Drought is a major constraint on global wheat productivity. Although the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) is a well-established regulator of drought responses, its regulatory mechanisms in wheat remain unclear. Here, we identify the abscisic acid-, stress- and ripening-induced (ASR) transcription factor TaASR4-3D as a negative regulator of drought tolerance in wheat. Constitutive overexpression of TaASR4-3D increased drought sensitivity, disrupted reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis and reduced stomatal closure capacity, whereas taasr4-3d mutants showed enhanced drought tolerance. RNA sequencing and biochemical assays revealed that TaNCED2-5D and TaRD17-6D are direct targets of TaASR4-3D, which represses their expression by binding to CACCG-containing motifs in their promoters. Furthermore, the RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase TaSDIR1-4A physically interacts with TaASR4-3D and promotes its ubiquitination and 26S proteasome-mediated degradation. Collectively, these results show that TaASR4-3D negatively regulates ABA-related drought responses and affects ROS homeostasis in wheat seedlings, whereas TaSDIR1-4A interacts with TaASR4-3D and promotes its degradation. These findings provide molecular insights for future improvement of drought tolerance in wheat.

The mechanosensitive ion channel PIEZO plays an important role in root growth. Magnetic fields (MF) and blue light are both known to have broad influence on plant growth as physical environmental factors; however, whether the PIEZO gene responds to MF and blue light to regulate root growth remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that Arabidopsis PIEZO regulates root growth in response to both MF and blue light. Mutation of PIEZO led to a significantly shorter root length under MF and blue light. Moreover, PIEZO expression in root tips was up-regulated by a leaf-derived blue light signal in the presence of MF, and PIEZO affected calcium ion influx and auxin transport related to PIN-FORMED3 (PIN3), PIN6, and PIN7 under combined MF and blue light conditions. Genetic analyses revealed that the blue light receptors CRYPTOCHROME 1 (CRY1), CRY2, and PIN3 were all essential for PIEZO to perceive MF and blue light signals sent from the leaves to the roots and regulate root growth, with PIEZO acting downstream of both CRY1 and CRY2. Moreover, PIEZO influences amyloplast content and distribution in root tips under MF and blue light, though independently of the starch synthesis gene PGM1. Transcriptomic profiling and integrated gene regulatory network analysis further indicated that PIEZO coordinates multiple signaling pathways involving phytohormones (auxin, gibberellin, ethylene), Ca2+ dynamics, mechanosensors, and microRNAs, including miR5648-5p, which post-transcriptionally represses PIEZO. Our findings establish PIEZO as a central regulator that responds to MF and blue light signals to control root growth through coordinated action with CRY1/2, PIN3-mediated auxin transport, calcium flux, and amyloplast distribution. This study demonstrates that PIEZO responds to diverse signals to regulate root growth.

As an important noncereal food crop grown worldwide,the genetic improvement of potato in tuber yield and quality is largely constrained due to the lacking of a high-quality reference genome and understanding of the regulatory mechanism underlying the formation of superior alleles.Here,a chromosome-scale haplotype-resolved genome assembled from an anther-cultured progeny of'Ningshu 15',a tetraploid variety featured by its high starch content and drought resistance was presented.The assembled genome size was 1.653 Gb,with a contig N50 of approximately 1.4 Mb and a scaffold N50 of 61 Mb.The long terminal repeat assembly index score of the two identified haplotypes of'Ningshu 15'was 11.62 and 11.94,respectively.Comparative genomic analysis revealed that positive selection occurred in gene families related to starch,sucrose,fructose and mannose metabolism,and carotenoid biosynthesis.Further genome-wide association study in 141 accessions identified a total number of 53 quantitative trait loci related to fructose,glucose,and sucrose content.Among them,a tonoplast sugar transporter encoding gene,StTST2,closely associated with glucose content was identified.Constitutive expression of StTST2 in potato and Arabidopsis increased the photosynthetic rate,chlorophyll and sugar content,biomass tuber and seed production in transgenic plants.In addition,co-immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that StTST2 directly interacted with SUT2.Our study provides a high-quality genome assembly and new genetic locus of potato for molecular breeding.

