Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) play crucial roles in cancer progression, but their regulatory mechanisms in breast cancer remain poorly understood. We developed a NETs-related prognostic risk model using TCGA breast cancer data and identified key biomarkers through bioinformatics analysis. AZU1 expression was validated in clinical samples using qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. In vitro experiments investigated AZU1's effects on neutrophil activation and NET formation using recombinant protein treatment, co-culture assays, and flow cytometry. Mechanistic studies employed phospholipase C (PLC) inhibition and PAD4 knockdown approaches. An orthotopic mouse model validated in vivo findings. Four NETs-related genes (F2RL2, AZU1, IL33, ELANE) constituted a robust prognostic model with good predictive performance. AZU1 showed significant upregulation in breast cancer tissues and correlated with advanced tumor stages. AZU1 overexpression in breast cancer cells enhanced neutrophil recruitment and NET formation through PLC signaling activation. Recombinant AZU1 dose-dependently activated neutrophils, promoted NET formation, and enhanced cancer cell invasion via epithelial-mesenchymal transition induction. PLC inhibition and PAD4 knockdown effectively blocked AZU1-induced neutrophil activation. In vivo experiments confirmed that AZU1 overexpression accelerated tumor growth and metastasis, while PAD4 inhibition reversed these effects. AZU1 promotes breast cancer progression through PAD4-dependent NET formation, representing a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer treatment.

Background Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in women, and its incidence ranks among the highest among female malignancies. Studies have shown that the P2RY12 gene can be a potential target for BC chemotherapy drugs, but the causal relationship between them remains unclear. Methods This study obtained the P2RY12 dataset (ENSG00000169313) and BC dataset (ukb-b-13584) from the IEU OpenGWAS database for two-way Mendelian Randomization (MR) analysis. Univariate analysis was performed using five methods: Mr Egger, weighted median, inverse variance weighting (IVW), simple mode and weighted mode. To evaluate the reliability of MR results, a heterogeneity test, a horizontal pleiotropic test, and a leave-one-out (LOO) method were performed. Gene Ontology (GO) was used to perform enrichment analysis of genes corresponding to instrumental variables (IVs). We explored the potential interactions of P2RY12 by constructing a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Results After screening IVs, 10 and 13 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used for forward and reverse MR analyses, respectively. The results of forward analysis showed that P2RY12 increased the risk of BC, P = 0.0306, odds ratio (OR) = 1.004, 95% CI: 1-1.008, In contrast, in reverse MR analysis, the incidence of BC was not a direct factor leading to changes in P2RY12 (P = 0.262, OR = 0.361, 95% CI: 0.061–2.143). The reliability of the forward MR analysis results was demonstrated through a sensitivity analysis. Through GO enrichment analysis, genes related to SNPs are mainly enriched in muscle cell growth and expansion, G protein-coupled receptors, etc. Based on the PPI network, the biological processes primarily involved in P2RY12 include purine nucleotide receptor activity, G protein-coupled receptor activation, etc. Conclusion There is a causal relationship between P2RY12 and BC, and P2RY12 is a risk factor for BC. In contrast, there is no direct causal relationship between BC and P2RY12. This study provides a theoretical basis for finding therapeutic targets for BC through P2RY12.

