To examine how adding EM (Effective Microorganisms) affects the microbial community in aquaculture water, this study monitored largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ) culture water before and after EM application. Water quality and microbial structure were analyzed using physicochemical indicators and 16S rDNA sequencing. After adding EM, Firmicutes and Acidobacteria significantly increases , especially Lactobacillus and Propioniciclava. The conductivity, ammonia nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen of aquaculture water decreased markedly. The findings show that regular EM addition improves water quality, enhances beneficial bacteria (Firmicutes, Acidobacteria), suppresses others (Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, Chloroflexi), optimizes microbial structure, and supports in situ remediation in largemouth bass pond aquaculture, providing a basis for ecological regulation.

The significant role played by the gut microbiota in fish growth, development, immunity, and overall health has been widely established. Nevertheless, there remains a lack of clarity regarding the interaction and origin between the environmental microbiota and the gut microbiota of aquaculture species within the aquaponics coupling system. Thus, we conducted an analysis of the gut microbiota of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) obtained from an indoor enclosed circulating water aquaponics coupling system located in greenhouses in northern China. Additionally, we examined the microbiota of the fish pond water and tomato rhizosphere soil using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Our results demonstrated significant differences in the compositions of fish pond water, rhizosphere soil, and the gut microbiota of largemouth bass. Moreover, these compositions changed throughout the culture period. Approximately 11.99

水温12～18℃,将体质量(435.63±21.32)g的哲罗鲑饲养在6.0 m×2.5 m×1.2 m的流水水泥池中,投喂含100 mg/kg人工合成虾青素(对照组)和10、20、40、60 mg/kg天然虾青素(雨生红球藻)饲料,每两周检测试验鱼肌肉中的虾青素含量和鳃、肝脏、前肠、后肠、幽门垂、肌肉、血清、血细胞的总抗氧化能力和碱性磷酸酶活性,研究人工合成虾青素和天然虾青素对肌肉中虾青素含量及其组织抗氧化力的影响.70 d的饲养结果显示:(1)与对照组相比,20 mg/kg和40 mg/kg组的试验鱼虾青素含量显著升高(P<0.05),且40 mg/kg含量组试验鱼虾青素含量显著优于20 mg/kg组(P<0.05);(2)各组试验鱼鳃、肝脏、前肠、后肠、幽门垂、血清、血细胞的总抗氧化能力显著高于对照组(P<0.05);(3)各组试验鱼鳃、后肠、幽门垂、肌肉、血清、血细胞的碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05).试验结果表明,与添加100 mg/kg人工合成虾青素相比,饲料中添加20～40 mg/kg天然虾青素,能显著提高哲罗鲑肌肉虾青素含量、总抗氧化能力以及碱性磷酸酶活性,建议哲罗鲑饲料中天然虾青素添加量为40 mg/kg.

为提倡节水养殖,探索不同节水养殖水位对黄喉拟水龟生长性能的影响,以2龄黄喉拟水龟为试验对象,水温20.7～30.1℃时,采取单盒饲养法,设置350 mL(高水位)、260 mL(中水位)、110 mL(低水位)3个不同养殖水位,饲养7个月后测定生长指标和形态性状.试验结果表明,260 mL水位和350 mL水位组龟体质量显著高于110 mL水位组(P<0.05);260 mL水位和350 mL水位组龟背甲长、背甲高、腹甲长和甲桥长在试验后期均显著高于110 mL水位组(P<0.05),背甲宽显著小于110 mL水位组(P<0.05);260 mL水位组和350 mL水位组的扁平度在影响效果上显著低于110 mL水位组(P<0.05).由此可见,采用110 mL水位养殖黄喉拟水龟显著影响受试龟的体质量、形态性状和扁平度,宏观显现缺水情况下龟体生长适应调节机制,具有显著的节水效能;260 mL水位组兼顾了节水效能和生长优势;350 mL水位组仅具有显著的生长优势.从生长性能和节水效能角度考虑得出,260 mL养殖水位是黄喉拟水龟节水养殖的适宜水平.