The mechanosensitive protein PIEZO has a function in root growth. However, the mechanisms underlying the effects of PIEZO responses to magnetic field (MF) remain elusive. Here, we report that Arabidopsis PIEZO gene regulation of root growth was responsive to MF and blue light. Mutation of PIEZO results in a shorter root length under MF treatment and blue light. Moreover, expression of PIEZO in root tips was up-regulated by an unknown blue-light-induced signal, transferred from the leaves to the roots in the presence of a MF. Furthermore, PIEZO was able to regulate calcium ion efflux and disturb auxin transport under MF and blue light. Interestingly, the blue light receptors CRY1 and 2 were necessary both for MF perception and regulation of root growth. Transcriptome analysis of the piezo-cl mutant grown in a MF and under blue light revealed that the PIEZO involved in regulation of root growth is also involved in indirect or direct interactions with gibberellin 4 (GA4), ethylene, calcium ion-related genes, mechanosensors and microRNA. Moreover, the expression of miR5648-5p conferred MF sensitivity and showed a way that PIEZO could be negatively regulated in a MF and blue light. Our data reveal the mechanism of PIEZO responds to MF and blue light to regulate root growth, in which converges different pathways, involving phytohormones, mechanosensors, calcium ions and blue light, as key components. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.

Solanum tuberosum potato plantsplants' shade avoidance responses (SAR) and molecular mechanisms under different light conditions are studied in this study. Low blue light (LBL) to far-red light (R:FR) ratios replicated extensive canopy shading effects. The study explained that how these conditions affected plant phenotypes, leaf anatomy, ultrastructure, endogenous hormone levels, and gene expression profiles. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was kept constant at 2000 mmol m-2s-1 to manage light intensity. Low R:FR caused hyponastic leaf movement, while WL+FR and LBL+FR promoted robust stem growth and expanded leaves without hyponastic responses. Under varied LED light spectra, LBL and LBL+FR treatments enhanced leaf thickness, palisade cell size, and spongy cell layers. Far-red light, alone or in combination with white or LBL, increased indoleacetic acid (IAA)accumulation, suggesting a function in growth control.Blue and far-red light affected gibberellin(GA3)content,demonstrating its growth regulation role.Blue and far-red light interactions affected zeatin accumulation, demonstrating their physiological role.The gene expression analysis of the WT-FL,WT-FR, and WT-LBL datasets showed that some categories and pathways were more active than others. The WT-FLvsWT-WL study looked at plastoglobules,photosystems I and II, and chlorophyll binding.The WT-FR study looked at glycosyltransferases and defensive responses.The WT-LBL study looked at plastids, chloroplasts, and processes related to thylakoids.Critical biological functions were linked to gene clusters in co-expression networks. In conclusion,this study illuminates potato plants' complex light reactions.These findings improve plant photobiology knowledge and affect agricultural and regulated environments. Key regulator functional characterization and gene expression temporal characteristics should be studied to better understand plant responses to dynamic light conditions.

Drought is a major abiotic stresses that severely hinder plant growth and agricultural productivity. The receptor-like kinase gene, ERECTA, has been proved to play important role in promoting the response to abiotic stress in crops. However, the specific molecular mechanisms underlying the drought resistance mediated by ERECTA in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) are not well understood. In this study, sequence analysis confirmed that the StERECTA gene contains eight leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains and an S_TKc domain, and these domains were highly conserved in Solanaceae family. Under drought stress, Arabidopsis thaliana strains overexpressing StERECTA showed increased biomass, proline (PRO) content, and antioxidant enzyme activities compared to the wild-type strains while the mutant ERECTA strain (er105) exhibited opposite phenotype. Additionally, StERECTA overexpression upregulated the expression of drought response marker genes (LEA3, DREB2A and P5CS1), improved levels of ABA and auxin, reduced stomatal density and relative expression level of stomatal development related genes (SPCH, FAMA and MUTE). Furthermore, Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays demonstrated that StERECTA physically interacted with the YODA protein. In conclusion, our study provides new insights into the role and regulatory mechanism of StERECTA in response to drought stress. These findings may serve as a basis for genetic improvement of potato to enhance their tolerance to abiotic stress.

Objective. As the primary means of plant-induced haploid, anther culture is of great significance in quickly obtaining pure lines and significantly shortening the potato breeding cycle. Nevertheless, the methods of anther culture of tetraploid potato were still not well established. Methods. In this study, 16 potato cultivars (lines) were used for anther culture in vitro. The corresponding relation between the different development stages of microspores and the external morphology of buds was investigated. A highly-efficient anther culture system of tetraploid potatoes was established. Results. It was shown in the results that the combined use of 0.5 mg/L 1-Naphthylacetic acid (NAA), 1.0 mg/L 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and 1.0 mg/L Kinetin (KT) was the ideal choice of hormone pairing for anther callus. Ten of the 16 potato cultivars examined could be induced callus with their respective anthers, and the induction rate ranged from 4.44% to 22.67% using this hormone combination. According to the outcome from the orthogonal design experiments of four kinds of appendages, we found that the medium with sucrose (40 g/L), AgNO3 (30 mg/L), activated carbon (3 g/L), potato extract (200 g/L) had a promotive induction effect on the anther callus. In contrast, adding 1 mg/L Zeatin (ZT) effectively facilitated callus differentiation. Conclusion. Finally, 201 anther culture plantlets were differentiated from 10 potato cultivars. Among these, Qingshu 168 and Ningshu 15 had higher efficiency than anther culture. After identification by flow cytometry and fluorescence in situ hybridization, 10 haploid plantlets (5%), 177 tetraploids (88%), and 14 octoploids (7%) were obtained. Some premium anther-cultured plantlets were further selected by morphological and agronomic comparison. Our findings provide important guidance for potato ploidy breeding.

