Objective To explore the prevalence of household passive smoking and its risk factors among children in Macau Special Administrative Region of Peopleu0027s Republic of China( Macau) and to provide evidences for making measures for preventing the children from secondhand smoke. Methods Convenient sampling method was adopted to select 875 parents of children aged 6 to 14 years in first,third or fifth grade of 4 elementary schools and a questionnaire survey was conducted among the participants. Logistic regression analysis was applied to determine the risk factors of household passive smoking. Results The 875 participants reported an overall prevalence rate of 37. 0% of household passive smoking among their children and 28. 3% of the children exposed to the secondhand smoke( SHS) at home every day.There was no significant difference in the passive smoking prevalence between the boys and girls( χ2= 0. 326,P 0. 05).Among the parents surveyed,the prevalence rate of current smoking in the fathers was 43. 7%,much higher than that in the mothers( 3. 8%) and in the grandparents( 8. 3%). Fatheru0027s smoking was the most important risk factor of SHS exposure at home among the children( odds ratio[OR]= 34. 061,95% confidence interval[95% CI]: 21. 819- 53. 173) and the smoking status of a father was influenced by education level of the father( OR = 0. 606,95% CI: 0. 513- 0. 716) and the age of the mother( OR = 0. 973,95% CI: 0. 950- 0. 997). Single mothers were more likely to be smokers than the mothers of two-parent family( OR = 8. 137,95% CI = 3. 209- 20. 637). Conclusion The prevalence of household passive smoking is relatively high and influenced mainly by parental smoking among the children in Macau,suggesting the control of parental smoking could decrease SHS exposure at home effectively among the children.
近年来，随着社会模式和观念的改变，女性在社会上拥有事业的发展和经济独立的能力，因此，女性婚育年龄有上升的趋势，妇女生育年龄的上升除增加妊娠并发症的风险外，也提高了出生缺陷的风险，以21-三体综合征为例，怀有染色体异常胎儿的风险随孕妇年龄的增长而提高，数据显示，在20～24岁之间，患病率为1／1400，～35岁为1／350，～40岁为1／100，～45岁或以上为1／25［1］。传统结合血清学和超声影像学检查的无创联合筛查虽然敏感性高但假阳性也较高，不少筛查阳性孕妇实际上进行了不必要的有创性诊断检查，因而为孕妇带来心理负担和操作相关的流产风险。因此，临床上需要一种无创而可靠的产前检查方法。本文将以新近研究和应用的无创DN A产前检测方法进行综述。
目的：根据目前国内外的临床研究分析Autopulse心肺复苏器在院前和院内抢救心搏骤停中的应用。方法利用文献检索工具MEDLINE和万方数据分别检索从2004年1月至2013年12月共10年内相关的外文和中文文献，以心搏骤停患者为对象，分别比较Autopulse复苏器和徒手CPR在院前和院内抢救的复苏效果，以自主循环恢复率和入院存活率作为复苏指标进行Meta分析。结果符合随机对照研究、非随机同时期对照研究或以过往病例作为对照研究的文献共有11篇。自主循环恢复率(ROSC)的分析示，与徒手CPR比较，Autopulse复苏器在院前和院内抢救都能显着提高率(P<0.01)。入院存活率分析示，Autopulse复苏器在院前抢救能显着提高入院存活率(P<0.01)，但在院内抢救入院存活率却未能提高(P=0.13)。结论 Autopulse复苏器能提高院前及院内抢救心搏骤停的初期复苏成功率，但远期复苏成功率因多种因素的影响而未见显着提高。心肺复苏器的复苏效果仍需要更大型的随机对照试验支持，但目前看来是正面而值得推广应用的。