Background:Breast cancer (BC) ranks as one of the most prevalent malignancies among women globally. This study aimed to explore the involvement of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)-related genes (NETRGs) in BC pathogenesis, highlighting the critical role of NETs. Methods:Differentially expressed NETRGs (DE-NETRGs) were identified by intersecting BC vs. control differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with the NETRG gene set from The Cancer Genome Atlas breast cancer (TCGA-BRCA) and GSE42568 datasets. Functional analysis elucidated their biological roles. Prognostic biomarkers were selected using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and Cox regression, generating a predictive model, of which its prognostic predictive ability was evaluated through the Kaplan-Meier (KM) survival curve and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and verified it in the test set and the validation set. Subsequently, the clinicopathological features were incorporated into the risk model for Cox independent prognostic analysis, and a nomogram was constructed to verify the predictive performance of the model. Finally, the mechanism of action of the biomarkers in BC was explored through immune infiltration, immunotherapy, and drug sensitivity. The biomarker expression validated by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Results:Functional analysis revealed 37 DE-NETRGs associated with leukocyte migration and the Interleukin (IL)-17 signaling pathway. Four biomarkers [F2RL2, AZU1, IL33, neutrophil elastase (ELANE)] were used to construct the prognostic model and it was validated by the test set and the validation set. The KM curve showed significant differences in prognosis between the high- and low-risk group, while the ROC curve showed that the model had good predictive performance. Radiation, age, tumor stage, pathologic N, and risk scores were identified as independent prognostic factors. Subgroups based on risk scores exhibited distinct immune cell infiltration patterns, with the risk score positively correlated with M0 macrophages and resting mast cells. The high-risk group demonstrated lower Tumor Immune Dysfunction and Exclusion (TIDE) scores. Drug sensitivity varied between risk subgroups, and qRT-PCR confirmed the expression of ELANE and IL33. Conclusions:This study has reported four biomarkers related to BC prognosis, namely F2RL2, AZU1, IL33, and ELANE. Our study has offered new potential biomarkers for prognosis and has identified therapeutic targets for the treatment and prognosis prediction in BC patients.

Background: Lymph node metastasis (LNM) from Breast cancer (BC) is commonly seen in BC progression. Currently, the identification of genes linked with LNM in BC remains in mystery. Methods: Genes related to BC LNM were screened, and a risk model was constructed based on LASSO-Cox analysis. Combined with the Kaplan-Meier curve, the ability of riskscore to distinguish different baseline characteristics was evaluated, and model was verified by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The expression levels of prognostic marker genes were analyzed by qRT-PCR and western blot (WB). Results: A higher survival rate and longer survival time in low-risk BC patients. The 1, 3 and 5 year AUC values of the training set were 0.79, 0.74, and 0.73, respectively. Results for the validation set was similar to the training set. The differentially expressed genes between the high- and low-risk groups were significantly enriched in immune pathways. In addition, the low-risk group had higher levels of immune infiltration. qRT-PCR and WB results showed that in BC, CDH10, SMR3A, POU3F2, and FABP7 were down-regulated, and LHX1 was upregulated. Conclusions: We built a prognostic model of BC based on LNM-related genes, proffering evaluation for prognosis and precise cure of BC. Significance: At present, the genes related to lymph node metastasis in BC are still largely unknown and need to be further explored. Searching for potential lymph node metastasis-related genes of BC will provide meaningful biomarkers for BC treatment. Based on TCGA-BRCA data, we established an effective 11-gene prognostic risk model that could predict patient outcomes independently. Our model could classify BC patients and distinguish patients with poor prognosis effectively. Besides, the feature genes we identified might exert a predictive function in immunotherapy. The results of this study provide a new reference for the prognosis and treatment of BC patients with lymph node metastasis.

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is among the leading types of cancer affecting women globally. Glutathione metabolism has been implicated in both positive and negative ways in various cancers, but its specific role in breast cancer remains uncertain, a thorough exploration of the link between Glutathione metabolism and BC is crucial. Methods: This study selected BC-related datasets and 50 Glutathione metabolism genes. It used Mendelian randomization to analyze the causal relationship between glutathione metabolism and BC. IVW method was used as the main analysis method, and Steiger test was performed to verify the results. Co-localization analysis was conducted for potential drug targets, and drugs related to these targets were screened from Drugbank and CTD. Finally, the MR results were verified using ebi-a-GCST90018799 dataset. Results: We found 348 eQTLs linked causally to BC, pointing to glutathione metabolism. Notably, GSTM1 （protective factor）was the only gene that co-localized with BC, indicating its potential as a therapeutic target. Additionally, PheW-MR analysis showed that GSTM1 also had a protective effect against melanoma. Conclusions: The validation of our MR findings has established a substantial causal link between GSTM1 and BC. While GPX4 was a risk factor, LAP3, GSTM4, and GSTM2 were protective factors.

