羊支原体肺炎是由支原体感染引起的高度接触性传染病,具有发病率高,传染性强,危害性大的特点.本病疫苗免疫效果不理想,常规疗法的治疗时间长,治疗费用高,不但影响羊的生长发育,还会导致高死淘率.近年来,笔者采用肺内注射法治疗本病取得显著效果.本文就羊支原体肺炎的肺内注射疗法和注意事项进行阐述,以期提高养羊业的经济效益,减少养殖户的损失.

为了研究多西环素对黄牛肠道微生物菌群结构和多样性的影响,试验随机选取3头健康黄牛,每天清晨饲喂后1小时,按体重灌服多西环素15 mg/kg,连续7d,分别在灌药当天及灌药结束后的第2天清晨空腹采集直肠粪样.采用自身对照法,利用16S RNA测序技术提取样品中基因组DNA,分别对两次采集的粪便构建测序文库并进行Illumina MiSeq测序,进行生物信息学分析、样本复杂度分析和多样本比较分析,利用Tax4Fun程序进行功能注释和预测.结果 表明:多西环素可降低黄牛肠道菌群的丰度和多样性,厚壁菌门相对丰度比灌服多西环素前有所增加,拟杆菌门相对丰度比灌服多西环素前有所减少.在门水平上,浮霉菌门和柔壁菌门丰度显著或极显著降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);属水平上拟杆菌属和产己酸菌属的丰度显著增加(P＜0.05).饲喂多西环素之后,在膜运转、复制与修复、辅酶因子和维生素代谢、新陈代谢、碳水化合物代谢、耐药性、传染病、内分秘系统等方面的功能基因代谢通路丰度上升.说明多西环素可以降低肠道微生物的相对丰度和多样性,改变代谢通路二级功能层的相对丰度.

为了研究"健牛散"对肉牛运输应激综合征的影响,将24头体重相近的健康肉牛随机分为试验组和对照组,试验组在运达后当天开始每天用生理盐水灌服"健牛散"600 g,连续7 d,对照组同时灌服等量生理盐水,记录发病率和体重变化;采集到场后当天和第7天静脉血,进行血常规测定;分离血清进行血液生化、免疫因子和抗氧化指标的测定.结果显示,结果显示,试验组平均日增重显著提高(P＜0.05),发病率降低;试验组红细胞(RBC)、血红蛋白浓度(HGB)显著降低(P＜0.05),红细胞平均体积(MCV)、红细胞平均血红蛋白量(MCH)显著升高(P＜0.05),对照组白细胞(WBC)显著下降(P＜0.05);试验组天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、铁(Fe)含量显著降低(P＜0.05)、总蛋白(TP)含量显著升高(P＜0.05),谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、尿素(UREA)、钾(K)、钠(Na)、磷(P)含量极显著降低,肌酐(CREA)含量极显著升高(P＜0.01),对照组UREA含量显著升高(P＜0.05),CREA、Na含量显著降低(P＜0.05),AST、ALP极显著升高(P＜0.01)、TP极显著降低(P＜0.01);试验组IgM、T—AOC、SOD活性显著升高(P＜0.05).结果表明"健牛散"具有改善贫血、调节肝肾功能、调节离子平衡、增强抗氧化能力、调节免疫力的作用,能显著提高肉牛平均日增重,降低呼吸道和消化道疾病发病率,显著改善肉牛运输应激综合征.

<span id="ChDivSummary" name="ChDivSummary" class="abstract-text">本试验旨在探讨复合微生态制剂对哺乳期犊牛生长性能及瘤胃微生态区系的影响。选取3日龄健康荷斯坦母犊牛21头,随机分成3组,每组7头,单栏饲养。空白对照组（C组）犊牛饲喂基础饲粮,植物乳酸杆菌+枯草芽孢杆菌组（ZK组）每日每头犊牛饲喂基础饲粮+5 g植物乳杆菌+5 g枯草芽孢杆菌,植物乳杆菌+枯草芽孢杆菌+低聚果糖组（ZKT组）每日每头犊牛饲喂基础饲粮+5 g植物乳杆菌+5 g枯草芽孢杆菌+5 g低聚果糖。ZK组和ZKT组犊牛均在饲喂基础饲粮1 h后将相应的复合微生态制剂溶解在温水中,用奶瓶灌入。预试期7 d,正试期50 d。结果表明:各组之间平均日增重和平均日采食量无显著差异（P&gt;0.05）。微生物群落Alpha多样性分析表明,各组之间可见物种数量、Chao1指数、ACE指数、Shannon指数及Simpson指数无显著差异（P&gt;0.05）;Beta多样性分析表明,ZKT组基于非加权距离主成分分析聚类较好,C组与ZK组相对分散,说明组间群落结构差异较大。以非加权距离矩阵做UPGMA聚类分析,聚类树不能将C组有效区分,ZK组聚类较好,ZKT组聚类最好,说明复合微生态制剂的添加可影响犊牛微生态区系。瘤胃内容物细菌菌落组成分析发现,犊牛瘤胃内容物细菌优势菌门为拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门、放线菌门等,优势菌属为欧陆森氏菌属、未鉴定普雷沃氏菌科、醋香肠菌属等。Tax4Fun功能预测显示,ZK组的基因表达丰度在细胞过程、环境信息处理和未鉴定功能3个一级功能层较C组增高,ZK组的基因表达丰度在遗传信息处理、感染性疾病、氨基酸代谢、其他氨基酸代谢、碳水化合物代谢5个二级功能层比ZKT组、C组升高。综上所述,复合微生态制剂对哺乳期犊牛生长性能和瘤胃菌群丰富度及多样性无显著影响;而ZKT组哺乳期犊牛断奶前的瘤胃微生态区系明显改变,ZK组在功能预测上要好于ZKT组。</span>

