This study explored the potential of bamboo vinegar powder (BVP) to mitigate hepatic injury and metabolic disturbance induced by a high-starch diet in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Fish were distributed into three groups (with three replicates per group) and fed for 56 days with a basal diet (BD), a high-starch diet (CSD), and the BVP-supplemented diet (CSDB, added 2.0 g/kg BVP to the CSD diet), respectively. After the feeding trial, fish in the CSD group exhibited a significant decrease in weight gain rate (WGR) and an increased hepatosomatic index (HSI) (P < 0.05). Concurrently, hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism of fish in the CSD group were suppressed, leading to the accumulation of hepatic lipids and glycogen, along with histopathological manifestations such as hepatic vacuolation and nuclear shift. Furthermore, immune competence and hepatic antioxidant status were also compromised. However, relative to the CSD group, fish in the CSDB group demonstrated significant improvements in growth performance, immune function, and liver injury. Furthermore, BVP upregulated the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (nrf2, a key regulator of antioxidant defense) and downregulated the nuclear factor kappa B (nf-κb, a central transcription factor in inflammation) (P < 0.05). More importantly, BVP might improve the metabolism of hepatic glucose and lipid in fish, by suppressing gluconeogenesis and promoting glycolysis to optimize glucose metabolism, as well as by inhibiting lipogenesis and promoting both lipid transport and catabolism to enhance lipid metabolism. Notably, dietary BVP supplementation significantly altered hepatic metabolite profiles, affecting pathways such as alpha-linolenic acid and arachidonic acid metabolism, and increasing the levels of several lipid metabolites, including docosahexaenoic acid and phosphatidylethanolamine species, compared to the CSD group (P < 0.05). Collectively, these results demonstrated that BVP improved growth performance, liver health, and glucose-lipid metabolism in largemouth bass fed a high-starch diet.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary betaine on the growth, glucose and lipid metabolism, and bile acid (BA) metabolism in Micropterus salmoides fed high-cottonseed concentrated protein (CPC) diets. In this study, Micropterus salmoides were fed six experimental diets: the basal diet (BD diet; high fish meal), the low-fish meal diet (LF diet; 75% of the fish meal protein in the BD diet was substituted with CPC), and four betaine-supplemented diets (1.0 g/kg, 2.0 g/kg, 4.0 g/kg, and 8.0 g/kg of betaine were added to the LF diet, designated as LFB1.0, LFB2.0, LFB4.0, and LFB8.0, respectively). After an 8-week feeding trial, compared with the BD diet, fish fed the LF diet had decreased weight gain rate, reduced feed utilization efficiency, and poor liver health and impaired metabolic function. Conversely, fish fed the LFB4.0 diet showed an increased weight gain rate and feeding rate, improved liver antioxidant capacity, and decreased hepatic lipid droplets and glycogen content. Non-targeted metabolomics of the liver revealed that betaine regulated carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and was associated with primary bile acid metabolism. Moreover, the hepatic levels of the BA regulatory factors short heterodimer partner and farnesoid-X-receptor, as well as the gene expression of BA transporter bile salt export pump, were increased in fish fed the LFB4.0 diet. Supplementing the LF diet (high CPC levels) with 4.0 g/kg betaine improves fish growth performance and enhances hepatic carbohydrate and lipid metabolism via the positive regulation of BA metabolism by betaine.

