Intergeneric hybridization of Vanda and Papilionanthe holds promise for pyramiding superior ornamental and stress-tolerant traits, though systematic studies on their hybrids remain scarce. Using Vanda lamellata var. Boxallii (♀), Papilionanda ‘Hetty Henderson’ (♂), and 72 progenies, we investigated parent–progeny relationships via iPBS markers, spectral phenomics, and morphology, alongside floral water balance and thermotolerance. Six iPBS primers amplified 90 bands (92.98% polymorphism), confirming high genetic diversity. Spectral reflectance (400–1000 nm) revealed organ-specific genetic differentiation. Clustering analyses consistently indicated that progenies were genetically and phenotypically closer to the female parent, with spectral/morphological patterns matching genetic groupings. Resistance evaluations showed progenies had significantly stronger floral water storage capacity than both parents, while the female parent excelled in water transport traits. Progenies developed thicker petal/sepal cuticles, though the male parent exhibited superior thermotolerance indices. This study clarifies the genetic regulation of stress resistance in these hybrids, providing critical support for precise early screening in orchid breeding.

Flower color holds significant value for ornamental plants. We noticed the flower color of Paphiopedilum hybrid ’GXAAS Prince’ shifted from green to faint yellow during its three floral development stages, waiting to bloom (S1), blooming (S2), and late flowering (S3). Pigments content determination, color indices determination, flavonoid metabolomic profiling, and transcriptome sequencing were conducted to investigate the mechanism in the color change across three floral developmental stages. Results showed that total chlorophyll content and a* (redness) value gradually decreased across the three stages, while total flavonoid content and b* value (yellowness) first declined and then increased. A total of 285 metabolites was identified through flavonoid metabolome analysis, with flavanols constituting the largest proportion. Flavonols and flavones, such as kaempferol and luteolin derivatives, were identified as the possible key metabolites contributing to the yellow coloration of P. GXAAS Prince petals. A total of 76,324 unigenes were identified through the process of transcriptome sequencing, and successfully annotated. The down-regulation of genes related to chlorophyll biosynthesis and the up-regulation of genes related to chlorophyll degradation lead to the shift in petal color from green to yellow. Among these, a HEMA gene encoding glutamyl-tRNA reductase (GluTR) and magnesium dechelatase (STAY GREEN, SGR) may play a key role. Moreover, a gene encoding cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (C4H) and a gene encoding chalcone synthase (CHS) maintained high levels of expression throughout the entire floral development, and the expression levels of two genes encoding chalcone isomerase (CHI), a gene encoding flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) and a gene encoding flavonol synthase (FLS), were up-regulated at S3 compared to S2. This likely led to the increased accumulation of flavonoids and flavanols, ultimately resulting in the faint yellow coloration.

Flowers of Orchidaceae exhibit morphological and functional heterogeneity in their perianth segments, with one petal specialized into a labellum, which serves as the core organ for insect-mediated pollination, and sepals have evolved petal-like traits that serve dual purposes, namely protecting the flower during its developmental stage and aiding pollinator attraction after blooming. While the floral arrangement in the attractive orchid goes this way, there has always been a paucity of information on the anatomy and physiological response underlying the morphological differences among these three perianth types. To address this research deficiency, we monitored the anatomical and physiological heterogeneity of three types of perianth. Further, we analyzed the relationships between such heterogeneity and key floral economically floral hydraulic balance traits across 26 Dendrobium germplasms. We found that flower lifespan was negatively correlated with the heterogeneity in biomass allocation across the three perianth types, and as the incrementing structural complexity increases, the heterogeneity of the floral parts elevates the risk of hydraulic failure. Notably, most water-related processes exhibited coordinated changes across the perianth types, and floral water storage was tightly coordinated with water transport as held at both the whole-flower and individual perianth levels. For multifunctional floral veins, sepals had higher major vein density, while labella exhibited the highest open vein density, which well links the protective function of sepals to the display function and potential secretory function of labella. This study enhances global Dendrobium horticultural diversity, deepens understanding of floral adaptive mechanisms, and supports conservation.

