The relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning has become a central issue in any forest ecosystem. However, there are few studies on the interaction of environmental factors based on the history of subtropical forest disturbance. In this study, we intended to disentangle the relationship between different aspects of biodiversity and biomass or biomass change when considering the environmental factors of 34 subtropical forest plots in Zhejiang Province, eastern China. We used linear models to analyze the effects of taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity at the plot level of tree biomass and its growth with or without environmental factors. Taxonomic diversity and functional diversity, rather than phylogenetic diversity, showed significant correlations with biomass and biomass growth. We further found that there was a positive linear relationship between biomass or biomass growth and mean annual temperature and altitude. In addition, the relationship between biomass growth and functional diversity was significantly stronger than the relationship between biomass growth and phylogenetic diversity or taxonomic diversity when environmental factors and stand developmental stages were considered. Our results suggested that the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning is dependent upon the selection of diversity index and environmental conditions.

地下芽植物能够通过地下储存器官占据生境资源、储存营养物质等策略来获得生态优势，其地下储存器官多样性以及生物量分配策略，对地下芽植物物种组成以及生态系统功能产生重要影响。然而，以往研究多关注草地生态系统的地下芽植物，对森林地下芽植物的了解仍然缺乏。采集了古田山国家级自然保护区不同海拔分布的693个草本植物个体，分析了地下芽植物及其地下储存器官的类型与多样性，比较了地下芽植物与非地下芽植物的地上、地下各器官的绝对、相对生物量。结果显示：（1）地下芽植物的相对丰富度为69.1%,相对多度为88.2%。大多为根状茎植物，主要由禾本科、莎草科、堇菜科和蕨类植物组成。（2）除茎外，地下芽植物各器官的绝对生物量（叶：1.94g,根：0.65g,地上部分：2.0g,地下部分：4.1g）均大于非地下芽植物（叶：0.26g,根：0.13g,地上部分：0.68g,地下部分：0.13g）。（3）地下芽植物叶（0.40）与茎（0.14）的相对生物量小于非地下芽植物（叶：0.48,茎：0.35）,地下部分相对生物量（0.56）大于非地下芽植物（0.17）。本研究表明，以根状茎植物为主的地下芽植物是古田山亚热带森林生态系统草本植物的主要构成者，且个体普遍较大，倾向于将生物量投资于地下器官。这些结果为认识地下芽植物的生态策略与功能以及草本植物群落管理提供了科学依据。

Understory herbaceous plants are an important component of forest ecosystems, playing important roles in species diversity and forest dynamics in forests. However, the current understanding of the biodiversity of forest communities is mostly from woody plants, and knowledge of community structure and species diversity for understory herbaceous plants remains scarce. In a subtropical forest in China, we investigated understory vascular herbaceous diversity from 300 plots (5 × 5 m) in the main growing season. In this study, we analyzed the community structure and diversity pattern of the understory herbaceous community and linked the species diversity pattern to both abiotic and biotic environments. We found a rich diversity of understory herbaceous communities in this forest (81 species belonging to 55 genera), and floristic elements at the genus level were dominated by tropical elements, followed by temperate elements. The diversity pattern of the understory herbaceous showed a significant habitat preference, with the highest diversity in the lowland valleys and then followed by in middle slopes. In addition, herbaceous diversity was significantly affected by both abiotic factors (such as terrain convexity) and biotic factors (such as the diversity of surrounding woody plants). Our study indicated that species diversity of understory herbaceous showed a remarkable habitat preference, such as lowland valleys, and highlighted the importance of both abiotic and biotic environments in driving herbaceous diversity patterns in the subtropical forest understory.