为研究温度对黄缘闭壳龟受精卵孵化和稚龟表型特征的影响,采用恒温孵化法,设置3个孵育温度(26±0.5)、(28±0.5)、(30±0.5)℃,每个温度放置卵30个,检测孵化期、孵化率和孵化稚龟表型特征并进行统计分析.试验结果表明,28℃试验组的孵化成功率最高,达到93.3％,孵化期75 d,相对较短,所孵幼体的体质量和13个表型性状显著高于26℃试验组(P<0.05),有利于幼体的生长;依据孵化率高低、稚龟体质量和表型特征大小,28℃是黄缘闭壳龟在北京及周边地区孵化的适宜温度条件.因此,孵化温度显著影响龟卵孵化效果和稚龟表型特征,该试验结果对黄缘闭壳龟在京津冀地区的繁育孵化具有重要的参考价值.

Ecological experiment was conducted to study the allometric growth of taimen yolksac larvae and its significance in adaptation in early life stage. The results indicated organs such as feeding, breathing and swimming of larvae in the yolk sac stage are rapidly differentiated, and all key organs are allomorphic. In all parts of the body, the head length and body height are growing at a positive allometric speed, the trunk and tail fin length are growing at a slow speed; in the head organs, the rostrum length, eye diameter and head length are growing at a positive allometric speed; in the swimming organs, tail fin length is negative allometric growth; yolk sac length, yolk sac width and yolk sac height are negative allometric growth consumption. The fast development of feeding, breathing, swimming and other organs in yolk-sac larvae of taimen, increases larval survival ability at the early stage in the shortest possible time, and there were important ecological significance to adapt the complex and changing external environment.

Ecological experiment was conducted to study the allometry of fine scale fish yolk-sac larvae and its significance in adaptation in early life stage. The results indicated organs such as feeding, breathing and swimming of larvae in the yolk sac stage are rapidly differentiated, and all key organs are allomorphic. In all parts of the body, the head length and tail fin length are growing at an allometric speed, the trunk is growing at a slow speed, and the body height is isokinetic growth; in the head organs, the rostrum length and head length are growing at a positive allometric speed; in the swimming organs, tail fin length is positive allometric growth; yolk sac width and yolk sac height are positive allometry consumption. The fast development of feeding, breathing, swimming and other organs in yolk-sac larvae of fine scale fish, increases larval survival ability at the early stage in the shortest possible time, and there were important ecological significance to adapt the complex and changing external environment.

在水温22.8～30.1℃下,2017年4月15日—10月15日,分3次测定体质量分别为20.10～47.03 g、30.61～70.22 g和34.52～88.57 g 3组2龄黄喉拟水龟的背甲长(x1)、背甲宽(x2)、背甲高(x3)、腹甲长(x4)、腹甲宽(x5)、甲桥长(x6)、喉盾宽(x7)、肱盾宽(x8)、胸盾宽(x9)、股盾宽(x10)、肛盾宽(x11)、喉盾缝长(x12)、肱盾缝长(x13)、胸盾缝长(x14)、腹盾缝长(x15)、股盾缝长(x16)、肛盾缝长(x17)18个形态性状,每个体质量组测定340只,通过相关分析、通径分析和回归分析,研究了形态性状对体质量(y)的影响.试验结果表明,20.10～47.03 g、30.61～70.22 g、34.52～88.57 g 3组中个体对体质量直接作用较大的形态性状分别为背甲长和背甲高、腹甲长、背甲长和喉盾缝长.利用逐步回归分析方法,以体质量为依变量(y),形态性状为自变量(x1～x17),建立了3组黄喉拟水龟的最优多元线性回归方程:y1=-48.209+7.557 x10+5.994 x3+4.553 x1,y2=-26.398+9.326 x4+9.510 x3,y3=-46.413+11.098 x1+40.039 x12.该研究结果为黄喉拟水龟良种选育提供了重要参考指标.