试验旨在探讨不同的饲养环境及日粮结构对牦牛瘤胃菌群结构的影响,应用高通量测序技术分析了青海牦牛引进山东后的瘤胃菌群变化情况.结果表明,青海牦牛瘤胃液可见物种(Observed species)及Chao1指数(Chao1 index)与引进牦牛瘤胃液相比差异极显著(P<0.01),ACE指数差异显著(P<0.05);青海牦牛菌群丰度显著高于引进牦牛,说明青海牦牛引进山东后瘤胃菌群丰度发生了显著变化,而引进前后牦牛瘤胃液香浓指数(Shannon index)以及辛普森指数(Simpson index)差异不显著(P>0.05),说明青海牦牛引进山东后瘤胃菌群多样性未显著改变.测序数据表明,牦牛瘤胃液中丰度较高的菌群依次是拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门、变形菌门、疣微菌门、互养菌门、软壁菌门、纤维杆菌门;青海牦牛引进山东后菌群结构比例变化显著的门是浮霉菌门和装甲菌门(P<0.05),变化显著的属是颤杆菌克属和帕匹杆菌属(P<0.05).数据分析得出,拟杆菌和理研菌科在青海牦牛瘤胃液中起重要作用,而普雷沃氏菌科、琥珀酸弧菌科和产气单胞菌在引进山东牦牛瘤胃液中起主要的作用,推测饲养环境及日粮结构的改变导致了瘤胃菌群及其相关功能的改变.本研究为地域和日粮结构的变化对牦牛瘤胃菌群结构的影响提供了理论依据.

异地育肥的运输应激对牛只健康影响较大,导致养牛企业和养牛户造成极大的损失.本文从购进牛只选择、运输管理、到场后饲养管理及疫病监测等方面提出一系列具体措施.介绍各种品种的优劣、饲养条件、防疫情况并提出相应改善建议,提出在选牛过程中需要注意的事项,运输前各项准备工作;提出在运输环节中,对人员、车辆、消毒、草料及饮水准备,饲喂细节、抗应激处理、装车密度、运输过程中的注意事项等;到场后圈舍消毒、隔离观察、饮水和饲喂的过渡期管理方案,制定免疫接种程序.总结到场后的应激情况、实验室检测、治疗方案,为进入育肥程序奠定基础.

正常菌群与宿主之间、正常菌群之间,通过营养竞争、代谢产物的相互制约等因素,维持着良好的生存平衡.在一定条件下这种平衡关系被打破,原来不致病的正常菌群中的细菌可能成为致病菌,称这类细菌为机会性致病菌,也称条件性致病菌.

对一例疑似绵羊痘病例的发病情况、诊断过程及防控措施进行了介绍。旨在为相关疾病防治提供参考。

动物器官内管道铸型是一项实践性很强的技术，在制作过程中，需要不断摸索和尝试才能获得丰富的经验，并且需要不断的总结和完善技术要领。笔者在从事管道铸型标本制作过程中，积极探索，获得如下经验：（1）采取最新鲜的器官作为材料是铸型成功的前提；（2）选用适宜浓度的铸型剂是显示各种管道特点的关键；（3）针对器官内部管道的不同特点适度掌握首次灌注量和补充灌注量是必要的手段；（4）用心体会手工控制压力是铸型成败的重要因素；（5）用丙酮与丁酮混合作为溶剂有明显的优点。此外，精心的清理和修整可以收到锦上添花的效果。此外，制作并研究各种动物器官内管道铸型，尤其是血管铸型，还能为临床医学以及动物医学中进行人和动物（犬、猫等宠物）器官移植提供有价值的参考依据。

1 病例报告 山东潍坊某养殖户从吉林白城引进50头西门塔尔架子牛育肥,每头体重200 kg左右.牛到10d后陆续出现发热、咳嗽、厌食、呼吸困难等症状,诊断为呼吸道感染.用山东某公司生产的乳酸环丙沙星注射液30 mL(1.5 g),颈部肌肉注射治疗.