乳腺癌已经成为全球最为常见的女性癌症,其治疗方式以手术为主.传统乳腺手术因手术切口大、并发症多且较为严重而影响患者的生存质量,在不断追求微创手术的今天已经不能满足女性美观的需求.腔镜手术的发展以及设备的迭代使乳腺癌腔镜手术成为可能,溶脂法和非溶脂法建腔技术的出现和完善为乳腺癌腔镜手术的开展奠定基础,其中短期疗效的安全性令人鼓舞.手术技术不断完善,各种共识及推荐指南的发布进一步降低学习成本,利于乳腺腔镜技术的进一步推广及发展.我国单孔腔镜和机器人辅助乳腺手术的出现标志乳腺腔镜技术的进一步发展,迈入国际领先行列.该文就乳腺癌腔镜手术的相关研究进展进行综述.

目的 探讨单孔腔镜保留乳头乳晕全乳切除术在早期乳腺癌中的应用效果.方法 选取 2021 年7 月至2022 年8 月于广西壮族自治区人民医院行保留乳头乳晕全乳切除术的40 例患者,其中行单孔腔镜下保留乳头乳晕全乳切除术者20 例(腔镜组),开放保留乳头乳晕全乳切除术者 20 例(开放组).比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、切口长度、术后住院时间、术后引流量、并发症发生率,以及术后6 个月的乳腺癌生存质量测评量表(FACT-B)评分和美容效果满意度评分等.结果 两组患者均顺利完成手术并康复出院.腔镜组切口长度短于开放组,但手术时间长于开放组,术后引流量多于开放组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).腔镜组术后6 个月FACT-B测评量表评分和美容效果满意度评分高于开放组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).两组术中出血量、术后住院时间、术后并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 单孔腔镜下保留乳头乳晕全乳切除术安全有效,具有更好的美容效果和患者满意度,可提高患者的生活质量和心理健康.

Abstract Background The randomized trials which include ACOSOG Z0011 and IBCSG 23-01 had found that the survival rates were not different in patients with cT1/2N0 and 1–2 sentinel lymph node (SLN)-positive, macro/micrometastases who underwent breast-conserving therapy, and micrometastases who underwent total mastectomy (TM), when axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) was omitted. However, for patients with cT1/2N0 and 1–2 SLN macrometastases who underwent TM; there was still insufficient evidence from clinical studies to support whether ALND can be exempted. This study aimed to investigate the risk factors of non-sentinel lymph node (nSLN) metastasis in breast cancer patients with 1–2 SLN macrometastases undergoing TM. Methods The clinicopathological data of 1491 breast cancer patients who underwent TM and SLNB from January 2017 to February 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to analyze the risk factors for nSLN metastasis. Results A total of 273 patients with 1–2 SLN macrometastases who underwent TM were enrolled. Postoperative pathological data showed that 35.2% patients had nSLN metastasis. The results of multivariate analysis indicated that tumor size (TS) (P = 0.002; OR: 1.051; 95% CI: 1.019–1.084) and ratio of SLN macrometastases (P = 0.0001; OR: 12.597: 95% CI: 4.302–36.890) were the independent risk factors for nSLN metastasis in breast cancer patients with 1–2 SLN macrometastases that underwent TM. The ROC curve analysis suggested that when TS ≤22 mm and ratio of SLN macrometastases ≤0.33, the incidence of nSLN metastasis could be reduced to 17.1%. Conclusions The breast cancer patients with cT1/2N0 stage, undergoing TM and 1–2 SLN macrometastases, when the TS ≤22 mm and macrometastatic SLN does not exceed 1/3 of the total number of detected SLN, the incidence of nSLN metastasis is significantly reduced, but whether ALND can be exempted needs further exploration.