Considering the diverse biological activities of condensed tannin (CT), the study aimed to evaluate the effect of CT on growth performance and intestinal health in juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) through a 56-day feeding trial. Largemouth bass (5.99 +/- 0.03 g) were fed a basic diet supplemented with different levels of CT: 0 g/kg (the control group, CG), 0.60 g/kg (the T0.6 group), 1.50 g/kg (the T1.5 group), 3.75 g/kg (the T3.75 group), and 9.38 g/kg (the T9.38 group). The results indicated that dietary supplementation of CT at 3.75 g/kg promoted growth performance, feed conversion ratio, the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of crude protein and crude lipid, the crude protein of whole-body, the intestinal antioxidant capacity, and intestinal immune response, as well as the development of intestinal villi (P < 0.05), while the fish fed with 9.38 g/kg CT exhibited the opposite trend. Further, dietary CT (3.75 g/kg) decreased crude lipid in the whole-body compared to the CG (P < 0.05). Dietary CT (3.75 g/kg) altered the microbial community, the relative abundance of Bacillus and Lysinibacillus were increased compared to the CG. Additionally, the serum metabolome results revealed a negative correlation between Lysinibacillus abundance and lipid metabolites in the serum. These findings suggested that supplementing the diet with 3.75 g/kg CT promoted the growth performance, feed utilization, and intestinal health of largemouth bass. The optimum CT level was 4.15 g/kg based on second-order polynomial regression analyses of weight gain rate.

To more effectively address the scarcity resources and elevated costs associated with fishmeal (FM), the utilization of cottonseed protein concentrate (CPC) as an alternative in aquaculture feeds has become increasingly prevalent. However, high levels of CPC substitution for FM have been reported to suppress the growth of fish and impair intestinal health. Hydrolysable tannin (HT) has been reported to exhibit biological activities such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, but whether the HT can generate positive biological effects on the intestinal health of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) remains unknown. Largemouth bass (initial weight: 6.03 ± 0.01 g) were subjected to an 8-week feeding trial with three different diets: a basic diet (named as the NC), a high CPC diet (in which CPC replaced 75

This study aimed to systematically evaluate the impact of adding hydrolysable tannin (HT, 1.25 g/kg) to a high-fat diet on the flesh quality of fish (Micropterus salmoides) after 12 weeks rearing. Results showed that high-fat diet supplemented with HT increased the content of crude protein and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and optimized the amino acid composition of flesh. Meanwhile, the high-fat diet reduced the antioxidant capacity, muscle fiber density, and collagen content of flesh, but HT supplementation counteracted these negative effects. According to metabolomics analysis, dietary HT reduced the abundance of hypoxanthine and inosine, suggesting that HT might potentially mitigate the deterioration of flesh by delaying the degradation of adenosine triphosphate. Short-term frozen storage analysis indicated that dietary HT contributed to maintain flesh color, texture, and pH, and reduce total volatile base nitrogen‌. This study provides insights for enhancing the nutritional value and flesh quality of fish fed high-fat diets.

Bamboo vinegar powder (BVP), a secondary product of bamboo charcoal production, contains multiple bioactive compounds. However, its effects on largemouth bass remain unclear. To investigate these effects, six experimental diets containing different BVP levels (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 g/kg) were designed, and a 56-day feeding experiment was conducted on largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides, 7.00 +/- 0.02 g). Results demonstrated significant increase in the weight gain rate (P < 0.05) and specific growth rate (P < 0.05) and decrease in the feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05) with administration of diet containing 2.0 g/kg BVP. In addition, BVP (0.5-8.0 g/kg) significantly improved the levels of health indicators, such as aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase (P < 0.05) in the liver. In terms of antioxidative properties, BVP (1.0-2.0 g/kg) improved the levels of antioxidant enzymes, including total antioxidant capacity (P < 0.05) and catalase (P < 0.05), reduced the malondialdehyde content (P < 0.05), and upregulated the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (P < 0.05). Regarding lipid metabolism, BVP (1.0-8.0 g/kg) decreased the triglyceride (P < 0.05) and total cholesterol (P < 0.05) levels in the liver and improved hepatic lipid metabolism by upregulating the expression of lipid transport (hormone-sensitive lipase and lipoprotein lipase) and lipid metabolism (fatty acid transport protein and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein) genes (P < 0.05). With regard to inflammation, BVP (0.5-4 g/kg) modulated the expression of inflammatory factors (interleukin-8, transforming growth factor-beta, and interleukin-10; P < 0.05) to improve the inflammatory response. Collectively, these results suggested that dietary BVP at a level of 2.0 g/kg can help improve growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and inflammatory response and reduce lipid deposition in the liver of largemouth bass.