<正>中暑是日射病和热射病的统称,多发生在炎热的夏秋季节,是因高温、高湿或烈日照射而引起的全身代谢紊乱、血液循环及中枢神经系统高度障碍的急性病,一旦发生,往往病情急剧,严重者可引起迅速死亡。因此正确的预防和治疗至关重要。但在临床实践中,由于误诊或采取措施不当而导致发病率或致死率增高的情况屡屡出现,笔者现就防治中的

The present study characterized the subpleural pulmonary microvascular architecture of sheep by vascular corrosion cast and scanning electron microscopy.Results show that two-layered vascular networks are found on the pleura,and the subpleural vascular networks are found in most observed areas,while the sparse vascular network overlaid onto the subpleural network in some areas.The subpleural microvascular network is mainly branched by the arteriole,terminal arteriole,precapillary arteriole and capillary in order.The obvious circular imprints are found on the arteriole and terminal arteriole cast surface.The interlobular microvessels and the superficial pleural microvessels are transitional.The subpleural pulmonary microvascular architecture of sheep is similar to that of newborn yak and bactrian camel,but there are the significant differences between sheep and human,canine,monkey,rabbit and rat.

笔者在动物解剖生理教学实践中的体会如下:第1,巧妙应用标本、模型与多媒体教学实现学得容易、记得轻松;第2,结合组织结构讲器官机能,联系器官功能教解剖结构;第3,密切联系日常生活实际,认真感悟动物生理功能;第4,应用畜牧兽医专业知识,活化《动物解剖生理》教学内容;第5,课堂上有讲有议、师生互动,课堂下难点质疑、启发学生综合思维。通过教师与学生的积极互动,最终达到提高教学质量的最终目标。

Yak is a unique domestic animal of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Its unique adaptability to the high altitude environment has been hypothesized due to special pulmonary microvasculature. However, the anatomical evidence is still less. The present study characterized the subpleural pulmonary microvascular architecture of newborn yak by vascular corrosion cast and the scanning electron microscopy. The results showed the dense vascular network occurred in subpleural area in newborn yak. Subpleural vascular network was found in most of observed areas, while the sparse vascular network crept onto the subpleural network in some fields of view. The subpleural microvessels and their branches made up of the subpleural microvascular network. According to the branching sequence of vessels, the subpleural arterioles could be divided into four grades: the arteriole, terminal arteriole, precapillary arteriole and capillary. The subpleural capillary network in the local area could be classified into three different forms, including sheetlike vascular network, wrinkled vascular network and weblike vascular network. It was the specific characteristics on the cast surface of the microvessels that was the adaptable peculiarities. Anastomoses were found between the pleural microvessels and the interlobular capillaries, or between the pleural microvessels and the subpleural capillaries, or between the interlobular capillaries and the subpleural capillaries. Therefore, there was significant difference on the subpleural pulmonary microvasculature between newborn yak and other adult mammals.

<正>副猪嗜血杆菌(Haemophilus parasuis,HPS)引起猪的多发性浆膜炎和关节炎,该病又称为猪革拉斯氏病(Glasser's disease)。近年来,副猪嗜血杆菌引起的疾病已逐渐成为危害世界养猪业的重要疾病。

The present study characterized the pulmonary microvascular architecture in the parenchyma of newborn yak by vascular corrosion cast and scanning electron microscopy in order to explore the distributing patterns of pulmonary microvessels in newborn yak,the mechanisms of the microvascular growth and development during the postnatal period.We found irregular,honeycomb like alveolar capillary network on the cut surface at a low magnification.In some fields of view,the alveolar capillary networks extended incompletely,and the alveolar cavities varied in shape and size.We also found completely expanded alveoli,half expanded alveoli,slightly expanded alveoli and unexpanded alveoli.There were three different forms of alveolar capillary network,including sheetlike,sievelike and weblike network.Also the capillary network in the alveolar septa could be classed into single-layered,double-layered and adjacent capillary networks.In addition,the oriented imprints of the endothelial cell nuclei were found on the surface of the well-expanded capillaries.

犬原发性骨肉瘤足一种恶性骨肿瘤,其特征为局部浸润及早期转移.据统计,在美国每年有8 000～10 000只犬发病.

The present conditions of the bronchopulmonary anastomoses in human and mammals were summarized in this review.The significance of the bronchopulmonary anastomoses was that the hyperoxic blood from the bronchial artery could enter the pulmonary artery to compensate the pulmonary artery supplying the alveolar tissue,and the nutritious blood from the pulmonary artery also entered the bronchial artery to compensate the bronchial artery supplying the interstitial tissue.The pleural surface,the bronchial wall,the terminal bronchiole or respiratory bronchiole were often the anastomosing sites.The bronchopulmoanry anastomoses can also locate at the capillary level.The vascular anastomoses were divided into the long type and short type by the length and caliber of the anastomoses,and the anastomoses were classed into end to side and end to end by the anastomosing fashions.In some pathological conditions,the bronchopulmonary anastomoses would become larger to increase the blood flow and supply the local pathological tissues.Therefore,the injuries caused by negative factors to the body could be avoided to ensure the normal respiratory function in the body.

流感是一种传染病,其病原属于正粘病毒科RNA病毒,可分为4个属:甲型流感病毒属、乙型流感病毒属、丙型流感病毒属和托高土病毒属.它们均由单股负链RNA组成,其中甲型流感病毒多发于低等动物及禽类,乙型流感病毒仅感染人,丙型流感病毒感染人和猪,但极少引起严重的疾病.托高土病毒是以蜱为媒介的虫媒病毒,感染家畜及人类,在非、欧、亚洲都有发现.