目的 探讨行全乳切除术且伴1～2枚前哨淋巴结(SLN)宏转移的乳腺癌患者发生非前哨淋巴结(NSLN)转移的危险因素.方法 收集158例行全乳切除术伴1～2枚SLN宏转移并进一步行腋窝淋巴结清扫术的乳腺癌患者的临床病理资料.采用多因素Logistic回归模型分析患者发生NSLN转移的危险因素,采用受试者工作特征曲线评估影响因素诊断患者发生NSLN转移的效能.结果 158例患者中,共59例(37.34％)患者发生NSLN转移.与NSLN阴性患者相比,NSLN阳性患者的肿瘤直径更大,宏转移SLN比值更高,阴性SLN数更少,脉管侵犯率更高(均P<0.05).多因素Logistic回归模型分析结果显示,肿瘤直径较大、宏转移SLN比值较高及伴脉管侵犯是行全乳切除术伴1～2枚SLN宏转移的乳腺癌患者发生NSLN转移的危险因素(均P<0.05).受试者工作特征曲线分析结果显示,肿瘤直径为22 mm、宏转移SLN比值为0.33时,其诊断全乳切除术伴1～2枚SLN宏转移的乳腺癌患者发生NSLN转移的曲线下面积分别为0.660和0.650(均P<0.05).结论 全乳切除术伴1～2枚SLN宏转移的乳腺癌患者有较高的NSLN转移率,其中肿瘤直径较大、宏转移SLN比值较高、有脉管侵犯的患者发生NSLN转移的风险增加.

乳腺癌腋窝手术对确立临床分期、辅助治疗选择及预后判断均有重要价值.临床淋巴结阴性的乳腺癌,应用前哨淋巴结活检(SLNB)确定腋窝淋巴结分期已成为标准.对于前哨淋巴结(SLN)阴性的乳腺癌,腋窝淋巴结清扫(ALND)可以避免;而对于SLN阳性的乳腺癌,ALND仍是标准的腋窝处理方式.然而,在SLN阳性患者中进一步行ALND后发现,在仅1～2枚SLN阳性患者中,61.4％～64.5％非前哨淋巴结(nSLN)为阴性.已有大量的临床研究探索了特定条件下的1～2枚SLN阳性患者免除ALND的可行性与安全性.全文就乳腺癌伴1～2枚SLN转移腋窝外科处理的相关研究进行综述.

Breast cancer (BC) is a common malignant tumor in women, and a considerable number of studies show that aberrant expression of miRNA is correlated with BC development. By analyzing TCGA-BRCA database through bioinformatics method, this study disclosed that miR-337 3p was significantly low in BC tissue and might be a cancer inhibitor in BC. To explore the effect and potential mechanism of miR-337 3p in BC, qRT-PCR was used in this study to indicate that the expression of miR-337 3p was downregulated in BC cells. Then, the effects of miR-337 3p on BC cells were detected by western blot, Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), wound healing and Transwell assays. After upregulating miR-337 3p expression, the cell viability, migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of BC cells were markedly inhibited while cell apoptosis remarkably increased. Besides, it was predicted and identified by bioinformatics analysis and dual-luciferase assay that ESRP1 was a target gene of miR-337 3p. Finally, the progression and EMT of BC cells were promoted after upregulating ESRP1 expression level. However, upregulating miR-337 3p as well as ESRP1 reduced the promotion on the malignant phenotype of BC cells. This result revealed that miR-337 3p could inhibit ESRP1 expression to perform its biological functions. In conclusion, it was illustrated in this study that miR-337 3p is a tumor-inhibitor of BC and plays its regulatory role via its downstream gene ESRP1.

为提升乳腺癌手术的治疗效果,通常在切除肿瘤组织后会对患者腋窝淋巴结进行清扫,而这种情况会导致其患侧上肢淋巴出现水肿.通过参阅、分析大量临床文献,了解消除乳腺癌术后上肢淋巴结水肿的各种处理措施,并对各项治疗措施的治疗效果进行对比总结;当前临床常见的治疗方式措施主要包含手术治疗、保守治疗以及生物工程治疗,不同治疗方式适用于不同病情程度的患者,且在治疗效果方面也有所差异.因此对于乳腺癌患者术后上肢淋巴结存在的不同程度水肿情况,临床需对其实施个性化治疗措施,以提升治疗效果.