Abstract To compare the two methods for determining the genome size of Taimenes (Hucho taimen). The present study determined genome size (or C- values) of 30 individuals of Taimenes by the method of PI (propidium iodide) and DAPI (4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole), through the flow cytometry, using chicken erythrocyte DNA content as a standard. The result showed that (1) With the method of PI and DAPI through the flow cytometry, DNA content in blood erythrocyte was 5.65±0.25 pg•2C-1 and 5.04±0.12 pg•2C-1(Fig. 1 and Fig. 2), and genome size (Gb) were 2.70 ± 0.12 Gb and 2.41 ± 0.06 Gb. By Independent-Samples T Test, the genome size (Gb) of blood erythrocyte determined by PI was significantly greater than that determined by DAPI(Table 1). (2)Several of the main support salmonids were clustered by furthest neighbor of any two C-values with the measure of euclidean distance. From the Fig. 3, we found that taimen and fine scale (Brachymystax lenok)first clustered into the same subgroup 1, brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) clustered into the same sub-group 2, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and pelyad (Coregonus peled) clustered into the same sub-group 3, Subgroup 1 and subgroup 2 firstly clustered into the same team, then come together with subgroup 3. The result indicates that (1) PI method can more accurately reflect the distribution of DNA content in blood erythrocyte of taimen, and more accurate prediction genome size of taimen.(2)Cluster analysis of C-values of several salmons may be related to their respective origin distribution and the filter feeding characteristics of Pelyad.

Genetic diversity of the hybrids and inbreds of Steelhead trout and golden rainbow trout, altogether four populations, was studied based on 15 polymorphic microsatellite locus. Two hundred and forty individuals (sixty individuals per one population) were collected from the Yudu hill aquaculture experimental station of Beijing Fisheries Research Institute, Beijing, China The genetic variation of the hybrids and inbreds of Steelhead trout and golden rainbow trout were all relatively high. The mean observed heterozygosity value of YJ, YY, JJ and JY were respectively 0.6600, 0.7733, 0.7822, and 0.6533. The mean Fis and Fit value were respectively (-0.5065,-0.6037,-0.5728,-0.4620) and (-0.3857,-0.5272,-0.4987,-0.4069), showing an average excess of heterozygote proportion. The mean Fst value was respectively 0.0802, 0.0477, 0.0471, and 0.0376. The mean genetic distance between JJ and YY was the closest (0.0097), next to YJ and YY (0.0655), and that between JY and YY was the most distant (0.1096). The dendrogram showed JY and YJ firstly clustered together, and then they clustered together with the inbred offspring (JJ and YY). Duo to Fst (little genetic differentiation) and Nm (the Nm values of 15 locus > 1), JY was a finer variety the two hybrids of Steelhead trout and golden rainbow trout. Our data offer supporting evidence that inbreeding depression of Steelhead trout and golden rainbow trout involves multiple related genes, favoring partial dominance over dominance

为确定影响黄缘闭壳龟Cuora flavomarginata体质量的主要形态性状,随机选取1、2、3龄的黄缘闭壳龟为试验对象(每个年龄组120尾),测量其体质量(y)、 背甲长(x1)、 背甲宽(x2)、 背甲高(x3)、甲桥斜高(x4)、 腹甲长(x5)、 腹甲宽(x6)、 甲桥长(x7)、 喉盾宽(x8)、 肱盾宽(x9)、 胸盾宽(x10)、股盾宽(x11)、 肛盾宽(x12)、 喉盾缝长(x13)、 肱盾缝长(x14)、 胸盾缝长(x15)、 腹盾缝长(x16)、 股盾缝长(x17)和肛盾缝长(x18)19个性状,采用相关分析、 主成分分析、 通径分析和回归分析的方法,计算相关系数、 通径系数和决定系数,获得相关回归方程,对不同年龄组间的形态性状对体质量的影响程度进行了比较研究.结果表明:1龄组龟甲桥长对体质量的直接作用较大,2龄组龟肱盾宽和背甲长对体质量的影响较大,3龄组龟肱盾宽对体质量的影响较大;1、2、3龄龟第一主成分由大至小依次综合为增重因子、 背甲增长因子、 腹甲增长因子→增重因子、 腹甲增长因子→腹甲增长因子;利用逐步回归分析方法,以体质量为依变量(y),形态性状为自变量(x1～x18),建立了黄缘闭壳龟不同年龄最优多元线性回归方程分别为yA=-21.193+13.874x7+4.834x10,yB=-60.626+24.880x9+11.750x1-34.040x16,yC=223.604+145.260x9-153.201x8-33.241 x5,式中yA、yB、yC分别为1、2、3龄组龟的体质量(g).本研究结果可为黄缘闭壳龟良种选育的具体应用提供理论参考.