Liparis gigantea generally grows in subtropical broad-leaved evergreen forests and blooms during the rainy season with purple flowers. Our study focused on floral phenology and morphology, pollinators and their behavior, and pollination mechanism. Our observations showed that the population flowering period lasted for about 20 days, and the single flowering period was 5–6 days. The rate of artificial self-pollination was 100

Plants of the genus Vanda exhibit a diverse array of leaf shapes, with the number of flowers varying from a few to many, and a rich palette of colours. These characteristics render them highly valuable for ornamental purposes as tropical orchids. This study employed iPBS molecular markers to analyse the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of 36 species of Vanda and 2 species of Aerides. In addition, DNA fingerprints were constructed. All these works will provide a reference for the identification, variety conservation, and hybrid breeding of species in Vanda. Of the 83 iPBS primers, six were selected because they produced distinct amplification bands, exhibited high polymorphism, and demonstrated good repeatability. These primers were used for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of genomic DNA from 38 samples, resulting in a total of 210 bands. Among these, all 210 bands were polymorphic, achieving a polymorphism rate of 100

Orchid flowers possess high ornamental value owing to their delicate structure and color. The color patterns are a result of unbalanced pigment distribution among the petal segments, with bicolor being the most common and important for pollination. However, little is known about the relationship between petal bicolor patterns and metabolites and vein structure. Here, we focused on Dendrobium nobile Lindl., with pigmentation mainly at the tip of the flower petal, and D. anosmum ‘A Touch of Class’ Lindl, with pigmentation along the entire petal edge. We combined spatial and widely targeted metabolomics with venation anatomical analysis to identify metabolite and structural differences between the two flower bicolor patterns. In our study, we discovered that the concentration of energy-related substances, such as sugars, did not exhibit significant variance across different color regions of the flower. However, defensive metabolites like alkaloids, phenolic acids, and polyamines were found to be more concentrated in areas with more vibrant pigmentation. Specifically, in D. nobile, a higher accumulation of these metabolites was observed in the vein regions, as identified through spatial metabolic analysis. The study also revealed that different vein types had distinct distribution patterns, yet no significant difference was observed in the density of longitudinal and transverse veins between the two examined species. Notably, D. nobile showed a significantly higher density of open veins in the distal part (pigmented part) of the petal compared to the proximal part. In contrast, D. anosmum 'A Touch of Class' exhibited no significant difference in open vein density between these two regions. Our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of color patterning in orchid flowers and provide a theoretical foundation for the breeding of Dendrobium species.

Abstract Plants of the genus Vanda exhibit a diverse array of leaf shapes, with the number of flowers varying from few to many, and a rich palette of colors. These characteristics render them highly valuable for ornamental purposes as tropical orchids. This study employed iPBS molecular markers to analyze the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of 36 species of Vanda and 2 species of Aerides. In addition, DNA fingerprint maps were constructed. All these works will provide a reference for the identification, variety conservation, and hybrid breeding of species in Vanda. Out of 83 iPBS primers, six were selected that produced distinct amplification bands, exhibited high polymorphism, and demonstrated good repeatability. These primers were used for PCR amplification of genomic DNA from 38 samples, resulting in a total of 210 bands. Among these, all 210 bands were polymorphic, achieving a polymorphism rate of 100%. Using the POPGENE 32 software, the mean observed number of alleles (Na) for 38 samples was calculated to be 1.9936, the mean effective number of alleles (Ne) was 1.4243, the mean Nei’s genetic diversity index (He) was 0.2778, and the mean Shannon’s information diversity index (I) was 0.4404. These results indicate a rich genetic diversity among the 38 samples. The genetic similarity coefficients among the samples, calculated using NTSYS-pc 2.1 software, ranged from 0.0345 to 0.6667. Based on these coefficients, UPGMA clustering was performed, and at a similarity coefficient of 0.31, the 38 samples were classified into 7 major groups.