Aims:The establishment of national parks is crucial in protecting the integrity of natural ecosystems and biodiversity.As one of the first ten pilots,the Qianjiangyuan National Park system pilot(hereafter referred to as Qianjiangyuan)has developed the easement-inspired adaptive management and achieved remarkable outcomes.However,it remains unclear how this creative management might influence the soil microorganisms and systematic evaluation is in need. Methods:We took Qianjiangyuan as the study area and collected surface soils from rice paddies in the different districts and under different management types.Four management types were included,namely,reformed land within the park,abandoned land within the park,unreformed land within the park,and unreformed land outside the park.We employed high-throughput sequencing techniques to characterize the community composition and structure of both bacteria and fungi.We then analyzed the driving forces behind the spatial patterns of bacterial and fungal communities. Results:Compared to the other three types of lands,contents of soil nitrogen and phosphorus and heavy metals were relatively low in the abandoned land,but they were similar in the other three types.The bacterial communities were dominated by Proteobacteria(48.57％)and Acidobacteria(31.62％),while the fungal communities were dominated by Ascomycota(78.31％)and Basidiomycota(16.28％).Bacterial communities varied largely in lands under different management types,with significant difference between abandoned land and other three types,while the other three types were similar.Fungal communities showed slight variation,with significant difference being identified only between abandoned land and outside unreformed land.We found significant correlation between soil environmental factors and spatial variation of bacterial communities.The most important five factors driving bacterial spatial patterns were pH,chromium,total nitrogen,available phosphorus,and organic matter.However,no significant correlation was detected between fungal communities and soil environmental factors.Analysis of neutral community models found that neutral processes played an important role in the spatial distribution of both bacterial and fungal communities. Conclusion:Based on these findings,we conservatively conclude that no significant impacts have been produced by land reforming policy so far.In contrast,the abandoned land may have begun rewilding.Therefore,long-term monitoring is needed to comprehensively assess whether and how ecological protection easement will impact the recovery of rice soils.

2016年5月—2018年11月,利用网捕法、马氏网诱捕法、灯诱法、黄盘诱捕法、陷阱法对钱江源国家公园进行了昆虫资源调查,并分别从昆虫的物种组成、群落相似性和多样性等方面对保护区昆虫多样性进行分析.结果表明,钱江源国家公园昆虫共有2014种,隶属24目275科1244属;优势类群鳞翅目Lepidoptera、膜翅目Hymenoptera、鞘翅目Coleoptera、双翅目Diptera、半翅目Hemiptera的科数分别占总科数的17.45％、14.91％、12.36％、11.27％和10.55％,其种数分别占总种数的25.93％、15.6％、10.53％、23.0％和8.49％;拥有天敌昆虫、药用昆虫和观赏昆虫累计73科263种,占昆虫总种数的13.07％;多样性分析结果显示,钱江源国家公园的昆虫Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数、Margalef丰富度指数的变化趋势一致,表明钱江源国家公园科昆虫群落具有较高的稳定性.研究结果为钱江源国家公园内的昆虫资源的保护和利用、生物研究提供重要数据.

Muntjac deer have experienced drastic karyotype changes during their speciation, making it an ideal model for studying mechanisms and functional consequences of mammalian chromosome evolution. Here we generated chromosome-level genomes for Hydropotes inermis (2n = 70), Muntiacus reevesi (2n = 46), female and male M. crinifrons (2n = 8/9) and a contig-level genome for M. gongshanensis (2n = 8/9). These high-quality genomes combined with Hi-C data allowed us to reveal the evolution of 3D chromatin architectures during mammalian chromosome evolution. We find that the chromosome fusion events of muntjac species did not alter the A/B compartment structure and topologically associated domains near the fusion sites, but new chromatin interactions were gradually established across the fusion sites. The recently borne neo-Y chromosome of M. crinifrons , which underwent male-specific inversions, has dramatically restructured chromatin compartments, recapitulating the early evolution of canonical mammalian Y chromosomes. We also reveal that a complex structure containing unique centromeric satellite, truncated telomeric and palindrome repeats might have mediated muntjacs’ recurrent chromosome fusions. These results provide insights into the recurrent chromosome tandem fusion in muntjacs, early evolution of mammalian sex chromosomes, and reveal how chromosome rearrangements can reshape the 3D chromatin regulatory conformations during species evolution.

《建立国家公园体制总体方案》中提出"国家公园内全民所有自然资源资产应该占主体地位".由于土地权属复杂,自然资源统一管理成为我国国家公园体制试点建设的难点问题之一.钱江源国家公园在试点期间,通过探索和分析租赁、置换、合作等方式,对比国内外国家公园地役权制度优劣,构建了适合本地特点的集体林地地役权改革制度,即在不改变森林、林木、林地权属的基础上,通过一定的经济补偿,限制权属所有者的行为,将其使用权和管理权通过各项决议和合同形式授权给国家公园管理机构.通过集体林地地役权改革实现了对自然资源的统一管控,不仅解决了国家公园建设中集体林占比较高的难题,同时还带来了显著的生态效益、经济效益和社会效益,为集体土地占比较高的东部经济发达地区构建互促共赢的可持续发展模式提供了示范经验.

