Background Recent studies have shown that the excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) are associated with schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the polymorphism of EAAT1 and EAAT2 genes and schizophrenia in Chinese Han population. Methods A total of 233 patients with schizophrenia and 342 healthy controls were enrolled. Two SNPs in EAAT1 gene (rs2269272, rs2731880) and four SNPs in EAAT2 gene (rs12360706, rs3088168, rs12294045, rs10836387) were genotyped by SNaPshot. Clinical features were collected using a self-made questionnaire. Psychotic symptoms of patients were measured by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and patients’ cognitive function was assessed by Matrics Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). Results Significant difference in allelic distributions between cases and controls was confirmed at locus rs12294045 ( Ρ = 0.004) of EAAT2 gene. Different genotypes of rs12294045 were associated with family history ( P = 0.046), in which patients with CT genotype had higher proportion of family history of psychosis. The polymorphism of rs12294045 was related to working operational memory (LNS: P = 0.016) and verbal learning function (HVLT-R: P = 0.042) in patients in which CT genotype had lower scores. However, these differences were no longer significant after Bonferroni correction. Conclusions Our study showed that the polymorphism of rs12294045 in EAAT2 gene may be associated with schizophrenia in Chinese Han population. CT genotype may be one of the risk factors for family history and cognitive deficits of patients.

Background: Neural precursor cell-expressed developmentally downregulated 4 (NEDD4) polymorphisms and childhood trauma (CT) are associated with schizophrenia. However, whether NEDD4 interacts with CT on symptoms of schizophrenia remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the gene–environment interaction effect.Methods: We recruited 289 schizophrenia patients and 487 controls and genotyped rs2303579, rs3088077, rs7162435, rs11550869, and rs62043855 in their NEDD4 gene.Results: We found significant differences in the rs2303579 and rs3088077 between the two groups. Patients with the rs2303579 CC genotype had higher scores compared with other genotype (P = 0.026) in the test of positive schizophrenia syndrome scores, whereas patients with the rs3088077 TT (P = 0.037) and rs7162435 CC genotypes (P = 0.009) had higher scores compared with the other genotypes in the test of excitement factor. Patients with a family history of psychosis (FH+) reported higher negative scores (P = 0.012) than those without. Patients exposed to physical abuse (PA) reported a lower language learning and memory score (P = 0.017) and working memory score (P = 0.047) than those not. Patients exposed to sexual abuse (SA) reported a lower reasoning and problem-solving skills score (P = 0.025); those exposed to emotional neglect (EN) reported a lower social cognition score (P = 0.044); and those exposed to physical neglect reported a lower social cognition score (P = 0.036) but higher visual learning and memory score (P = 0.032). Rs3088077 could interact with EN to increase risk for schizophrenia. Optimal model rs62043855 × EA, rs3088077 × rs7162435 × rs11550869 × SA × EN and rs2303579 × rs7162435 × rs11550869 × rs62043855 × EA × PA could explain positive symptom, excitement symptom and working memory, respectively, in FH+ group.Conclusion: The study highlighted that the combined interaction of NEDD4 and CT may be associated with symptoms of schizophrenia especially for those with FH+.

Background : Previous studies have linked schizophrenia to EAAT1 and EAAT2 genes. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between polymorphism of these two genes and schizophrenia in Chinese Han population. Methods : A total of 233 schizophrenic patients and 342 healthy controls were enrolled. Six SNPs including rs2269272、rs2731880、rs12360706、rs3088168、rs12294045、rs10836387 were genotyped by SNaPshot. Clinical features were collected using a general demographic questionnaire. Symptoms were measured by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and cognitive function was assessed by Matrics Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). Results: The allele frequency of EAAT1 rs2731880 was significantly different between patients and controls ( c2 =4.205, R=0.040). The allele and genotype frequency of EAAT2 rs12294045 were significantly different between case and control group (allele: c 2 = 8.144， R = 0.004; genotype: c 2 = 8.054, R = 0.02). Patients with family history of psychosis were more likely to have the CT genotype of rs12294045 than patients without family history of psychosis，while patients with CT genotype of rs12294045 had significantly lower scores of verbal learning and working memory. Conclusions: The polymorphism of EAAT1 and EAAT2 genes in Chinese Han population may be associated with schizophrenia. The CT genotype of EAAT2 rs12294045 may be one of the risk factors for verbal learning memory and working operational memory dysfunction in patients.