This study investigated the effects of condensed tannin (CT) supplementation on the intestinal health and mitochondrial function in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) fed a high-fat diet. Six experimental diets were formulated, comprising three lipid levels in the diets (10 %, 15 %, and 20 %) with or without 3.75 g/kg CT supplementation. The largemouth bass were fed those diets for 56 days. Results demonstrated that a dietary lipid content of 20 % had a detrimental impact on the growth, intestinal health, and mitochondrial function of largemouth bass. However, the adverse effects of high dietary lipid levels were mitigated by incorporating of CT. This mitigation may be ascribed to the ability of CT to improve the intestinal barrier (claudin-1, claudin-4, and zo-1), increase the abundance of beneficial intestines microbe, and enhance intestinal antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, CT promoted mitochondrial biogenesis (pgc-1α, nrf1, and ampk-α), maintained the balance of mitochondrial fission and fusion, increased ATP content, and enhanced the activity of mitochondrial complexes II, IV, and V. In conclusion, CT preserved intestinal health and function while boosting mitochondrial function, thereby facilitating the growth of largemouth bass.

The direct feeding value of distillers grains is low due to the presence of higher cellulose, lignin and anti-nutritional factors such as mannan and xylan. In this study, complex enzymes and probiotic flora based on “probiotic enzyme synergy” technology were used to produce fermented distillers grains. The optimal substrate ratio, moisture content, fermentation time and temperature were determined. Subsequently, scale-up experiments were conducted to determine the performance of fermented feed. The results showed that multi-probiotic (Lactobacillus casei, Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Aspergillus oryzae) cooperated with complex enzymes (glucanase, mannanase, xylanase) showed excellent fermentation effect, crude protein, trichloroacetic acid soluble protein and fat increased by 31.25, 36.68, and 49.11% respectively, while crude fiber, acidic fiber and neutral fiber decreased by 34.24, 26.91, and 33.20%, respectively. The anti-nutritional factors mannan and arabinoxylan were reduced by 26.96 and 40.87%, respectively. Lactic acid, acetic acid, and propionic acid in the fermented organic acids increased by 240.93, 76.77, and 89.47%, respectively. Butyric acid increased significantly from scratch, and the mycotoxin degradation effect was not significant. This study provides a potential approach for high-value utilization of distillers grains.

This study provided evidence that the inclusion of hydrolysable tannin (HT) in high soybean meal (SBM) diets improved growth performance and glycolipid metabolism of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). In vivo, various levels of HT were added to high SBM diets and fed to largemouth bass (initial weight: 6.00 ± 0.03 g) for 56 days. Results showed that a high level of SBM led to the reduction in growth performance, as evidenced by decreased weight gain rate and impaired hepatic function. Dietary supplementation with HT (1.0 g/kg) improved growth performance of largemouth bass, accompanied by the enhancements in hepatic antioxidant capacity and glycolipid metabolism. In vitro, HT facilitated glucose utilization in hepatocytes and positively influenced the modulation of crucial genes within the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Conversely, administration of LY294002 (a PI3K inhibitor) reversed the detrimental effects observed in hepatocytes exposed to high glucose levels. Overall, incorporating HT (1.0 g/kg) into the diet enhanced liver health and improved the absorption and utilization of SBM in largemouth bass, potentially achieved through modulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

This study focused on developing an effective cell wall-breaking method for Phaffia rhodozyma, followed by utilizing subcritical fluid extraction to isolate, extract, and concentrate astaxanthin from the complex fermentation products of P. rhodozyma. A comprehensive comparison of seven distinct methods for disrupting cell walls, including dimethyl sulfoxide treatment, lactic acid treatment, sodium hydroxide treatment, β-glucanase enzymatic digestion, β-mannanase enzymatic digestion, and a combined enzymatic treatment involving both β-mannanase and β-glucanase was conducted. The results identified the lactic acid method as the most effective in disrupting the cell walls of P. rhodozyma. The software, Design Expert, was used in the process of extracting astaxanthin from cell lysates using a subcritical extraction method. Through fitting analysis and response surface optimization analysis by Design Expert, the optimal extraction conditions were determined as follows: an extraction temperature of 41 °C, extraction frequency of two times, and extraction time of 46 min. These parameters facilitated the efficient extraction, concentration, and enrichment of astaxanthin from P. rhodozyma, resulting in an astaxanthin concentration of 540.00 mg/L. This result can establish the foundation for its high-value applications.