目的 探讨乳腺癌根治术围术期血清生长激素(GH)和胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)水平的与其免疫功能的关系及其联合预测生存预后.方法 选取乳腺癌根治术患者152例,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA),检测血清GH、IGF-Ⅰ和免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白A(IgG)、免疫球蛋白A(IgM)水平,随访3年,依据生存情况分为生存组(n=86例)和死亡组(n =66例),采用Pearson相关性分析法分析,血清GH、IGF-Ⅰ与IgA、IgG、IgM的关系,采用ROC曲线分析血清GH、IGF-Ⅰ联合预测生存预后的效能,统计分析所有患者术前、术后血清GH、IGF-Ⅰ、IgA、IgG、IgM水平和生存预后情况.结果 患者术后血清GH、IGF-Ⅰ、IgA、IgG、IgM水平明显低于术前,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);Pearson相关性分析法结果显示,血清GH、IGF-Ⅰ与IgA、IgG、IgM呈正相关(P＜0.05);生存组患者术后血清GH、IGF-Ⅰ水平明显高于死亡组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);ROC曲线结果显示,GH以3.50 ng/ml为分界值、IGF-Ⅰ以130 ng/ml为分界值时,其联合预测生存预后的敏感度、特异度、准确度分别为93.94％、93.02％、93.42％,与实际结果基本相同,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 乳腺癌根治术患者围术期血清GH、IGF-Ⅰ水平可能与其术后免疫功能抑制状态发生有关,术后联合检测二者水平预测患者的生存预后具有良好的敏感性、特异性和准确性,值得临床作进一步推广.

Objective To observe and analyze the influence of mastoscopic axillary lymph node dissection on the inflammatory stress and immune stress of patients with breast cancer.Methods Sixty patients with breast cancer were selected and randomly divided into control group(open surgery group)and observation group(mastoscopy-assisted treatment group),30 cases in each group.The inflammatory stress and immune stress indexes of two groups before the surgery and 12,48 and 72 hours after the surgery were detected and compared.Results The inflammatory stress and immune stress indexes 12,48 and 72 hours after the surgery in observation group were significantly better than those in control group(P<0.05).Conclusion The influence of mastoscopic axillary lymph node dissection on the inflammatory stress and immune stress of patients with breast cancer is better than open surgery.

MicroRNAs (miRs), which are a class of small non-coding RNAs, are key regulators of gene expression via induction of translational repression or mRNA degradation. However, the molecular mechanism of miR-22 underlying the malignant progression of breast cancer, remains to be elucidated. The present study aimed to explore the regulatory mechanism of miR-22 in breast cancer cell growth and metastasis. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction data revealed that miR-22 was significantly downregulated in breast cancer tissues, compared with adjacent non-tumor tissues. Furthermore, the miR-22 levels were further decreased in stage III-IV, compared with stage I-II breast cancer. In addition, low miR-22 levels were significantly associated with the poor differentiation, metastasis and advanced clinical stages of breast cancer. Sirtuin1 (SIRT1) was demonstrated to act as a direct target gene of miR-22 and its protein expression negatively regulated by miR-22 in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. Furthermore, SIRT1 expression levels were significantly upregulated in breast cancer tissues, compared with adjacent non-tumor tissues. SIRT1 levels were observed to be increased in stage III-IV when compared with stage I-II breast cancer. miR-22 overexpression decreased the proliferation, migration and invasion of MCF-7 cells, whereas overexpression of SIRT1 eliminated the suppressive effects of the miR-22 overexpression on the malignant phenotype of MCF-7 cells. The results of the present study therefore suggested that miR-22 demonstrated suppressive effects on breast cancer growth and metastasis via targeting SIRT1, and thus the miR-22/SIRT1 axis may be used as a novel and potential therapeutic target for breast cancer in the future.

目的 本研究旨在探讨亚甲蓝示踪前哨淋巴结活检术(SLNB)在早期乳腺癌治疗的可行性及应用价值.方法 取2013年11月~2015年11月在我院就诊328例乳腺癌中体检腋窝淋巴结阴性的早期乳腺癌90例,所有患者亚甲蓝示踪行SLNB,同时行腋窝淋巴结清扫术(ALND),将前哨淋巴结与腋窝淋巴结送检.结果 通过亚甲蓝示踪,其中有4例患者未检出,前哨淋巴结检出率为95.6%(86/90),其中前哨淋巴结阳性36例,前哨淋巴结阴性50例,腋窝淋巴结阳性38例,前哨淋巴结假阴性2例,准确率97.6%(84/86),灵敏性94.7%(36/38),假阴性率5.26%(2/38),特异性为96%(48/50),假阳性率为0.所有患者未出现无皮肤蓝染坏死、过敏等不良反应.SLNB与ALND的准确率(P>0.05),差异无统计学意义,两者有显著的相关性.结论 亚甲蓝示踪前哨淋巴结活检经济安全、无环境污染以及并发症少,可准确预测早期乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移情况,可作为以后早期乳腺癌患者的一种手术方式.值得在各级医院推广.