Objective: To investigate the role of serum sex hormone levels (progesterone, testosterone) and heart rate variability (HRV) indicators (SDNN, LF/HF) in women with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Methods: A total of 155 female GAD patients admitted to Shandong Mental Health Center were selected as the research group (RG) and all received venlafaxine sustained release tablets. Another 111 female patients who underwent physical examination during the same period were selected as the control group (CG). The progesterone, testosterone, SDNN, LF/HF of the two groups were measured, and the anxiety of the two groups was evaluated by the anxiety self-rating scale (SAS) for analysis. Results: The progesterone, testosterone and standard deviation of NN intervals (SDNN) in the RG were greatly lower than those in the CG, while low-frequency and high-frequency (LF/HF) was the opposite. The area under the curve (AUC) of female GAD diagnosed by progesterone, testosterone, SDNN and LF/HF alone was 0.822, 0.810, 0.826 and 0.803 respectively, and the corresponding AUC of joint diagnosis of progesterone, testosterone combined with SDNN and LF/HF was 0.902, 0.902, 0.900 and 0.906. In the RG, the SAS score was negatively correlated with progesterone, testosterone and SDNN, while it was positively correlated with LF/HF. The post-treatment progesterone, testosterone and SDNN elevated markedly in the RG, while LF/HF was reversed. The AUC of menopause, progesterone, testosterone, SDNN and LF/HF in efficacy prediction of female GAD was 0.869, 0.766, 0.824 and 0.760, and the four were the risk factors affecting the occurrence of female GAD. Conclusion: Serum progesterone and testosterone levels, SDNN, and LF/HF can be used as predictors of diagnosis, anxiety degree, and efficacy of female GAD patients.

Background Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric disorder with unknown etiology. A number of recent studies have shown that the polymorphism of the neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down-regulated 4 ( NEDD4 ) gene is associated with a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, and may also be associated with cognitive dysfunction in these diseases. Methods A case-control study was carried out, the alleles and genotypes distributions of five loci (rs3088077, rs2303579, rs7162435, rs11550869, rs62043855) of the NEDD4 gene from 296 schizophrenia patients and 320 healthy controls were detected by using Taqman single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping technology. The clinical data of case and control group members were collected by self-made questionnaire and the psychotic symptoms of case group members were assessed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). The Matrics Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) was used to test the cognitive function of case group members. Results The alleles and genotypes frequency of two loci (rs3088077, rs2303579) between case and control group showed significant differences ( P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in MCCB scores of patients with different genotypes at rs3088077, rs11550869 and rs7162435 loci in case group. The study of rs2303579 locus showed that, patients’ scores with CT genotype were significantly lower than those with CC and TT genotypes ( P < 0.05) in the test of Wechsler Memory Scale-Third Edition (WMS-III): Spatial Span, the scores of patients with TT genotype were significantly higher than those with CT genotype ( P < 0.05) in the test of Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R). The study of rs62043855 locus showed that patients with TG genotype had significantly lower scores than those with GG genotype ( P < 0.05) in the test of Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (NAB): Mazes. Conclusions Our study showed that in schizophrenia patients of Chinese Han population, the polymorphisms of rs3088077 and rs2303579 loci were related to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, while the polymorphisms of rs2303579 and rs62043855 loci were associated with cognitive dysfunction.