Mulberry leaves (ML) have diverse biological activities and show potential as a functional additive. However, it is unclear whether ML can alleviate the adverse effects of high cottonseed protein concentrate (CPC) inclusion in carnivores. In this study, Micropterus salmoides were respectively fed six different diets over an 8-week period. Four experimental diets were formulated with varying levels of ML (0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%), designated as CG (basic diet), ML2, ML4, and ML6. Additionally, two diets replaced 75% of fishmeal (FM) protein with CPC in the CG diet, with or without 4% ML, named CPC and CM4 diet, respectively. Results showed that ML4 diet improved growth and feed utilization in largemouth bass compared with the control. The growth of fish fed with the CPC diet were significantly lower than those fed with the CG diet (P P < 0.05). However, supplementing 4% ML in the CPC diet could improve the decreased growth and feed utilization, compromised intestinal barrier, and intestinal inflammation caused by high CPC in largemouth bass. Through 16S rDNA and intestinal transcriptome correlation analysis, it was revealed that ML could reduce non-homeostatic apoptosis by positively regulating intestinal microbiota to down-regulate the expression of pro-apoptosis genes in the PI3K-Akt pathway of the Apoptosis pathway.

The objective of this study was to examine the potential of condensed tannin (CT) in mitigating the adverse effects on growth and intestinal health induced by high cottonseed concentrate protein (CPC) diets in juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Largemouth bass were respectively fed with the basic diet, the high CPC diet, and the CPC + CT diet (incorporated 3.75 g/kg CT into the high CPC diet) for a duration of 8 weeks. Results indicated that the high CPC diet resulted in decreased growth performance and compromised intestinal health. Dietary CT enhanced the growth of fish, improved intestinal function, and optimized intestinal microbiota. Additionally, intestinal transcriptome analysis revealed that dietary CT might mitigate intestinal inflammation by downregulating the related gene expression in the cell adhesion molecule pathway. Furthermore, the gene expression of cd22 and mhc2 was positively correlated with the relative abundance of the Geodermatophilus, an indicator species of intestinal microbiota in high CPC treatment. Our research suggests that the inclusion of CT (3.75 g/kg) in the high CPC diet of largemouth bass can stimulate growth and alleviate negative impacts on intestinal health, indicating that CT can be utilized to enhance the utilization of CPC in fish nutrition.

With the rapid development of synthetic biology, researchers can design, modify, or even synthesize microorganisms de novo, and microorganisms endowed with unnatural functions can be considered “artificial life” and facilitate the development of functional products. Based on this concept, researchers can solve critical problems related to the insufficient supply of natural products, such as low yields, long production cycles, and cumbersome procedures. Due to its superior performance and unique physiological and biochemical characteristics, Yarrowia lipolytica is a favorable chassis cell used for green biomanufacturing by numerous researchers. This paper mainly reviews the development of synthetic biology techniques for Y. lipolytica and summarizes the recent research progress on the synthesis of natural products in Y. lipolytica. This review will promote the continued innovative development of Y. lipolytica by providing theoretical guidance for research on the biosynthesis of natural products.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1123563.].

With the rapid development of aquaculture towards scale, the healthy problems of aquatic animals caused by the abuse of antibiotics had become increasingly prominent. Therefore, the development of green and efficient alternatives to antibiotics had emerged. Plant polyphenols had become one of the excellent alternatives of antibiotics, because of their effects of promoting growth, antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and promoting intestinal health, as well as no side effects and drug residues. According to the results of relevant studies, plant polyphenols in appropriate dosage had a positive effect on the growth and physiological status of aquatic animals. This article summarized research advances on the effects of plant polyphenols on the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and intestinal health of aquatic animals.