Crop yield and quality are significantly affected by carbon partitioning between the source and sink tissues and organs, a biological process that requires the functions of cell wall invertases (CWINs). However, the nucleotide diversity, key polymorphism site and tuber trait association of cell wall invertase in potato are still unknown. In this work, the genomic sequences of potato StCWIN1 gene from 155 accessions were amplified, and nucleotide diversities and natural variations associated with tuber traits were estimated. A total number of 456 variants in StCWIN1 , including 389 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 67 insertions and deletions (indels), were identified. After quality controlled and filtered, 66 variants were found to be significantly associated with different tuber traits, with 5 of them were closely associated with dry matter. Among the 5 variants, one SNP, which constituted a linkage disequilibrium block with other adjacent 6 SNPs, formed the allelic marker allele - T . Based on this SNP (G/T) designated as SNP00075, a KASP marker was developed to distinguish allelic variation among potato genotypes for tuber starch content (SC) and dry matter (DM). Association analysis between StCWIN1 allelic variation and agronomic traits demonstrated that accessions possessing allele - T had higher SC (17.1%) and DM (22.9%) than those possessing allele - G (13.6% SC and 19.5% DM), indicating that Allele - T was a favorable allelic variation in StCWIN1 . Our findings suggest that the KASP marker may be used for the molecular marker-assisted breeding of new potato varieties with improved tuber weight and yield, and the favorable allelic variation allele - T has a great potential in increasing tuber yield through improving the transport of sucrose from source to sink in crop plants.

无机焦磷酸酶基因(AVP1)编码一个定位在液泡膜上,调控细胞质pH和生长素转运的无机焦磷酸酶(H+-PPase),并参与响应旱胁迫、盐胁迫,跨膜电化学梯度的维持,叶片发育等多种生理过程.本文通过对AVP1发挥生理功能及其机制进行综述,旨在为通过基因工程技术手段利用该基因提供思路.

研究旨在利用植物组织培养技术,筛选出引进资源品种(系)SN6、SN7和自育品系YC24的最适培养基,确定3个欧李品种的再生体系,为欧李高效快速规模化繁殖提供技术性支持.以3个欧李品种(系)为材料,对外植体的消毒方式、分化、增殖和生根培养阶段的最适培养基和激素配比进行研究.结果表明,头孢霉素浓度为100mg/L时,外植体存活率最高、污染率最低;SN6、SN7的最适分化培养基为MS+0.5 mg/L 6-BA+1.0 mg/L ZT+0.05 mg/L IBA,YC24 的最适分化培养基为 MS+0.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L ZT+0.05 mg/L IBA;SN6 的最适生根培养基为 1/2MS+0.2 mg/L NAA+0.1 mg/L IBA+1.0 g/L活性炭,SN7、YC24的最适壮苗生根一步培养基为1/2MS+0.05 mg/LNAA+0.2 mg/L IBA.本研究建立了欧李嫩枝快速繁殖体系,可为优良种质的后续练苗移栽、扩大培养和推广应用提供参考.

以沙蓬[Agriophyllum squarrosum(L.)Moq.]为材料,研究人工种植条件下沙蓬的生育期和农艺性状,以期获得最佳的人工种植条件.研究了不同播种期、施肥类型和播种量对沙蓬生育进程、产量和产量构成因素的影响,以期探索沙蓬在宁夏沙荒地适宜的播种期、施肥类型和播种量.结果表明,沙蓬适宜在5月上旬播种,播种量为7.50～15.0 kg/hm2;当种植密度为12.00 kg/hm2时,施复合肥沙蓬产量可达到779.1 kg/hm2,与其他处理间存在明显差异.因此,可以通过人工种植来改变沙蓬的农艺性状.