采用随机调查法对钱江源国家公园大型真菌资源进行了实地调查,采集标本.结果 表明,钱江源国家公园内有大型真菌315种,隶属50科、133属.其中食用菌108种,药用菌122种,毒菌68种.优势科11个,占总科数的22.00％,优势属12个,占总属数的9.02％.钱江源国家公园内真菌资源十分丰富,具有较大的开发潜力.

浙江红山茶Camellia chekiangoleosa具有重要的观赏、油用、药用、生态等价值,野外种群大多处于退化状态,但在古田山国家级自然保护区亚热带常绿阔叶林林下分布有成片的浙江红山茶野生种群.文章基于该保护区内24 hm2大型样地,研究分析了样地内浙江红山茶种群的年龄结构、生命表特征、生存曲线以及分布格局.结果表明,样地内共有7565株胸径≥1 cm的浙江红山茶个体,其中,I级幼树个体(3912株)占总个体数量的51.7％;种群径级结构总体呈倒"J"型;生命期望值总体上随着径级的增加而减小;种群的生存曲线呈DeeveyⅢ型,说明该种群采取大量繁殖后代的生存策略;样地内浙江红山茶集中分布在海拔550 m以上的常绿阔叶林下,以及海拔550 m以下的沟谷生境中,且各径级种群的分布格局呈现逐渐稀疏的趋势.上述结果说明,古田山国家级自然保护区内保存有大面积连续且集中分布的野生浙江红山茶种群,该种群具有较稳定的种群结构和分布规律,种群更新处于良好状态.这表明当地的保护区设置有助于浙江红山茶野外种群的维持.

Ice-snow storms are a major natural disturbance, and it is an important driver of forest regeneration in middle and high latitudes. Previous studies have focused on the impact of ice-snow storm on forest dynamics|however, few studies have investigated the impact of ice-snow storms on the phylogenetic structure of a forest community. In this study, we studied the phylogenetic structure of a 24-ha subtropical evergreen, broad-leaved forest in Gutianshan National Nature Reserve in Zhejiang Province before (2005) and after (2010) an ice-snow storm. We compared NRI and NTI of the community at three grain sizes, four topographic habitat types, and three size classes between before and after the ice-snow storm. Furthermore, we simulated random mortality during 2005–2010 and compared MPD and MNTD between observed values and random mortality in 2010. We found that (1) NRI and NTI were significantly higher after the storm across grain size, habitat, and size class. (2) Additionally, MNTD were not significantly different between random mortality and observed values in 2010 for the three size classes and two habitats, whereas all other cases showed that MNTD and MPD were significantly larger for random mortality than that for observed values. The results indicate that community phylogenetic structures of the study forest were more clustered after the storm, and they were little affected by grain size, vertical layer and habitat condition. This study improves our understanding of ice-storm disturbance on subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest community phylogenetic structure.

古田山国家级自然保护区保存着大面积低海拔典型常绿阔叶林,为了解不同地点常绿阔叶林物种组成的差异和驱动因素,该研究在古田山常绿阔叶林内共设置29个20 m×20 m的样地,收集其他14个典型常绿阔叶林的数据,探究古田山常绿阔叶林的物种组成特征,并将15个亚热带东部典型常绿阔叶林进行比较,分析了我国东部典型常绿阔叶林的物种组成差异及驱动因素.结果 表明:(1)古田山广泛分布有我国东部典型常绿阔叶林中的栲类林、青冈类林等植被,物种组成在东部典型常绿阔叶林中具有代表性.(2)我国东部典型常绿阔叶林间物种组成差异明显,主要是受环境因素影响而非地理距离,气候因素中最冷月最低温(MTCM)的影响最显著.(3)我国东部典型常绿阔叶林叶生活型组成受最冷月最低温的影响最显著,受最热月最高温(MTWM)的影响是其次,降水量没有显著影响.综上结果发现,生境过滤是我国东部典型常绿阔叶林物种组成差异的主要驱动因素,反映了极端低温对我国亚热带常绿阔叶林物种组成具有重要影响,为常绿阔叶林的保护提供了科学依据.

本文报道钱江源国家公园叶附生苔类植物4科9属19种,较之前记录增加3科8属17种.与钱江源处于同纬度的我国其他地区相比,钱江源叶附生苔类植物的种数仅次于西藏墨脱,排名第二.鳞叶疣鳞苔(Cololejeunea longifolia)和尖叶薄鳞苔(Leptolejeunea subacuta)是钱江源国家公园最常见的2种叶附生苔类植物.丰富的叶附生苔类植物表明钱江源国家公园具有较合适的叶附生苔类植物生长环境,这可能与该地区长期有效的保护密切相关.

