现象也伴随多发,给牧民带来极大的经济损失.为调查布鲁氏菌病、衣原体病、弓形虫病在青海省海西州畜群中的整体流行状况,了解海西州牛羊流产多发的主要病因,对海西州31个乡镇97个牧业村的空怀牛羊群随机抽样,集中采血,分离血清,共分离牛羊血清共14114份,其中羊血清12620份,牛血清1494份.分别采用凝集试验、间接血凝试验和弓形虫快速检测卡对布鲁氏菌、衣原体和弓形虫进行抗体检测与数据分析.结果表明,羊布鲁氏菌、衣原体和弓形虫的抗体阳性率分别为0.056％、8.7％、0.11％;牛布鲁氏菌、衣原体和弓形虫的抗体阳性率分别为4.6％(69/1494)、5.8％(74/1494)、9.9％(87/1494),其中有15头牛同时检测到上述3种病原的抗体.海西州空怀羊群中衣原体阳性率最高,可能是导致羊流产的主要病因;空怀牛群中3种病原抗体阳性率普遍较高,且存在一定程度的共感染,流产病因较为复杂.

<span id="ChDivSummary" name="ChDivSummary" class="abstract-text">为从分子水平上揭示柴达木黄牛的父系遗传结构组成、遗传多样性水平及父系遗传背景,通过PCR方法和直接测序技术,以8头大别山牛（瘤牛）公牛为试验对照,对106头柴达木黄牛公牛Y染色体ZFY-10标记进行多态性检测分析。结果表明:1)通过ZFY-10标记上变异位点的联合定型分析,可以准确地检测普通牛Y1和Y2单倍型组及瘤牛Y3单倍型组;2)柴达木黄牛在ZFY-10标记上存在GT核苷酸插入/缺失多态性,依据该标记多态位点确定单倍型组,表明柴达木黄牛包含Y1和Y2两种普通牛单倍型组,所占频率分别为0.217和0.783。在柴达木黄牛品种内,大柴旦、乌兰、格尔木、茫崖和都兰5个群体Y2单倍型组的频率依次为1.000、0.933、0.907、0.650和0.522,而Y1单倍型组频率依次为0、0.067、0.093、0.350和0.478,表明茫崖和都兰2个群体具有较高的Y1单倍型组比例;3)柴达木黄牛总的单倍型多样度为0.343 0±0.045 6。在柴达木黄牛品种内,大柴旦、乌兰、格尔木、茫崖和都兰5个群体的单倍型多样度分别为0、0.133 3、0.172 8、0.478 9和0.521 7,表明都兰和茫崖2个群体相比其他3个群体具有较高的父系遗传多样性。综上所述,Y染色体ZFY-10标记变异位点的联合定型分析可以确定和推断黄牛的父系支系组成和起源;柴达木黄牛含有Y1和Y2两个普通牛父系支系,具有2个普通牛父系起源,父系遗传多样性较低,品种内茫崖和都兰2个群体遗传变异相对丰富。</span>

对送检的因肝脏脓肿病死的羔羊,经细菌学检查,动物试验和分子生物学鉴定,确诊其病原为致病性坏死梭杆菌.

为探讨枸杞对黄羽肉鸡生产性能、肉品质、小肠绒毛组织形态的影响,采用单因子随机试验设计,将120只28日龄黄羽肉鸡随机分为三组:试验一组在基础日粮中添加1％枸杞,试验二组添加2％枸杞,试验三组(对照组)不添加枸杞.饲养期75 d.测定黄羽肉鸡的总增重,肌肉pH值、滴水率、嫩度值、氨基酸含量、脂肪酸含量,小肠绒毛的数量、高度和宽度,隐窝的数量、深度以及小肠肌肉层的厚度.结果表明:添加2％枸杞可以显著提高总增重(P＜0.05)、肌肉24 h后pH值(P＜0.05)和嫩度(P＜0.05),还可显著提高肌肉中天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸、丝氨酸、精氨酸、丙氨酸、苯丙氨酸、肉豆蔻油酸、棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、油酸、亚油酸含量(P＜0.05);添加1％枸杞可以显著提高十二指肠、空肠、回肠的绒毛高度(P＜0.05).