Specific dynamic action (SDA), the metabolic phenomenon resulting from the digestion and assimilation of a meal, is generally influenced by body mass. The effects of ration level on SDA of taimen (Hucho taimen, Pallas) was evaluated, by measuring the temporal pattern of the oxygen consumption rates of taimen with meal size, 1/3 satiation, 2/3 satiation and satiation, after feeding, at 17.5 degrees C. degrees C With the approximate body mass but different meal size, both Peak VO2 and SDA had a tendency to increase with increased meal size. Factorial scope of peak Vo2 and Duration had a tendency to increase with increased meal size.

测量了安徽黄缘闭壳龟、台湾黄缘闭壳龟和黄喉拟水龟3种观赏稚龟的背甲长、背甲宽、腹甲长、腹甲宽、甲桥长、喉盾宽、肱盾宽、胸盾宽、股盾宽、肛盾宽、喉盾缝长、肱盾缝长、胸盾缝长、腹盾缝长、股盾缝长和肛盾缝长等形态性状,利用SPSS 16.0软件统计分析了所测数据,根据统计分析结果对3种观赏稚龟进行了聚类分析和判别分析.结果显示:(1)黄喉拟水龟稚龟腹甲除喉盾外每一块盾片内侧有黑斑,喉盾缝长与肱盾缝长相近,股盾缝长大于肛盾缝长;而安徽黄缘闭壳龟和台湾黄缘闭壳龟稚龟腹甲各盾片基本全覆盖黑斑,喉盾缝长大于肱盾缝长,股盾缝长小于肛盾缝长.与台湾黄缘闭壳龟相比,安徽黄缘闭壳龟的头部脸颊两侧和颈部更红,头部两侧黄带更艳,缘盾内侧及甲桥呈褐黄色甚至红色.(2)聚类分析结果显示,安徽黄缘闭壳龟和台湾黄缘闭壳龟先聚为一组,然后再与黄喉拟水龟聚为一组.(3)3种稚龟的判别公式为,安徽黄缘闭壳龟=2884 x3-1149 x4-928 x5-1194 x6-702 x10-954 x11-1780 x12-555 x13-724 x14+341 x15-2459,台湾黄缘闭壳龟=2735 x3-1016 x4-798 x5-986 x6-775 x10-926 x11-1991 x12-447 x13-731 x14+345 x15-2396,黄喉拟水龟=3085 x3-925 x4-745 x5-1511 x6-686 x10-849 x11-1722 x12-610 x13-625 x14+206 x15-2169.研究结果表明,聚类分析结果和判别分析结果相同,且与现有种属划分结果一致;腹面的腹甲宽/背甲长(x3)、甲桥长/背甲长(x4)、肱盾宽/背甲长(x6)、肱盾缝长/背甲长(x11)、胸盾缝长/背甲长(x12)等参数可作为鉴别上述3种观赏稚龟的主要客观依据.