AbstractMost orchids have high ornamental value with long-lived flowers. However, the mechanisms by which orchids maintain floral longevity are poorly understood. Here, we hypothesized that floral longevity in Dendrobium is maintained by high resource investment and complementary water and nutrient utilization in different structural units of the perianth. To test this hypothesis, we determined which water- and nutrient-related traits are correlated with flower longevity in 23 Dendrobium species or cultivars, and examined variations of the related traits during flower development of one long-lived cultivar. We found that floral longevity was correlated with dry mass per unit area of perianths and total flower biomass, which indicates that maintaining floral longevity requires increased resource investment. During development of long-lived flowers, labella showed a high capacity for water storage and nutrient reutilization, which could partly remedy high water demand and biomass investment. Sepals and petals, in contrast, had stronger desiccation avoidance and higher metabolic activity with lower biomass investment. These findings indicate that Dendrobium flowers maintain longevity by complementary water and nutrient utilization strategies in the sepals, petals and labella, with labella consuming more water and nutrients to extend flower display, and sepals and petals using a more conservative strategy.

以广西乐业县4个紫花羊耳蒜地理居群共44份样本为试材,采用特异性位点扩增片段测序(SLAF-seq)方法开发了紫花羊耳蒜SNP标记,利用开发的标记研究了紫花羊耳蒜不同地理居群间的遗传多样性及亲缘关系,以期为紫花羊耳蒜的开发利用及野生居群保护提供参考依据.结果表明:测试样本共获得152 Mb Clean Reads数据,各样本Reads数据在2098129～5169592.样本平均GC含量为35.67％,平均测序质量值Q30为94.19％.通过测序数据分析,共获得1428438个SLAF标签,标签的平均测序深度为13.12×,其中具多态性的SLAF标签有210148个.共开发得到574866个群体SNP标记,每个样本的SNP标记数目介于232156～420019,SNP标记完整度40.38％～73.06％,杂合率为2.51％～5.47％.对群体SNP过滤,共获得52450个高度一致性的有效SNP标记.使用相关软件计算遗传多样性指数,平均最小等位基因频率(MAF)为0.3146;平均观察杂合度(Ho)为0.1601;平均Nei's基因多样性指数(H)为0.4368;平均多态性信息含量(PIC)为0.3126;平均Shannon多样性信息指数(I)为0.5808,表明紫花羊耳蒜居群间遗传多样性较丰富.利用筛选获得的SNP标记构建系统发育进化树,44份紫花羊耳蒜样本资源被分为4个类群,分析发现居群的遗传多样性及聚类结果与其生长海拔高度有一定相关性.

石斛兰为石斛属所有植物的总称,是兰科植物中重要的花卉资源,具有极高的观赏和药用价值.杂交育种是培育石斛兰新品种的主要方法,但石斛兰的育种年限较长,整个育种周期通常需要几年的时间.种质资源的鉴定是育种工作的基础,本研究对石斛兰杂交后代株系进行鉴定,以期为石斛兰杂种后代的早期选择及新品种(系)的快速鉴定提供分子依据,进一步缩短育种周期,加快石斛兰育种工作进程.iPBS标记作为一种新型的分子标记,无需预先获取LTR序列,相较于其他分子标记具有简单、高效且应用范围广等优点,本研究采用iPBS分子标记技术对广美石斛×黄钻戒石斛的 19 个杂种 F1 株系进行杂种真实性鉴定,并进行遗传多样性和聚类分析.研究结果表明:从 83 条 iPBS引物中筛选出 7 条扩增条带清晰、多态性高、重复性好的引物用于石斛兰杂交子代真实性鉴定;7 条引物共扩增出 69 条条带,其中多态性条带为 51 条,多态性比率为 73.91%;较多的父本遗传信息导入子代个体中,供试的 19 个杂种F1 株系均能扩增出父本特征性条带,鉴定为真杂种;聚类分析表明,绝大多数杂交后代在亲缘关系上先倾向于父本后倾向于母本;遗传相似系数分析结果表明,杂交后代与父本的平均遗传相似系数大于母本,说明供试杂交后代在遗传上更倾向于父本,与聚类结果吻合;该杂交组合子代植株偏父本遗传.研究结果证明,iPBS分子标记技术可作为石斛兰杂交育种早期杂交种筛选鉴定的有效方法.该研究结果为进一步揭示石斛兰种群亲本与子代间的遗传多样性提供科学依据.