The objective of this study is to amplify SRY gene in Equus kiang and explore the paternal genetic relationship among the genus Equus to provide a theoretical foundation for conservation of germplasm resources in Equus kiang.The genomic DNA of ear tissue or hair of two Equus kiang and two Qinghai Equus asinus was extracted,and then was used to amplify and sequence 1038 bp fragment of SRY gene,which consists of 5'-noncoding region of 330 bp and the whole coding region of 708 bp.The result of sequence alignment showed that there were four differences of SRY gene between Qinghai Equus asinus and Equuskiang (-265G＞C/G,-131T＞C/T,4933G＞A,629A＞C),the latter two of which lead to change of amino acid (Thr 165 Ala,Thr 210 Lys).The result of phylogenetic tree showed that paternal genetic relationship in the genus Equus was that Equus asinus firstly converged with Equus kiang,secondly converged with Equus burchellii,Equus grevyi and Equus zebra,lastly converged with Equus caballus,indicating the close relationship between Equus kiang and Equus asinus.

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直平板电泳法对青海省果洛州39只藏獒的血清乳酸脱氢酶(S-LDH)和红细胞乳酸脱氢酶(RBC-LDH)同工酶酶谱及其多态性进行了研究.结果发现:1)被检藏獒的S-LDH经电泳可分离出S-LDH1、S-LDH2、S-LDH3、S-LDH4和S-LDH5等5条区带,呈现出S-LDH1A(20.51%)和S-LDH1a(79.49%)两种电泳表型而表现出多态性;2)RBC-LDH经电泳可分离出RBC-LDH1、RBC-LDH2和RBC-LDH3等3条区带,呈现出RBC-LDH2A(43.24%)和RBC-LDH2a(56.76%)两种电泳表型;3)S-LDH同工酶5条区带的相对电泳迁移率分别为53.0%、40.8%、25.5%、9.5%和3.8%.

试验选用60只藏羊，分为对照组和试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组（每组15只），分别于其日粮中添加0%、1%、2%和3%枸杞。结果表明：饲料中添加2%枸杞，藏羊血清中IgA、IgY和IgG水平明显提高（P<0.05），胆固醇含量显著降低（P<0.05），藏羊对粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维、粗灰分、钙、磷等营养物质的消化率也显著提高（P<0.05），但对血清皮质醇无明显作用。

In order to optimize the herd structure,improve the production performance of Tibetan sheep,keep the local breed resources,pregnant mare serum( PMSG),combined with sponge treatment in intravaginal was applied,estrus season and estrus time of ewe were controlled by artificial for estrus,breeding and lambing at the same time. 385 ewes and 30 rams were treated with estrus synchronization technology between May and July in 2008 in Sheng Ge,Tianjun County. In 0 ~ 72 h after CIDR was removed,313 ewes was estrus. Synchronization estrus rate was 81. 30%;the lambing 288,lambing rate of 91. 9%. 259 survived,the survival rate of 89%.

Superovulation and embryo transfer technology are high-tech for propagation excellent sheep.After 2 donor and 20 receptor chaidamu cashmere goat goats were treated for synchronization of estrus and superovulation,embryo transfer was carried out.The results showed that 20 the rate for synchronization of estrus among the 20 receptor goats was up to 70.00%;donors goat produced 12 pieces of corpus luteum;9 goats were transplanted fresh embryo successfully;fecundation rate was 33.33%;lambing rate was 100.00%;and lamb survival rate was 100.00%.

采用同期发情+超排对12只特克塞尔羊、无角陶赛特羊进行处理;同时采用自然发情+超排对12只德国肉用美利奴母羊进行处理。结果表明:采用同期发情+超排处理,每只特克塞尔母羊平均获卵胚8.7枚,获受精卵数7.1枚;陶赛特母羊平均获卵胚数1.8枚,获受精卵数1.8枚(P<0.01)。德国肉用美利奴供体母羊的平均获胚数13.5枚,可用胚8.7枚,可用胚率67.0%(P<0.01)。对85只受体绵羊进行同期发情处理,结果表明,处理后同期发情率达88.2%。将12枚可用胚胎移入11只受体,其中10只受体移入单胚,1只受体移入双胚,移植成功率达83.3%(P<0.01)。对62只自然发情的受体母羊进行胚胎移植,结果表明,移植2枚胚胎受体母羊的受胎率比移植1枚的要高34.0%(P<0.01)。

本研究对藏羚羊被毛纤维氨基酸含量进行了测定.结果表明:藏羚羊粗毛中谷氨酸含量比绒纤维的高出约3个百分点,但组氨酸和胱氨酸含量仅为绒纤维的15.48%和66%.藏羚羊被毛角蛋白氨基酸的组成与山羊、绵羊被毛纤维相同;但在各种氨基酸的含量比例上有一定的差异:藏羚羊绒组氨酸含量为5.88%,比山羊绒和绵羊毛高约4个百分点;胱氨酸含量为10.60%,高于其他所测山羊的绒和毛;碱性氨基酸与酸性氨基酸含量接近(14.87%,15.23%);藏羚羊绒促螺旋蛋白(Paa)含量低于降螺旋蛋白(Daa).