本研究检索了全自动挤奶机器人领域的相关专利,并重点分析了其技术分支的发展动态.结果表明,从一级分类来看,专利数量最多的是挤奶单元部件,最少的是冷却设备部分.从二级分类来看,挤奶杯组及挤奶杯部件、进护栏及出护栏、清洗机构末端执行器专利申请数量最多的,他们都属于传统挤奶机器人和全自动挤奶机器人通用的部件.在全自动挤奶机器人中更加自动化的技术,如自动奶杯套杯及脱落的定位及乳头识别装置、清洗机构识别系统和清洗机构定位装置的专利数量较少.研究发现,该领域有两个技术快速发展阶段,一个在1997-2002年,这一阶段主要是传统技术的快速发展,技术来源国和市场国主要集中在欧洲,以荷兰、瑞典、德国为主,技术涉及各个方面;另一个阶段是2014年至今,这一阶段的发展主要是由于中国相关企业的加入,中国是主要的技术来源国和市场国,技术主要集中在挤奶杯组及挤奶杯部件、真空泵、控制单元及控制面板、挤奶箱奶牛识别装置等.

Low-temperature conditions influence cattle productivity and survivability. Understanding the metabolic regulations of specific cattle breeds and identifying potential biomarkers related to cold challenges are important for cattle management and optimization of genetic improvement programs. In this study, 28 Inner-Mongolia Sanhe and 22 Holstein heifers were exposed to -25°C for 1 h to evaluate the differences in metabolic mechanisms of thermoregulation. In response to this acute cold challenge, altered rectal temperature was only observed in Holstein cattle. Further metabolome analyses showed a greater baseline of glycolytic activity and mobilization of AA in Sanhe cattle during normal conditions. Both breeds responded to the acute cold challenge by altering their metabolism of volatile fatty acids and AA for gluconeogenesis, which resulted in increased glucose levels. Furthermore, Sanhe cattle mobilized the citric acid cycle activity, and creatine and creatine phosphate metabolism to supply energy, whereas Holstein cattle used greater AA metabolism for this purpose. Altogether, we found that propionate and methanol are potential biomarkers of acute cold challenge response in cattle. Our findings provide novel insights into the biological mechanisms of acute cold response and climatic resilience, and will be used as the basis when developing breeding tools for genetically selecting for improved cold adaptation in cattle.

[目的]探究荷斯坦牛泌乳速度相关指标的群体规律及非遗传因素对其的影响.[方法]收集华东地区某规模化牧场8 757头泌乳牛的906 748条挤奶记录,定义了班次产奶量、前两分钟产奶量、挤奶时间、前两分钟产奶量占比、平均流速和最高流速6个泌乳速度指标,并对其进行了描述性统计,计算了各指标间的Pearson相关系数,采用固定模型分析了测定季节、胎次、泌乳阶段、初产月龄和挤奶班次对泌乳速度相关指标的影响.[结果]6个泌乳速度指标中,除前两分钟产奶量占比之外,班次产奶量、前两分钟产奶量、挤奶时间、平均流速和最高流速均基本呈对称分布,各个指标的变异较大,变异系数在30％左右;各指标两两之间存在极显著相关关系,相关系数在-0.84-0.89之间,泌乳速度与产奶量呈中等或强相关,与挤奶时间呈弱负相关,与前两分钟产奶量占比呈弱正相关.测定季节、胎次、泌乳阶段、初产月龄和挤奶班次对泌乳速度指标均有极显著影响(P＜0.01);不同季节中,冬季的班次产奶量和挤奶时间最大,夏季的平均流速最快,而秋季的最高流速最快;不同泌乳阶段中,在第Ⅱ泌乳阶段(45～99 d),奶牛的班次产奶量、挤奶时间、平均流速和最高流速均最大;不同班次中,在夜间班次(00:00-06:00),奶牛的班次产奶量、挤奶时间、平均流速和最高流速均为最大.[结论]奶牛泌乳速度指标存在较大变异,对季节、胎次等环境和生理因素较为敏感,可为奶牛产奶性能的选育提供信息.