沙米是分布在荒漠、沙丘及沙地中的固沙先锋植物,茎秆可作饲草,种子具有丰富的营养价值.本研究引种收集宁夏、甘肃及内蒙3个省区的11份沙米种质资源,在沙质土壤地进行人工种植.运用SSR分子标记技术探究不同沙米种质资源的遗传多样性,共得到39条多态性扩增条带,多态百分率为66.1％.UPGMA聚类将其按遗传亲缘关系(相似系数0.71)分为4类.同时比较了 11份沙米种质资源的物候期、生物学特性、功能成分及产量差异.结果显示,经人工种植后的宁夏沙米和内蒙古沙米在外观形态、数量性状及营养品质方面表现较优.研究结果为筛选优良沙米种质资源、人工种植繁育及营养保健产品的开发利用奠定了基础.

为明确不同马铃薯资源的疮痂病抗性水平和遗传背景,本研究利用孢悬液灌根法鉴定了 70份马铃薯资源的疮痂病抗性,选用9对SSR标记引物,对70份马铃薯资源进行了遗传多样性分析.结果表明,70份马铃薯资源中,疮痂病高抗资源5份,中抗资源18份,低感资源24份,中感资源10份,高感资源5份,重感资源8份;9对SSR引物对70份资源可扩增得到95个位点,其中多态性条带83个,多态性条带百分率为87.4％;UPGMA聚类表明,70份资源遗传相似性系数在0.53～0.97之间,以阈值0.53分为2大类群,Aquila、LBr-33、Z2843份高抗资源分布在第一类群;redsen和fita 2份高抗资源分布在第二类群.5份高抗和18份中抗马铃薯资源间的相似性系数在0.273～0.879之间,其中中抗品种'悄悄黄'和中抗资源D26-27间遗传相似性系数最小为0.273,中抗品种'Desince'和中抗品种'fink'之间遗传相似性系数最大为0.879.该研究筛选出了疮痂病抗性资源,明确了抗性资源间的遗传相似性系数,为马铃薯疮痂病抗病育种亲本选配提供了材料和理论依据.

沙米是一种野生濒危植物资源,通过野生变家种的栽培技术实现了生态保护,避免了由于人工过度采收野生资源出现的生态破坏,为保护和开发利用沙米这一野生的植物资源提供了可行途径.基于此,结合实际情况和实际需求,本文对沙米的人工种植进行深入研究,总结出沙米野生变家种种植技术,旨在为推动沙米规模化种植及产业化发展.

沙米是流动沙丘的先锋植物,生态适应性强,种子营养丰富,具有多方面的应用价值.为明确沙米种子营养组成和开发利用价值,本研究比较了沙米和7种作物种子的淀粉、蛋白质和粗脂肪等营养成分含量,以及Mg、K、Ca、Fe、Mn、Zn 6种微量元素含量,测定了沙米粉的超微结构、持水力、溶解度、堆积密度、休止角和滑落角等物理特性.结果表明:沙米种子的淀粉和支链淀粉含量分别为307.46 mg·g-1和185.45 mg·g-1,显著低于供试的水稻、小麦等7种作物,其直链淀粉含量为103.61 mg·g-1,与供试7种作物的含量差异较小;沙米种子蛋白质含量为107.42 mg·g-1,与小麦、糜子、燕麦无显著差异,显著高于水稻、糯米和黄米;沙米种子可溶性糖的含量为4.04 mg·g-1,显著低于供试的7种作物;沙米种子粗脂肪含量为54.93 mg·g-1,显著低于糜子、燕麦、水稻、小麦、荞麦;沙米种子富含Mg、K、Ca、Fe、Mn、Zn等微量元素,Ca含量达到0.229 mg·g-1,显著高于糜子、黄米、糯米和燕麦;Fe含量为30.650 mg·kg-1,显著高于黄米、糯米;Zn含量为15.735 mg·kg-1,显著高于水稻、黄米和糯米.沙米淀粉粒为1～2μm.沙米粉的持水力和溶解度分别为8.41％±0.99％和18.45％±0.02％;沙米粉的堆积密度为0.41 g·mL-1±0.03 g·mL-1,休止角和滑落角分别为62.45°±2.43°和47.86°±5.73°.研究结果表明沙米种子营养丰富,具有较大的开发潜力,为开展沙米深加工利用奠定理论依据.

马铃薯疮痂病是由链霉菌(Streptomyces. spp)引起的土传病害,在我国马铃薯产区普遍发生,病原菌的积累造成疮痂病发病程度呈逐年加重,严重影响马铃薯产业发展.本文阐述了马铃薯疮痂病的危害,分析了马铃薯疮痂病抗性资源筛选和分子标记在抗病育种中的重要性,提出了筛选抗病种质资源、培育抗病品种是防治疮痂病经济有效的途径.