目的 探讨双相躁狂患者童年期创伤对攻击行为及临床症状的影响.方法 选取140例双相躁狂患者,采用童年创伤问卷(CTQ)评估患者童年创伤情况,根据CTQ结果将其分为创伤组(41例)和非创伤组(99例).采用Bech-Rafaelsen躁狂量表(BRMS)评估患者临床躁狂症状,修订版外显攻击行为量表(MOAS)评估患者攻击行为.结果 创伤组BRMS总分高于非创伤组(P＜0.05).创伤组MOAS加权总分及财产攻击、体力攻击分量表评分均高于非创伤组(P＜0.05).CTQ总分与BRMS总分、MOAS加权总分及财产攻击、体力攻击评分均呈正相关(P＜0.05).结论 童年期创伤对双相躁狂患者攻击行为及临床症状有一定的预测作用,在以后的临床工作中应多关注双相障碍患者的童年创伤经历.

Abstract The gene – environment (G × E) interaction effect is involved in severe mental disorders. However, whether the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val66Met polymorphism participates in the childhood-abuse influenced schizophrenic symptoms remains unclear. We examined the interaction between BDNF Val66Met, and childhood trauma (ChT) on psychotic symptoms in a Chinese Han population. To estimate the G × E interaction, psychiatric interviews, self-report questionnaires for ChT, and genotyping for BDNF Val66Met were carried out on 201 schizophrenic patients. G × E interactions were analyzed by generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR). Among all patients, 11.9%, 19.4%, 23.4%, 26.4%, and 73.6% reported emotional abuses, physical abuses (PA), sexual abuses (SA), emotional neglects (EN), and physical neglects (PN), respectively. Significant negative correlations were observed between anxiety/depression factors, and ChT total scores. Patients with 3 different BDNF genotypes showed significant differences in anxiety/depression scores. Significant 2-way interactions were found for Val66Met × PN, 3-way interactions were found for Val66Met × PN × PA, and four-way interactions were found for Val66Met × PN × PA × EN with regard to the excitement scores. Our findings suggested an involvement of BDNF Val66Met polymorphism after ChT in terms of risk for schizophrenia symptoms.

BACKGROUND:Suicidal ideation (SI) is a common and serious clinical concern in people with major depressive disorder (MDD). Inconsistent evidence suggests that individuals with SI may have a lower measured intelligence quotient (IQ) than those without SI. The aims of this study were to examine SI prevalence and its associations with demographic, clinical variables and IQ in Chinese drug-naïve MDD patients. METHODS:488 drug-naïve Chinese Han patients (male: 203, 41.6%) meeting a DSM-IV diagnosis of MDD were enrolled in a cross-sectional study involving seven hospitals. All participants were asked to complete a series of questionnaires, which include information on socio-demographic and clinical variables. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA) and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) were also administered. Verbal IQ (VIQ), performance IQ (PIQ) and full-scale IQ (FIQ) scores were measured using the Chinese version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Ⅲ (WAIS-Ⅲ). We categorized patients with SI based on a cut-off score of ≥3 on HAMD item 3. RESULTS:An estimated prevalence 32.8% (160/488) of drug-naïve MDD patients experienced SI during the current episode of illness. Patients with SI were more likely to be divorced (x2 = 6.93, p = 0.031), male (x2 = 6.04, p = 0.014), had higher severity of depression and anxiety symptoms (t = -8.14, p < 0.001, t = -3.28, p < 0.001, respectively), comorbid psychotic features (t = -5.71, p < 0.001), and lower FIQ levels (t = -4.21, p < 0.001), when compared to patients without SI. Using logistic regression analysis and adjusting for confounding variables, the following variables were independently associated with SI: divorced marital status compared to married (OR=4.674, 95% CI: 1.676~13.036), severity of depression symptoms (OR=1.312, 95% CI: 1.196~1.440), psychotic features (OR=1.044; 1.012~1.077), and FIQ /PIQ levels which expressed in OR per SD increase in IQ score (OR=0.740, 95% CI: 0.561~0.977; OR=0.744, 95% CI: 0.557~0.994, respectively). LIMITATIONS:A cross-sectional study which did not assess the influence of severity of SI. CONCLUSIONS:The prevalence of SI in drug-naive Chinese patients with MDD is high, and associated with marital status, severity of depression, psychotic features and measured IQ. Further research is needed to further explore these and other potentially relevant risk factors which might affect clinical outcomes.