常绿阔叶林为东亚亚热带地区的地带性植被,对该地区的生物多样性维持和社会发展具有重要的意义.由于长期人类活动的影响,目前我国分布的常绿阔叶林绝大部分为次生常绿阔叶林.探究次生与老龄常绿阔叶林群落特征的差异,有利于了解人类干扰对亚热带常绿阔叶林的影响,为其保护和恢复提供依据.本研究在古田山老龄与次生常绿阔叶林内共设置了29个0.04 ha样地比较两者在优势种组成、物种和功能多样性以及生物量等方面的差异.结果表明:(1)次生林与老龄林优势种组成相似,二者均以甜描(Castanopsis eyrei)、木荷(Schima superba)等典型常绿阔叶林优势种为主,但这些树种在次生和老龄常绿阔叶林中的优势度次序不同.(2)整体而言,次生林的Shannon-Wiener指数和功能离散度高于老龄林;次生林与老龄林的物种Bray-Curtis指数和功能Sφrensen指数均无显著差别.(3)就垂直层次而言,次生林与老龄林在Shannon-Wiener指数和Bray-Curtis指数的差异主要体现在乔木层和灌木层.(4)就群落结构而言,次生林的植株密度高于老龄林,但群落水平和个体水平的生物量均显著小于老龄林.上述结果表明,人类干扰改变了古田山常绿阔叶林群落的多个重要特征,不同群落特征的恢复过程并不同步.因此,对常绿阔叶林生物多样性和生态系统功能的保护和恢复需要从多个角度着手.

The basic composition and structural feature of Stewartia sinensis community were analyzed by investigating three representative permanent sample plots in Gutian Mountain Nature Reserve, Zhejiang according to the criteria of China Forest Biodiversity Monitoring Network (CForBio) to further understand the basic status of S.sinensis community in Gutian Mountain and to provide a reference for dynamic study and protection strategy formulation of S.sinensis community in Gutian Mountain.Result:1) There are 79 vascular plant species, 59 genera, 36 families in S.sinensis community.Rosaceae, Theaceae, Lauraceae, Ericaceae and Fagaceae are main families.2) There are 8 types in floristic geographical elements of seed plants genera.The genera distributed in tropical zone and temperate zone account for 45.28％ and 54.72％ of total genera respectively.3) The S.sinensis community belongs to evergreen deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest mainly and a few belongs to coniferous broad-leaved mixed forest.The vertical structure layers are relatively obvious.The dominant species at arborous layer are Pinus taiwanensis, Quercus glandulifera and Stewartia sinensis.The main species at shrub layer are Indocalamus latifolius and Rhododendron simsii.The main species at herb layer are Dryopteris championii and Carexsp.There are Trachelospermum jasminoides, Sabia japonica var.japonicaand Smilax china between interlayers.4) The comprehensive performance of species diversity at different layers is arborous layer>herb layer>shrub layer.5) The overall performance of S.sinensis community is of the certain stability but the renewal of S.sinensis community shows a recession trend in Gutian Mountain as a whole.Therefore, the S.sinensis community should be further protected in Gutian Mountain.

: Assessments of biodiversity are the foundation to support the management and policy-making of protected areas. In order to determine the diversity and composition of avian fauna in Qianjiangyuan National Park pilot, we collected bird observations through bird field surveys, camera-trapping surveys, acoustic recordings, and citizen science observations. Based on this compilation, we produced a list of Oriental realm species, whereas most of winter non-breeding visitors are Palaearctic realm species (94.83%). Qianjiangyuan National Park harbors a rich bird community, accounting for over half (52%) of the total number of bird species in Zhejiang Province. These results confirm the park’s significant value for avian conservation, despite its small size (252 km 2 ), and provide important baseline information for future avian research and conservation in this region.