Numerous studies have demonstrated that soybean meal (SBM) contains high levels of anti-nutritional factors, which interrupt gastrointestinal homeostasis or metabolism normally of the weaned piglets. Here, the mixed probiotics, including Bacillus licheniformis (B. licheniformis, CGMCC 8147), Saccharomyces cerevisiae H11 (S. cerevisiae H11) and Lactobacillus casei (L. casei, CGMCC 8149) were applied to the three-stage fermentation of functional feed. Our research investigated the optimum ratio of inoculation, optimal time of inoculation, combination of substrates, and nutritional value of the fermented feed. The optimal microbial combination was B. licheniformis: S. cerevisiae: L. casei = 2:2:1, inoculating at 0, 12 and 24 h, respectively. The results revealed that crude protein and acid-soluble protein were remarkably improved and had lower pH. Trypsin inhibitor, glycine and β-glycine were reduced by 79.86, 77.18, and 69.29%, respectively. Moreover, animal trials further evaluated the growth-promoting effects of the fermented feed. It was noted that the average daily gain of weaned piglets was significantly higher, and the ratio of feed with weight, diarrhea incidence and mortality were lower significantly. The concentrations of serum immunoglobulin G(IgG), IgA, IgM, Complement C3 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and lysozyme activity were all increased. The relative abundance of fecal microbiota improved, especially lactobacillus, which increased the abundance of fecal dominant probiotics. Overall, the fermented feed may be conducive to the growth and health of weaned piglets by improving nutritional value, immunity properties, relative abundance of fecal microflora, and decreasing anti-nutritional factors of feed, thereby making them viable and usable feedstuffs for potential use in livestock industries.

目的:探讨微创喉返神经旁淋巴结清扫术对早期食管癌患者的临床应用价值及预后影响.方法:收集2014 年6 月-2018 年5 月济宁市第一人民医院胸外科行食管癌淋巴结清扫患者242 例的临床资料,对符合条件的102 例早期食管癌患者进行回顾性分析.依据喉返神经旁淋巴结清扫方式,分为微创组(IG,n =66)和常规组(NG,n =36),比较两组患者切除淋巴结的临床特征.采用二元Logistics 回归分析影响早期食管癌患者预后存活率的相关因素.结果:两组患者在既往开胸史?切入深度?甲状腺动脉参数和半定量评分?淋巴结清扫数目?喉返处淋巴结被膜残留个数?术后恢复时间?APACHEII 评分,存在显著差异(P 均<0.05),而 年龄?存在转移淋巴结个数?腹?胸腔处淋巴结被膜残留个数,以及并发症出现率,无显著差异(P 均>0.05).对2 年内预后生存进行单因素分析,发现存在9 个显著差异因素,分别为年龄?既往开胸?喉返处淋巴结切入深度?手术方式?淋巴结转移个数?喉返神经旁淋巴结切除数目(左?右和总数)和被膜残留个数,以及APACHEII评分和并发症出现率.经多因素Cox 比例风险回归分析,发现其中7 个因素与预后生存结局密切相关,且为独立危险因素.结论:微创术能完整地清扫喉返神经旁可疑或病变的淋巴结,通过提高准确判断病灶位置,控制切入深度,减少对周围血管和组织的破坏,降低肿瘤的转移和并发症出现风险,延长食管癌患者预后存活时间.