Objective To explore efficacy of buspirone combined with risperidone to treat patients with schizophrenia.Methods A total of 244 patients with schizophrenia were randomly divided into study group with buspirone combined with risperidone and control group with risperidone for 8 weeks of treatment.They were assessed with Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) before and after treatment.Results In both groups,the total score and all factor scores of PANSS after treatment were all significantly lower than those before treatment (P ＜ 0.05).After treatment,the total score and negative factor score of PANSS in study group were all significantly lower than those in control group (P ＜ 0.05).In both groups,the total score and all factor scores of MCCB after treatment were all significantly higher than those before treatment (P ＜ 0.05).After treatment,the connection error number of MCCB in study group was significantly lower than that in control group (P ＜ 0.05) and the verbal memory score of MCCB in study group was significantly higher than that in control group (P ＜ 0.05).There were no differences for incidence rate of side effects between both groups (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion It's effective for buspirone combined with risperidone to improve the negative symptoms and impairment of cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia.

目的：喹硫平作为第二代抗精神病药物，应用广泛，但是临床反应个体差异较大。基因多态性是影响药物临床反应的重要因素。本文从药物基因组学的角度综述影响喹硫平临床反应的相关基因及其多态性对喹硫平的影响。

目的 分析老年女性冠心病患者并发抑郁症的发病情况和临床特点.方法 于2012年1月～2014年3月,抽取100例老年女性冠心病患者作为此次研究的对象,应用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAND)进行评估,根据评估结果分为冠心病合并抑郁症组(观察组)和冠心病未合并抑郁症组(对照组),并对比分析冠心病合并抑郁症的临床症状、发生原因,以及两组患者的动态心电图监测结果和死亡情况.结果 老年女性冠心病合并抑郁症的发病率为54％,其临床症状主要为抑郁情绪、睡眠障碍、兴趣减退等.动态心电图监测结果显示,与对照组相比,观察组的室性心律失常、房性心律失常以及缺血性ST-T波段改变等发生率均明显更高(P＜0.05).随访发现,与对照组相比,观察组的两年内死亡率明显更高(P＜0.05).结论 老年女性冠心病患者并发抑郁症的概率较高,且多表现出抑郁症的核心症状,其预后较差,临床上应对该疾病患者进行积极有效的治疗.

OBJECTIVE:To assess the association of neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down-regulated 4 (NEDD4) with schizophrenia.METHODS:Five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the NEDD4 gene were genotyped by TaqMan SNP genotyping assay in an independent sample of 464 individuals with schizophrenia and 487 healthy controls from eastern Han Chinese population. Clinical data were collected with a general information questionnaire and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).RESULTS:Frequencies of rs3088077 (allelic: χ2=18.024, P=0.000; genotypic: χ2=16.634, P=0.000), rs7162435 (allelic: χ2=6.771, P=0.009; genotypic: χ2=7.352, P=0.025) and rs2303579 (allelic: χ2=11.253, P=0.001; genotypic: χ2=12.248, P=0.002) were found to be significant different between the two groups. Moreover, TT of rs7162435 was significantly correlated with scores of factors of excitement and hostility (14.53±3.925, F=3.551, P=0.029).CONCLUSION:rs3088077, rs7162435 and rs2303579 of the NEDD4 gene may be associated with schizophrenia. Moreover, the TT genotype of rs7162435 may increase the severity of excitement and hostility. Our results may provide a clue for delineating the connection between the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia and ubiquitination.