为确定影响哲罗鲑(Hucho taimen)体重的主要形态性状,随机选取5个生长阶段共计710尾哲罗鲑为实验对象(3月龄240尾、6月龄180尾、12月龄110尾、18月龄90尾、36月龄90尾),测量其体重(y)、体长(x1)、体宽(x2)、体高(x3)、头长(x4)、眼径(x5)、尾鳍长(x6)、尾鳍高(x7)、尾柄高(x8)9个性状.通过相关分析、通径分析和回归分析,计算相关系数、通径系数和决定系数,获得相关回归方程,对不同月龄间的形态性状对体重的影响程度进行了比较分析.结果表明,3月龄、6月龄、18月龄和36月龄个体体长对体重的直接作用较大,12月龄个体则是体宽对体重的影响较大.利用逐步回归分析方法,以体重为依变量(y),形态性状为自变量(x1～x8),建立了哲罗鲑不同月龄最优多元线性回归方程分别为:y3=-14.911+1.561 x1+ 3.448 x2+5.232 x3;y6=-70.321+ 5.192 x1+0.962 x2+ 0.473 x3;y12=-217.446+ 7.129x1+23.147 x2+ 44.055 x3;y18=-891.041+ 20.234x1+65.786x2+ 53.266 x3;y36=-5748.099+ 88.187 x1+ 301.984 x2+ 66.702 x7.该研究结果为哲罗鲑选择育种的具体应用提供了重要参考依据.

The molecular markers related with growth traits ( body weight,body length and body width) of Hucho taimen were screened by the GLM model of SPSS13.0.The results show that 1)the average effective number of alleles was 2.301 4,the polymorphic information content was 0.366 6~0.557 6,the observation pop?ulation heterzygosity was from 0.3666 to 0.5576 and greater than the expected heterozygosity,the Fis value was negative,which suggested heterozygote excess.2) Loci BJT4,BJT6,BJT8,BJT12,BJT18,BJT19,BJTH4 and BJTH19 were significantly correlated with body weight and body length ( P<0.01) ,BJT6,BJTH6 and BJTH17 were significantly correlated with body height and body width ( P<0.01) ,and there was a phenomenon of“one gene can affect more than one trait” and “any trait can be affected by more than one gene”. The results of multi?comparison of different genotypes indicated that genotype AA of BJT 12,BJT 18 and BJTH4 were posi?tively correlated with body weight,body length,and genotype AB of BJTH6 and BJTH17 was positively correla?ted with body height,body width.The results of this study are valuable for marker?assisted breeding of taimen, and provide a basic data for building a genetic linkage map of taimen.

Specific dynamic action (SDA), the metabolic phenomenon resulting from the digestion and assimilation of a meal, is generally influenced by body mass. The effects of ration level on SDA of taimen (Hucho taimen, Pallas) was evaluated, by measuring the temporal pattern of the oxygen consumption rates of taimen with meal size, 1/3 satiation, 2/3 satiation and satiation, after feeding, at 17.5 degrees C. With the approximate body mass but different meal size, both Peak VO2 and SDA had a tendency to increase with increased meal size. Factorial scope of peak Vo(2) and Duration had a tendency to increase with increased meal size.

The current study aimed to find the best anesthetic for electronic chip markers,injection of exog-enous hormones,squeezing eggs (semen) of taimen (Hucho taime) (parent fish).The anesthetic effects of chlo-robutanol,clove oil,2-phenoxyethanol on taimen (parent fish) were compared.The results showed that,(1) chlo-robutanol:anesthetizing time and recovery time were longer,and up to the depth of anesthesia;Clove oil:anesthe-tizing time was short,did not achieve the depth of anesthesia,tactile recovery was quick,but complete recovery time was longer;2-phenoxyethanol:anesthetizing time and recovery time were shorter,and up to the depth of an-esthesia.(2) The linear equations of the exposure time and the recovery time with different concentrations (0.1‰,0.3‰,0.5‰) of 2-phenoxyethanol were respectively:y1=24.5x+65.9,(R2=0.990 3,60≤x≤300);y3=26.5x+82.3,(R2=0.976 1,60≤x≤300);y5=55.5x+176.0,(R2=0.999 8,60≤x≤300).The results indicated that 2-phe-noxyethanol was the best anesthetic for electronic chip markers,injection of exogenous hormones,squeezing eggs (semen) ,and its security utility range was 0.1‰-0.3‰,the optimal dose concentration was 0.3‰.