目的:对比研究乳腺彩超(US)和乳腺磁共振(MRI)增强扫描在乳腺癌的诊断价值.方法:回顾性分析广西壮族自治区人民医院收治的160例乳腺肿物患者的资料,所有患者术前均需行US、MRI增强检查,术后常规行病理检查.应用Medcal软件对影像资料进行ROC曲线分析,比较US和增强MRI诊断乳腺癌的准确性.结果:160例患者中,乳腺癌64例,其中浸润性导管癌50例,浸润性小叶癌10例,导管内癌4例,其余96例均为良性病变.US检出肿块129例,发现钙化35例,同侧腋窝淋巴结发现肿大58例;MRI增强扫描检出肿块134例,发现钙化31例,同侧腋窝淋巴结发现肿大28例.时间-信号强度曲线27例呈Ⅱ型曲线,29例呈Ⅲ型曲线.ROC曲线分析US曲线下面积(AUC)为0.897,增强MRI的AUC为0.929,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:US是乳腺癌的首选检查方法,但增强MRI在诊断乳腺癌上比US有更高的敏感性,能更多地显示乳腺癌病灶的特征,两者结合应用可以提高乳腺癌的诊断正确率.

目的探讨B超引导下EnCor真空辅助旋切系统在切除乳腺多发良性肿瘤中的应用价值。方法对50例患者的125个乳腺良性肿瘤在B超引导下行EnCor真空辅助乳腺肿瘤旋切术。结果全部患者手术顺利,术后恢复良好,术后平均住院5.5 d。术后出现皮下淤血斑4例,无感染、切口下血肿及皮肤破损发生。1个月后随访,皮下淤血斑均已消散。3个月后随访,未发现残留及复发病灶。结论 B超引导下EnCor真空辅助旋切系统具有微创、美容、高效、安全等特点,在切除乳腺多发良性肿瘤中有较好的优势。

目的:探讨广西妇女乳腺癌与HPV感染的关系,并从超微结构水平上观察HPV以及HPV感染后乳腺细胞的形态学改变.方法:使用透射电镜和DNA分子原位杂交两种方法对手术切除的新鲜的40例乳腺癌组织、30例乳腺良性病变组织以及30例乳腺纤维腺瘤旁正常乳腺组织进行HPV16/18检测.结果:电镜下三组HPV的阳性率分别为50%、13.3%、6.7%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),细胞核中观察剑的HPV样病毒颗粒,直径约为40nm,有的片状分布,呈假结晶排列,有的聚集成团,无明显结构形成.含有上述HPV样颗粒的细胞,细胞核异形明显.乳腺癌中有淋巴结转移组与无淋巴结转移组的阳性率分别为75%、12.5%,差异也有统计学意义(P<0.05).分子原位杂交技术检测三组的阳性率分别为70%、33.3%、20%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).乳腺癌中有淋巴结转移组与无淋巴结转移组的阳性率分别为91.7%、37.5%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).电镜下69.2%HPV样病毒颗粒阳性病例中可检测到HPV16/18 DNA存在.结论:广西地区大多数乳腺癌妇女确实存在着HPV16/18感染.检测乳腺癌中HPV16/18 DNA可以作为临床上判断有无淋巴结转移的一个参考指标.该研究对乳腺癌的病因、诊断和预后,降低发病率和死亡率有重要的意义。

Human papillomavirus(HPV)is a kind of oncomavirus specificly infecting human skin and mucosa,which is the major etiological factor resulting in condyloma accuminatum and uterine cervix cancer.The cells infected by HPV can have over proliferation and malignant transformation.Nowadays,we have developed some HPV vaccines which are on the stage of clinical test.But recent study indicated that HPV were strongly associated with human breast cancer,which is attracting more attention.It has great significance to recognize HPV about its oncogenicity,infective pathway and its relationship with breast cancer for the prevention,gene therapy and prognostic evaluation of breast cancer.