利用SNP标记技术对收集的石斛兰种质资源进行亲缘关系分析,为新品种选育亲本选择提供理论依据.以 60 份石斛兰种质资源为对象,用特异性位点扩增片段测序技术(SLAF-seq)对种质进行SNP标记开发及亲缘关系分析.通过对各样品的测序数据进行统计,共获得 157.34 Mb Clean Reads数据,各样本Reads数据在 576 195-5 359 710 之间.样本平均测序质量值Q30为 93.85%,平均GC含量为 40.16%.通过测序数据分析,共获得 1 337 217 个SLAF标签,标签的平均测序深度为 9.63×,其中具多态性的SLAF标签有1 049 638个.共开发得到11 248 186个群体SNP标记,每个样品的SNP 标记数目介于694 015-6 367 379之间,SNP标记完整度为 2.71%-24.89%,杂合率为 1.13%-5.74%.对群体SNP 过滤,共获得 31 499 个高度一致性的有效SNP 标记.利用筛选获得的SNP标记构建系统发育树,60 份石斛兰种质资源被分为 3 个亚群,这 3 个亚群分别包含材料为 Q1:3 份,Q2:21份,Q3:36 份.种质聚类结果与形态学分类结果基本一致.利用SLAF-seq技术能高效、精确地开发出适用于石斛兰种质遗传分析的SNP标记,开发的SNP标记可为石斛兰育种、遗传图谱构建、品种鉴定以及农艺性状的关联分析等研究提供分子基础.

充足的种苗供应是作物大规模生产的关键.本文综合香荚兰的引种栽培、田间实践与当地的环境条件等情况,总结了香荚兰扦插繁育过程中在场地、基质、苗床、插条的选择以及药剂处理、扦插方法、扦插后管理、病虫害防治等方面的技术要点,为香荚兰在广西的种苗繁育提供技术参考.

Storage in pseudobulbs and succulent roots is vulnerable to attack from herbivores while play an important role in industrial utilization of orchids. However, we know little about the defensive strategies of pseudobulbs and succulent roots. Here, we characterized the possible physical and chemical defenses of pseudobulbs and succulent roots of five orchids with industrial value (Bletilla striata, Dendrobium chrysotoxum, Cymbidium tracyanum, C. sinense, and Acampe rigida) using X-ray micro-computerized tomography scanning and optical microscope observation as well as widely targeted metabolic profiling. We found that pseudobulbs and succulent roots of different orchid species combine different physical and chemical defensive strategies, and the relationship between defense and storage functions depend on species and age. Of the pseudobulbs of five species, C. tracyanum recruited the strongest defensive strategies, consisting of a thick epidermis, larger proportion of needle-like calcium oxalate crystals, and higher content of alkaloids and quinones. The pseudobulbs of C. sinense had a higher proportion of vascular bundle, and those B. striata had the strongest tissue biomechanical resistance. However, pseudobulbs of D. chrysotoxum were the most vulnerable to herbivores with relatively higher nutrient content and weaker defensive protection. For the succulent roots of five species, A. rigida had the strongest storage ability, and correspondingly the most chemical defensive components, while a thicker velamen and higher proportion of needle-like calcium oxalate crystals were found in the roots of C. tracyanum and C. sinense respectively. Our results suggest that diverse combinations of defensive strategies play a role protecting pseudobulbs and succulent roots of orchids from biotic stress. These findings contribute to the cultivation management of orchids with industrial value.