Background Although several lines of evidences suggest that the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val66Met polymorphism may be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, this association remains controversial. Here, we aim to investigate the genetic association between the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and schizophrenia and to explore whether this polymorphism could influence the severity of clinical symptoms in schizophrenic patients in a Chinese Han population. Patients and methods Genotyping of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism was carried out in 456 schizophrenic patients and 483 controls using the fluorescence resonance energy transfer method. The patients’ psychotic symptoms were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. The general clinical data of schizophrenic patients were analyzed. Results There were significant differences in the genotype distribution and allelic frequencies of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism between the schizophrenia group and the controls. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism explained ∼16% of the variance in anxiety/depression symptoms in schizophrenic patients. Conclusion Our data provide evidence that the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism may be involved in the etiology of schizophrenia in a Chinese Han population. Furthermore, the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism is a significant factor influencing the severity of anxiety/depression symptoms in schizophrenic patients.

Objective To explore the information processing speed and the related factors in first-episode schizophrenia.Methods Information processing speed of 79 cases of first-episode schizophrenia and 54 healthy controls w as assessed w ith the matrics consensus cognitive battery(MCCB).The clinical symptoms of patients were evaluated w ith the positive and negative syndrome scale(PANSS).Results The patients' information processing speed,their scores in trail making test,symbol coding and verbal fluency test w ere significantly low er than those of the controls.Gender,age of first onset,family history and course of disease w ere closely related to the information processing speed in first-episode schizophrenia.Conclusion The information processing speed of cognitive function in first-episode schizophrenia is significantly impaired.Age of first onset,family history,gender and course of disease are associated w ith the processing speed in first-episode schizophrenia.

Objective Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a human hyperkinetic movement disorder as a result of potentially irreversible long-term chronic first-generation antipsychotic medications. Unfortunately, mechanisms involved in the development of TD have been poorly understood. Previous studies have indicated that some genetic polymorphisms of immune system and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) genes may be involved in the pathogenesis of TD. Rs1800872 and rs72393728 are located on the promoter of interleukin-10 (IL10) and DBH gene, respectively. The genetic association between the rs1800872 and TD is unclear. Previous studies have indicated that genetic variations of IL 10 and DBH are implicated in the positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. However, the interaction of two variations with severity of TD and symptoms of schizophrenic patients with TD has not been reported. The present study investigated whether these variations and their interaction were associated with clinical phenotypes of TD with schizophrenia in a genetically homogeneous northern Chinese Han population. Methods Rs1800872 and rs72393728 were genotyped in schizophrenic patients with TD (n = 372) and without TD (NTD; n = 412). The Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) were applied to assess the severity of TD and psychopathology of schizophrenia, respectively. Results The allele and genotype frequencies of rs1800872 and rs72393728 did not significantly differ between TD and NTD patients (p>0.05). No significant difference was found in the AIMS total score among the genotypes of two loci (p>0.05). Interestingly, the interaction of rs1800872 and rs72393728 showed a significant association with the PANSS general score (p = 0.011), and a trend toward to the PANSS total score (p = 0.055). Conclusion These findings suggest that the interaction of rs1800872 and rs72393728 variants may play a role in psychopathology of the general symptoms on PANSS in schizophrenic patients with TD in a northern Chinese Han population.

Objective To explore personality traits in patients with schizophrenia,and to explore its relationship with childhood trauma.Methods Two hundred and ten patients with schizophrenia(the case group) and 190 healthy individuals(the control group) were investigated with tridimensional personality questionnaire(TPQ) and childhood trauma questionnaire-short form(CTQ-SF).Results The harm-avoidance dimension scores in the case group were higher compared with the control group(P < 0.01);the reward-dependence dimension scores were lower in the case group than those in the control group(P < 0.01).The novelty-seeking dimension scores were significantly related to emotional abuse,sexual abuse and the CTQ-SF total scores(P < 0.01).The harm-avoidance dimension scores were significantly related to physical neglect scores(P < 0.05).The reward-dependence dimension scores were significantly related to sexual abuse and the CTQ-SF total score(P < 0.05).Multivariate stepwise regression analysis found that emotional abuse was the optimum predictor for novelty-seeking dimension and CTQ-SF total score was the optimum predictor for rewarddependence dimension.Conclusion Patients with schizophrenia have unique characteristics in TPQ's harm-avoidance dimension and reward-dependence dimension,and childhood trauma may influence their personality characteristics.