本研究利用2006-2020年间杂交三河牛群体和纯三河牛群体探讨不同外血比例对三河牛生产性能的影响.结果表明,引入德系西门塔尔牛对三河牛的体重、体尺、肉用和产奶性能均有很显著的改良效果.含外血1/2和1/4的三河牛公牛相比纯三河牛公牛,24月龄体重平均增加了11.3kg和5.2kg,屠宰率分别提高3.6％、2.5％,净肉率分别提高了3.8％、1.2％.含外血1/2、1/4和1/8的三河母牛比纯三河牛305d产奶量平均分别提高了125kg、118kg和105kg.很显然,随着外血比例的降低,肉用和乳用性能提升幅度均有所下降.本研究结果为三河牛遗传改良提供了科学依据.

无角是养牛生产中的有利性状,呈常染色体显性遗传,已报道有3种不同的无角基因,分别源自欧洲牛(2种)和蒙古牛(1种).三河牛是经多品种杂交育成的乳肉兼用牛品种,经过长期选育在品种内形成一个无角品系,但其无角基因的具体类型及来源目前尚不清楚.本研究收集7头三河牛种公牛(无角3头、有角4头)和20头蒙古牛(无角2头、有角18头)的样本,使用等位基因特异性PCR技术分别鉴定3种无角基因的基因型.结果显示:3头无角三河牛的无角基因均属于蒙古牛无角基因类型,其中2头为无角杂合子、1头为无角纯合子,2头无角蒙古牛均为蒙古牛无角基因杂合子,样本中未检出欧洲牛无角基因.经PCR产物测序验证,无角三河牛与无角蒙古牛的无角等位基因的核苷酸序列一致.据此判定,三河牛培育过程中虽然有欧洲牛品种参与,但三河牛无角基因来自本地蒙古牛.本研究为三河牛无角品系的分子选育奠定了技术基础.

通过在高寒地区引入全混合日粮(TMR)搅拌车饲喂三河牛,并与传统饲喂方式下的产奶性能、饲喂成本、收益进行对比,结果显示TMR饲喂方式能够提高三河牛日平均产奶量2.2kg,平均每产1kg牛奶节约饲草0.52kg、精料0.05kg、青贮0.29kg,大大增加了牛场的经济效益.

Sanhe Cattle in Inner Mongolia is a local dual purpose breed formed and approved in China with more than 100 years developing history in Hulunbuir pasture.Sanhe cattle is famous for its durability,disease resistance,high quality in both milk and meat production,and suitability for grazing.Since it was approved as a breed in 1986,this breed was preserved adopting selection within family lines in the nucleolus herd,both its performance and reproduction efficiency was preserved under the harsh condition in Hulunbuir pasture.Although Sanhe cattle was challenged by high yield breeds during the past 20 years,such as Holstein,it remained as a major breed because it was highly adapted for the local environment and had excellent performance in meat and milk production.Since the beginning of the 11th five-year plan,state government paid more attention to the genetic improvement of Sanhe from the basis of existing system for breed registration and performance testing.National standard for Sanhe cattle breed was revised and re-published,breeding information database for Sanhe cattle was established and DHI testing system used for dairy cattle was introduced,the dual purpose breeding goal was re-emphasized through introducing elite stock of international recognized similar type of breed,progresses were achieved through this open nucleus breeding system philosophy.This paper first reviewed the breeding history and then summarized the recent progresses in the breeding system to share our experience.

<正>吉林省敦化市森林密布,水系丰富,适宜林蛙生长。这种黄肚皮、后背上有"八"字形的林蛙属于长白山林蛙,市场价格居高不下。林蛙是国家二级保护动物,野生林蛙不能随意捕捉。从