以鼓槌石斛原球茎为试验材料,采用不同浓度秋水仙碱(0、0.1％、0.3％、0.5％)在不同温度(26、0、4、8℃)下分别处理12 h或24 h,经不同时间(20、40、60、80 d)培养后,分析其多糖含量变化.结果表明:秋水仙碱浓度、温度和原球茎培养时间均对鼓槌石斛原球茎多糖含量产生影响,且各处理因素间具有显著差异,其中原球茎培养时间为20 d、秋水仙碱浓度为0.1％时,8℃处理12 h原球茎多糖含量可达35.60％、26℃处理24 h可达36.62％,均高于相同条件下对照组的多糖含量23.77％和16.94％.说明秋水仙碱和控温处理相结合使用,对鼓槌石斛原球茎多糖积累产生一定影响.

Magnolia brunnescens is described and illustrated as a new species. This taxon belongs to Magnolia sect. Manglietia and is similar to M. dandyi, but differs from the latter by its brown-tomentose indument in buds, twigs, stipules, petioles and peduncles, elliptic-ovoid vegetative buds ca. 1.0 cm long, adaxially villous leaf blades, apically semi-orbicular anthers and sparsely villous carpels. A line illustration, photograph image and an estimate of preliminary conservation status for the new species are provided.

Background The wishbone flower or Torenia fournieri Lind., an annual from tropical Indochina and southern China, is a popular ornamental plant, and many interspecific (T. fournieri × T. concolor) hybrid lines have been bred for the international market. The cultivated lines show a pattern of genetic similarity that correlates with floral color which informs on future breeding strategies. This study aimed to perform genetic analysis and population structure of cultivated hybrid lines comparing with closely related T. concolor wild populations. Methods We applied the retrotransposon based iPBS marker system for genotyping of a total of 136 accessions from 17 lines/populations of Torenia. These included 15 cultivated lines of three series: Duchess (A, B, C); Kauai (D, E, F, G, H, I, J); Little Kiss (K, L, M, N, P) and two wild T. concolor populations (Q and R). PCR products from each individual were applied to estimate the genetic diversity and differentiation between lines/populations. Results Genotyping results showed a pattern of genetic variation differentiating the 17 lines/populations characterized by their specific floral colors. The final PCoA analysis, phylogenetic tree construction, and Bayesian population structural bar plot all showed a clear subdivision of lines/populations analysed. The 15 cultivated hybrid lines and the wild population Q that collected from a small area showed the lowest genetic variability while the other wild population R which sampled from a larger area had the highest genetic variability. Discussion The extremely low genetic variability of 15 cultivated lines indicated that individual line has similar reduction in diversity/heterozygosity from a bottleneck event, and each retained a similar (but different from each other) content of the wild genetic diversity. The genetic variance for the two wild T. concolor populations could be due to our varied sampling methods. The two wild populations (Q, R) and the cultivated hybrid lines (I, K, M, N, P) are genetically more closely related, but strong positive correlations presented in cultivated lines A, C, E, M, and N. These results could be used to guide future Torenia breeding. Conclusions The genetic variation and population structure found in our study showed that cultivated hybrid lines had similar reduction in diversity/heterozygosity from a bottleneck event and each line retained a similar (but different from each other) content of the wild genetic diversity, especially when strong phenotypic selection of floral color overlaps. Generally, environmental factors could induce transposon activation and generate genetic variability which enabled the acceleration of the evolutionary process of wild Torenia species. Our study revealed that wild Torenia populations sampled from broad geographic region represent stronger species strength with outstanding genetic diversity, but selective breeding targeting a specific floral color decreased such genetic variability.

采用克隆文库技术对带叶兜兰根内真菌的ITS片段进行PCR扩增及高通量测序分析,共得到有效序列952589条,共产生1028个OTUs,共涉及6个门、21个纲、46个目、96个科、143个属、217个种及大量未分类种类.其中HJD样点根内真菌种类和数目最多,YM和LY样点根内真菌种类和数目次之,且这两个样点之间无显著区分.