对虹鳟、溪红点鲑及其杂交三倍体F1(虹鳟♀×溪红点鲑♂)的肌肉营养成分进行了测定和分析比较,旨在为虹鳟、溪红点鲑杂交育种时的性状选择提供参考.结果显示:F1的水分、粗脂肪含量与虹鳟差异不显著,但显著低于溪红点鲑(P＜0.05);F1的粗蛋白含量显著高于双亲(P＜0.05);灰分含量三者之间差异不显著;F1的钾、铜离子含量与虹鳟差异不显著,钾离子含量显著高于溪红点鲑,铜离子含量显著低于溪红点鲑(P＜0.05);F1的铁、锌、磷离子含量与溪红点鲑差异不显著,二者的铁离子含量显著高于虹鳟,锌、磷离子含量显著低于虹鳟(P＜0.05);F1的钙离子含量与双亲差异显著,其中虹鳟含量最高,溪红点鲑含量最低(P＜0.05);三者的钠、镁、锰离子含量差异不显著.F1的氨基酸、必需氨基酸、非必需氨基酸、鲜味氨基酸及半必需氨基酸总量均显著高于双亲(P＜0.05),亲本间差异不显著;F1多数氨基酸含量高于鸡蛋全卵蛋白标准,而两亲本只有赖氨酸含量高于该标准,其它氨基酸含量均低于该标准;F1所有的氨基酸含量高于WHO/FAO标准,两亲本仅部分指标高于该标准;F1的饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)、多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)、ω-3和ω-6族多不饱和脂肪酸总量均显著低于溪红点鲑(P＜0.05),而与虹鳟的差异不显著.结果表明,F1与其双亲相比,氨基酸含量更丰富,脂肪含量较少,味觉更鲜美.

为了解摄食水平对哲罗幼鱼排氨率的影响,制定更科学的投喂策略,采用实验生态学方法研究了3个摄食水平(2％、4％、6％)的哲罗(Hucho taimen)幼鱼摄食前后的排氨率.结果显示:摄食后,3个摄食水平的哲罗幼鱼的排氨率均迅速上升,到达最大值后再缓慢下降,最后恢复到各自的初始水平;3个摄食水平的哲罗幼鱼的排氨持续时间(DNR)为(17.0±0.30)、(18.0±0.50)、(19.0±0.60)h,排氨率峰值时间(TNR)为(7.0±0.00)、(7.0±0.20)、(8.0±0.60)h,二者均随着摄食水平的增加而延长;哲罗幼鱼平均排氨率(NRave)和最大排氨率(NRmax)与摄食水平(m)之间的拟合方程分别为:NRave=1.1917+0.1581 m(R2=0.9783,2.15％＜m＜6.36％);NRmax=1.2516+0.2595m(R2=0.9706,2.15％＜m＜6.36％).结果表明:哲罗幼鱼养殖过程中要适当的增加投喂次数和减少每次投喂量;伴随着摄食水平增加,哲罗幼鱼体内多余的氨基酸也会增加,外源性排泄也随之升高.

Ammonia excretion rates were determined in juvenile taimen Hucho taimen(Pallas) with body weight of(30.25±2.5)g at water temperatures of 11.5±0.5℃, 14.5±0.5℃, 17.5±0.5℃and 20.5±0.5℃in t satiation and fasting by an ecological method. The results showed that the ammonia excretion rate were all found to be increased firstly and then decreased in the satiated fish at the test temperatures, one peak at 14.5±0.5℃, 17.5±0.5℃, and 20.5±0.5℃and two peaks at 11.5±0.5℃, which might be due to a normal startup of the mechanical digestion with a lag for the biochemical digestion. The duration of ammonia excretion (DNR) was decreased as temperatures increased in both the satiated fish and fasten fish. In the starvation, the regression equation of ammonia excretion rate (NR) on the temperature(T) was expressed as NR=0.1427e0.0945t(R2=0.9567,11.5℃