Two consecutive feeding trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of Bacillus subtilis LCBS1 supplementation and substituting fish meal (FM) with fermented soybean meal (FSM) in terms of growth performance, feed digestibility, intestinal morphology, and microbial composition of bullfrogs. In trial 1, bullfrogs received either a soybean meal (SM)-based basal diet (control check, CK group) or probiotic diet (basal diet was supplemented with 1 x 107 CFU/g of B. subtilis LCBS1, BS group). Each diet was fed to three replicates of bullfrogs (29.61 +/- 0.07 g) for 58 days. Evaluation of B. subtilis LCBS1 FSM as a FM replacer in bullfrog diet was conducted in trial 2. A diet containing 20% FM formed the basal diet, and 60% and 100% of the FM was replaced with SM or FSM (FM, SM60, FSM60, SM100, and FSM100 diets). Each diet was fed to three replicates of bullfrogs (23.3 +/- 0.3 g) for 63 days. As a result, in trial 1, BS treatments significantly increased weight gain (WG) and whole-body protein deposition. Significant improvements in villus height (VH), muscularis thickness (MT), and digestibilities of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and phosphorus (P) were observed in the BS group compared with the control group. Probiotic supplementation resulted in elevated IL-4 and IL-10 expression and decreased TNF-alpha and IL-17 expression. A remarkable decrease in serum D-lactate concentration and diamine oxidase activity was detected in the BS group. Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Firmicutes were the three most abundant bacterial phyla in each group, while Enterobacter and Bacillus were the most abundant genera in the CK and BS groups, respectively. In trial 2, compared with bullfrogs that received the SM diets, bullfrogs fed either the FM or FSM diets showed greater WG, feed efficiency, hind leg index, whole-body CP content, and digestibilities of DM, CP, calcium, P, and phytate P, and increased VH, villus thickness, and MT. Serum urea nitrogen and ammonia concentrations were significantly higher in the SM group than the FM or FSM group. Overall, dietary B. subtilis LCBS1 supplementation improved growth and digestion in bullfrogs and attenuated the intestinal structural damage and microflora dysbacteriosis caused by SM-based diets. Substituting 60-100% of FM with SM impaired the growth performance, digestion ability, and jejunal morphology of bullfrogs, while replacing equivalent FM with FSM effectively ameliorated these traits.

目的 探讨食管癌合并迷走右锁骨下动脉妥善有效的诊治方案.方法 对我院2例微创Mckeown术治疗食管癌合并迷走右锁骨下动脉患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析及文献复习.结果 2例患者均顺利完成手术并痊愈出院.均未出现大出血、肺部感染、声音嘶哑、吻合口瘘等并发症.结论 食管癌合并迷走右锁骨下动脉时易被误诊漏诊,临床上应熟悉ARSA解剖畸形.手术治疗合并有迷走右锁骨下动脉食管癌患者时应注意ARSA的影响,微创Mckeown手术治疗食管癌合并迷走右锁骨下动脉安全有效.

Two studies were carried out to (a) characterize the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of bullfrog Rana (Lithobates) catesbeiana and (b) to evaluate the effects of total replacement of fish meal (FM) with soybean meal (SBM) on GI tract health. For characterization of the GI tract, oesophagus, stomach and intestine sections were sampled from 20 bullfrogs (80 g) fed a FM-based diet. The results revealed that the GI tract of bullfrog is consisted of four tissue layers including mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa, and that the intestine could be divided into duodenum, jejunum, ileum and rectum. Furthermore, the abundance and length of mucosal folds suggested that jejunum is the primary site of digestion and absorption of nutrients. In the second study, a diet containing 44% fish meal (FM) was formulated and used as a FM-based diet, and a SBM-based diet was prepared by entire substitution of FM with SBM. Sixty bullfrogs (35 +/- 1 g) were divided into three replicates of the two groups and were fed the test diets to apparent satiation twice daily for 8 weeks. The changes in pH and morphology of GI tract in response to the shift in dietary protein source were evaluated. The results showed the enhancement of pH values in GI tract of the SBM group excluding cardia, jejunum and rectum. Also, SBM diet triggered significant decreases in the number, height and width of mucosal folds, while an opposite trend was observed for thickness of lamina propria. Moreover, the entire replacement of FM with SBM led to the separation of submucosa from muscularis and incidence of lesion in mucous epithelium. The findings in this study showed that jejunum is the main site of nutrients digestion and absorption. Also, it was demonstrated that entire replacement of FM with SBM adversely influenced the GI tract health in bullfrog.