[目的]以丹霞地貌铁皮石斛和人工繁育苗的2年生和3年生茎作为材料,研究其性状显微特征和多糖含量变化,分析丹霞地貌铁皮石斛在人工繁育和栽培过程中有无品质变化,以期为丹霞地貌铁皮石斛资源的开发利用和人工繁育苗的质量标准制定提供科学依据.[方法]采用显微性状鉴别、组织化学定位和含量测定方法,对丹霞地貌铁皮石斛与人工繁育苗的性状特征、茎显微构造和多糖的组织化学定位及含量特征进行比较研究.[结果]丹霞地貌铁皮石斛的茎呈紫红色,叶为紫绿色,节间不明显;人工繁育苗的茎则呈深绿色,叶为浅绿色,节间明显,其株高、茎粗和节间长度均大于丹霞地貌铁皮石斛.两者的角质层厚度、表皮细胞直径、皮下层细胞直径和层数、鞘纤维直径和数目、维管束直径和数目、木质部和韧皮部厚度、草酸钙针晶长度、导管直径、木薄壁细胞直径、鞘细胞壁厚度等均存在显著性差异.丹霞地貌铁皮石斛和人工繁育苗茎的基本组织中分布着大量多糖颗粒,经染色后呈深紫红色,人工繁育苗的多糖颗粒呈现聚集状,被显色更深;多糖颗粒直径与含量间均存在显著差异,丹霞地貌铁皮石斛的总多糖含量高于人工繁育苗.[结论]丹霞地貌铁皮石斛与人工繁育苗在性状显微特征和代谢产物量上均存在显著差异.其性状特征、显微结构特征、多糖组织化学定位和含量特征均可作为鉴别丹霞地貌铁皮石斛和人工繁育苗的鉴别与评价指标.

Impatiens macrovexilla Y. L. Chen is a potential ornamental herbaceous plant originated from a relatively small area of subtropical Karst region in southern China, and natural populations of this species presented strong adaptability to a range of environmental conditions, with strong horticultural characteristics including bright colour, large flowers, early flowering, long flowering, and floriferousness. Overall, these adventive traits are significant for future selective breeding. Using a 'jumping gene' based or retrotransposon-based Inter-Primer Binding Site (iPBS) marker system to evaluate the genetic variation of nine I. macrovexilla populations collected from contrasting environments. The electrophoretic patterns of the PCR products produced for all the accessions were applied to evaluate the genetic diversity and differentiation between populations. The genotyping results distinguished all the 91 individual accessions in nine I. macrovexilla populations from varied microclimates, and population G was separated as a particular variety (I. macrovexilla var. yaoshannensis) which agrees with former botanical classifications about this species. Results from the AMOVA analysis showed that the greatest genetic variation (77 %) was observed within populations whilst 23 % was recorded among populations, indicating a wide range of biotypes at each location where germplasm collected. Results from our PCoA analysis, the phylogenetic dendrogram, and the Bayesian clustering analysis showed obvious subdivision among populations analyzed. The genetic relationships for population G (Jinxiu) and population H (Gantang) were the most different from each other and showed the highest genetic distance of 0.254. Characteristics of specific traits for each population and the genetic relationships of these populations could be utilized in optimizing potential parental candidate for cross combinations. Variations of the genetic pattern and the relationships among and within the populations will impact profoundly on our selective breeding of the species in the future.

以48份石斛兰种质资源为对象,采用iPBS分子标记技术对其遗传多样性进行分析并构建DNA指纹图谱.结果表明:从83条iPBS引物中筛选出7条扩增条带清晰、多态性高、重复性好的引物;利用筛选出的引物对48份石斛兰基因组DNA进行PCR扩增,共获得279条谱带,其中多态性条带279条,多态性比例为100％;采用GenAlEx 6.5软件计算48份石斛兰的平均观测等位基因数(Na)为2.000,平均有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.202,平均Nei's遗传多样性指数(He)为0.153,平均Shannon信息多样性指数(I)为0.274,48份石斛兰表现出丰富的遗传多样性;采用NTSYS-pc 2.1软件计算得到48份石斛兰间的遗传相似系数为0.6667～0.9211,基于遗传相似系数进行UPGMA聚类,在相似系数0.75处,可将48份石斛兰划分为7个类群.利用2对引物构建的DNA指纹图谱可单独鉴别出48份石斛兰种质资源,该图谱可为石斛兰分类与鉴定提供科学依据.