OBJECTIVE To assess the association between brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene Val66Met polymorphism and clinical characteristics of first episode schizophrenia in a Chinese Han population. METHODS Genotyping of BDNF Val66Met polymorphism was carried out for 135 schizophrenic patients and 483 healthy controls with TaqMan probe technology. The patients' psychotic symptoms were assessed using the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS). RESULTS A significant difference was found in genotype distribution and allelic frequency of the Val66Met polymorphism between the two groups (P< 0.01). In patients, Met homozygotes had a significantly higher score in anxiety/depression factor, cognitive factor and total score of PANSS than Val carriers. CONCLUSION BDNF gene Val66Met polymorphism is associated with the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. The Met/Met genotype of BDNF Val66Met variant may be a risk factor for symptoms in first episode schizophrenia patients.

Objective To study the influence of ziprasidone and risperidone on serum prolactin,body weight,blood sugar and blood lipid of schizophrenic patients.Methods A total of 100 patients with schizophrenia were randomly divided into study group with ziprasidone and control group with risperidone for treatment of 8 weeks.They were determined respectively for serum prolactin,body weight,blood sugar and blood lipid in baseline,the 4th weekend and 8th weekend.Results In the 4th weekend and 8th weekend after treatment,there were no differences for serum prolactin,body weight,blood sugar and blood lipid in study group compared with the baseline.But in the 4th weekend and 8th weekend after treatment,the serum prolacetin and body weight in control group were both significantly higher than those in baseline(P<0.05).There had significant differences for serum prolactin between two groups in the 4th weekend and 8th weekend(P<0.05).Conclusion Ziprasidone has no effects on serum prolactin,body weight of patients with schizophrenia,but risperidone has significant effects on serum prolactin and body weight.Two drugs have no effects on blood sugar and blood lipid.

Objective To explore the effects of self-concealment on mental health state and life quality of the first degree relatives of the schizophrenia patients.Methods The physiological children and siblings of the schizophrenia patients who meet the DSM-Ⅳ criteria had been tested using Self-concealment Scale(SCS)and divided to one higher group and another lower group according to their scales.Then the results of the two groups had been compared with the scales from the testing with Symptom Checklist 90(SCL-90)and General Quality of Life Inventory(GQLI)respectively.Results The scales of 186 first degree relatives of schizophrenia were 36.24±11.02,significantly higher than 29.20±8.73 of normal model(t=5.21,P＜0.01).36 were in higher group with average scales of40.57±11.64 and 27 were in lower group with average scales of 32.81±9.04(t=2.81.P＜0.01).In higher self-concealment group most factor-scales of SCL-90 except of psychotic factor were significantly higher than those of lower group(P＜0.05)while the scales of GQLI in higher group were significantly lower than those in lower group(P＜0.05P or＜0.01).The scales of SCS in the first degree relatives of schizophrenia had a positive correlation with the scales of SCL-90(correlation index 0.384,P＜0.01)and a negative correlation with the scales of GQLI(correlation index-0.336,P＜0.01).Conclusion Self-concealment level in the first degree relatives has significant effect on their mental health and life quality.Higher group leads a bad mental health and life quality than lower group.

近年来,为响应素质教育的战略号召,国家推行了一系列重大教育改革,这给教师带来了机遇,但同时也带来压力.中学教师教学工作繁重、要求高、责任重、工作节奏快,而且家长、学校和社会诸多方面对教师的教学能力和教学成绩提出了更多、更高的要求和期望,这些无疑对教师的健康状况和生活质量造成严重的影响[1-5 ]。