NAC transcription factors play a pivotal role in plant growth, development and response to abiotic stress. However, their biological functions in desert trees are largely unknown. In this work, the NAC transcription factor HaNAC1 from Haloxylon ammodendron, a typical wooden plant normally grown in desert, was isolated, and its possible role in plant growth and resistance to drought stress was investigated. HaNAC1 encodes an ATAF subfamily transcription factor containing one NAC domain with five conserved regions. Quantitative real time PCR analyses revealed that HaNAC1 was ubiquitously expressed in various tissues and organs such as roots, stems, leaves and seeds, with a predominant expression in stems. Further studies demonstrated that expression of HaNAC1 was significantly induced by osmotic stress in Haloxylon ammodendron seedlings, and subcellular localization analysis indicated that GFP-HaNAC1 fusion protein was localized to the nucleus in Arabidopsis leaf protoplast. Ectopic expression of HaNAC1 led to promoted growth and drought tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis, accompanied with up-regulated expression of stress-inducible marker genes, and increased accumulation of proline, IAA and ABA under both normal and drought stress conditions. In addition, co-immunoprecipitation and Bi-molecular fluorescence complementation assays illustrated that HaNAC1 directly interacted with AtNAC32. All these results suggest that HaNAC1 is involved in both the growth and drought resistance of Haloxylon ammodendron, and could be used as a promising candidate gene for the breeding of crops with augmented tolerance to drought stress.

为明确不同原生地沙米的生长特性和遗传多样性,在宁夏、甘肃、内蒙古等不同原生地设置样方开展物候期调查、形态学观察、种子营养成分分析,利用SSR分子标记对3个省、自治区的17个自然居群沙米进行遗传多样性分析,获得如下结果:不同原生地沙米的物候期、器官形态和种子营养成分含量有差异,其中甘肃民勤地区的沙米株高达20～135 cm,种子千粒重达1.59 g,淀粉含量达307.46 mg·g-1、蛋白质含量达103.36 mg·g-1、粗脂肪含量达54.90 mg·g-1,均优于甘肃武威、宁夏银川市和内蒙古阿拉善地区的沙米;3个省、自治区的17份自然居群的沙米种质资源遗传多样性分析,检测到76个条带,其中有39条多态性条带,多态性比率为51.3％;利用NTSYSpc(Version 2.10e)软件计算出17份沙米种质资源遗传相似性系数介于0.28～0.71之间.以0.58作为相似性系数分界点,将17份沙米资源聚为3类,其中宁夏滨河新区的资源聚为一类,内蒙古阿拉善地区9号资源和其他地区的15份资源均来自腾格里沙漠腹地,各聚为一类.研究表明供试沙米资源的物候期、形态特征、种子营养成分及遗传多样性均与原生地的生态地理环境具有一定相关性.

随着宁夏马铃薯产业的发展及马铃薯消费市场的变化,对马铃薯育种工作提出了越来越高的要求.本文在对宁夏马铃薯品种种植情况以及企业、农民对马铃薯品种的需求情况进行调研的基础上,结合宁夏传统育种工作中存在的问题,提出了加强利用生物技术推动马铃薯育种工作创新发展的方向与思路.

NAC转录因子参与植物非生物胁迫反应,是改良植物抗旱耐盐性的重要基因资源.本研究利用农杆菌介导法对马铃薯栽培种大西洋进行遗传转化,并用PEG-6000模拟干旱处理转基因和受体植株,初步从逆境应答基因和内源激素2个方面对转基因株系进行了抗旱性分析.结果 表明,在3个转基因株系中转HaNA C1基因马铃薯生长素(IAA、IBA)、细胞分裂素(IP、cZ)、茉莉酸(MEJA、JA-ILE)、水杨酸(MESA)、赤霉素(GA3)含量均显著或极显著高于受体,而脱落酸(ABA)含量显著低于受体.抗逆相关基因荧光定量PCR分析表明,HaNA C1基因过表达植株中与胁迫应答相关的LEA3、DREB2A、RD29a、NCED1、KIN1和ERD11基因表达量与受体存在显著或极显著差异.现有实验数据表明,转基因马铃薯中HaNAC1可能通过调节与胁迫响应相关的一系列基因表达,调控激素表达水平变化从而提高受体的抗旱性.研究结果为深入解析HaNAC1响应干旱胁迫的分子机制提供基础理论依据.