Sprouting,an effective means of regeneration in woody plants,gives the forest community a great resilience.However,most previous studies focused on seedling regeneration,so the importance of sprouting regeneration in forests are still not well understood.Using a 5 hm2 plot of subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in Gutianshan National Nature Reserve of Qianjiangyuan National Park,we quantitatively analyzed the characteristics of sprouting in woody plants,and the variations of the sprouting abilities of different taxa and different functional groups.Results showed that:(1) 64％ of species and 20％ of individuals had sprouted,and sprouted stems accounted for 24％ of the total individuals in the plot.(2) There were significant differences in sprouting ability both on the species level and on the family level (F=13.11,P＜ 0.001;F=27.45,P＜0.001).More precisely,the species Corylopsis glandulifera,Chimonanthus salicifolius,Viburnum erosum,Eurya rubiginosa var.attenuata,and Pieris formosa,and those in Calycanthaceae,Caprifoliaceae,Magnoliaceae,and Fagaceae had high sprouting abilities.(3) There were significant differences among different vertical structure layers in sprouting ability (F=117.5,P＜0.001),and the sprouting abilities of species in the shrub layer were about twice those in the canopy layer and sub-canopy layer.Significant differences in sprouting ability were also detected between different life forms (evergreen vs.deciduous),where the sprouting ability in evergreen groups was higher than that in deciduous groups (P＜0.001).Sprouting regeneration plays an important role in subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest and may be one of the mechanisms related to species diversity maintenance and community succession.Shrub species and evergreen species have strong sprouting ability,implying that sprouting may be a plant strategy for shade tolerance.

为了解天然林和人工林群落的结构、组成和物种多样性的差异,该研究选择三种类型(天然阔叶林、人工杉木林和油茶林)的森林群落,比较分析其在不同垂直空间层次上的群落数量特征及物种多样性(物种丰富度、α多样性和β多样性)特点.结果表明:(1)总体上,阔叶林的物种丰富度最高,其次是油茶林.乔木层和灌木层均以阔叶林的物种丰富度最高,其次为杉木林;草本层以油茶林的物种丰富度最高,其次为杉木林和阔叶林.三种类型的群落在各空间层次重要值前5位物种组成上均有较大差异.(2)在单个样地水平上,三种类型的群落α多样性差异主要存在于乔木层,以阔叶林的样地间差异最大,其次为杉木林;灌木层的α多样性在类型间差异较小;草本层的α多样性,油茶林与其他两个类型差异明显,阔叶林与杉木林之间差异较小.(3)群落类型间β多样性分析表明,就所有三个层次而言,阔叶林与油茶林之间物种组成差异最大;就灌木层而言,油茶林与杉木林的物种组成最相似,其次是阔叶林与杉木林;就草本层而言,油茶林与杉木林的物种组成相似度最高,其次为阔叶林与油茶林.总之,三种森林类型在群落结构、物种多样性方面差异显著,反映了人为干扰对森林群落的影响.

Amphibians were surveyed by encounter or song methods in Gutianshan National Nature Reserve of Zhejiang from July to August 2014 and 2015.A total of 709 individuals from 13 species belonging to two or-ders six families and 12 genera were recorded in eight quadrats of broad-leaved forests,pinus massoniana for-ests,Chinese fir forests and Camellia oleifera woods each.Amolops ricketti was the dominant species and fol-lowed by Megophrys boettgeri and Odorrana schmackeri.The components of communities were different, but the differences in number of individuals and number of species were not significant(P>0.05).The Shannon-Wiener diversity index,Simpson dominance index and Pielou evenness index in broad-leaved forests and Chi-nese fir forests were higher than the other two types of forests.The richness index of Margalef was the highest in Chinese fir forests and followed by pinus massoniana forests.The indexes of similarity in amphibian commu-nity between different types of forests were 0.667~0.987,and the most similar in amphibian communities be-tween Chinese fir forests and Camellia oleifera woods(Morisita-Horn similarity coefficient,0.987).Different amphibian species selected different habitat,the distributed differences among amphibians might be related to the stream distribution,the types of food availability and the relationships between competitors,but not related to types of forests.

How forest communities maintain their biodiversity has been challenged ecologists during the last few decades.Negative density-dependence and habitat filtering have been proposed as key players in community assembly.However,few studies have explored how negative density dependence and habitat filtering impact seedling dynamics over time.To test the relative roles of these two mechanisms in community assembly,we analyzed the temporal trends of functional α and β diversity in seedling communities in the 24 ha Gutianshan forest dynamics plot during 2006-2007.We found that functional u diversity within communities significantly increased over time except for functional α diversity associated with stomatal density.Functional β diversity significantly increased with time for five traits (such as wood density,specific leaf area,leaf nitrogen content,leaf phosphorus content and stomatal density) between communities.Our results suggest that negative density dependence can promote functional α diversity at local scales,while habitat filtering can partly explain functional β diversity.