This retrospective comparative cohort study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of maxillary anterior tooth retraction using clear aligners in patients with stable periodontitis compared to periodontally healthy individuals, addressing clinical concerns regarding the efficacy of aligner therapy in this population. This retrospective study included 33 patients with stable periodontitis (SP) and 33 periodontally healthy (PH) individuals who underwent clear aligner treatment. Pre-treatment virtual setups and post-treatment actual models were superimposed in three dimensions using Geomagic Wrap 2021 software. Anterior tooth retraction efficiency was calculated as (actual tooth movement / predicted tooth movement) × 100

Aim or purpose: To investigate the role of HMGB1 in experimental passive smoking periodontitis mice in vivo and the effects of HMGB1 in macrophages polarization in vitro. Materials and methods: 1. After 8 weeks of ligation and/or passive smoking, periodontal tissues were evaluated using histology,micro-CT,TRAP staining, and immunohistochemistry. 2. Immunofluorescence staining and ELISA were used to determine the translocation and release of HMGB1 in macrophages stimulated by CSE and Pg-LPS. 3.The mRNA expression of M1 markers (iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6) and M2 markers (ARG-1, RELM-α, MRC-1) in macrophages was measured using RT-PCR. 4. Western blot and flow cytometry were used to detect the expression of HMGB1-specific receptors in macrophage. Results: 1. Periodontal inflammation,HMGB1 translocation and secretion,macrophage activation and polarization of Group Periodontitis+Smoking was significantly severe than Group Periodontitis; and less severe after antiHMGB1 injection. 2.CSE and Pg-LPS can significantly increase HMGB1 expression and translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. 3.Compared to Group N, M1 markers were significantly increased in the Group Pg-LPS and Group CSE+Pg-LPS (P<0.01). There were no significant differences in the gene expression of M2 markers among all group except Group IL-4. 4.Compared to Group N, the expression of TLR4 were significantly increased in Group Pg-LPS and Group CSE+Pg-LPS, lower in Group CSE+Pg-LPS+antiHMGB1. Conclusions: HMGB1 might exacerbate periodontal inflammation and alveolar bone resorption in cigarette Smoking-related Periodontitis through macrophages polarization via TLR4.

背景:近年来,代谢组学技术高速发展,研究范围十分广泛,能检测机体整体内的小分子代谢物的总体动态变化,其研究口腔疾病时可检测到机体产生的特异性代谢产物,这使得探索口腔疾病的发病机制、致病过程、早期诊断及预后监测有了新的思路.目的:对近年来代谢组学技术在牙周炎中的应用进展做一综述,同时对存在的问题及改进方法进行了展望,旨在为牙周炎诊疗提供参考依据.方法:由第一作者检索CNKI中国期刊全文数据库、万方数据库、FMRS、Web of Science及PubMed数据库2010年8月至2022年8月中收录的相关文献,中文检索词为"牙周炎,代谢组学,唾液,龈沟液",英文检索词为"metabolomics,metabonomics,periodontitis,saliva,gingival sulcus fluid".首先简要阅读文章摘要及主要内容,对文献进行初步筛选,将与文章主题不相关的文献排除,最终纳入的文献数为52篇.结果 与结论:目前牙周炎的代谢组学研究样本来源主要为唾液、龈沟液、血清、细菌、尿液、细胞和组织,不同的样本来源均有一定的优劣.代谢组学技术与牙周炎的相关研究结果主要集中在蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物和核苷酸等代谢通路的改变,并应用于牙周炎的生物标志物的鉴定、病理机制研究、治疗、及与全身疾病的关系等研究内容,从小分子代谢物的角度为牙周炎临床和实验研究提供了新的思路.

牙周炎是一种导致牙齿支持组织(牙骨质、牙周膜和牙槽骨)进行性破坏的慢性炎症.从全球的状况来看,大约有11％的世界人口可能患有严重的牙周炎,影响到7.43亿人[1].牙周炎的主要临床表现为牙龈出血,临床附着丧失(CAL),牙周袋形成,牙槽骨吸收[2].它以牙菌斑为始动因子,由宿主免疫炎症反应、遗传和环境等多种因素造成.然而,牙周炎的病理机制尚未完全明确.

目的 研究甘氨酸喷砂与SRP联合使用及SRP单独使用对牙周临床指标的改善情况及对伴防线聚集杆菌(Aa)含量变化的影响,为今后牙周炎治疗选择提供数据资料.方法 按随机原则选取2018年3月至2018年11月就诊的慢性牙周炎的患者24例,分为2组,试验组:GPAP+SRP,对照组:SRP.在基础治疗前及治疗后1个月,对所有参与实验的患者进行准确的全口牙周临床指标检查并详细记录,包括:牙周探诊深度PD、临床附着丧失AL、菌斑指数PLI和探诊后出血BOP阳性率百分比.用无菌纸尖在试验组[喷砂治疗前(基线)、喷砂治疗后1周、刮治后1周及1个月]和对照组[治疗前1周(基线)、刮治前、刮治后1周、刮治后1个月]探诊深度为4～6 mm的位点中随机选择两个位于不同象限位点的牙周袋进行龈沟液样本采集,每次采集位点保持一致.实验结束后,采用实时荧光定量反应法(Real-time PCR)检测2组样本中Aa含量.结果 2组样本全口牙周临床检查指标基线水平无明显差异(P>0.05),术后30 d各临床指标均变化明显,治疗后PD、AL、PLI、BOP及均呈现明显的下降趋势,组内差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但2组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).甘氨酸喷砂后,试验组Aa所占总菌含量的百分比较喷砂前均明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后,2组样本Aa相对总菌含量的百分比均较治疗前降低,而2组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 甘氨酸喷砂联合龈下刮治术与单独使用龈下刮治术相比,牙周临床检查指标均呈明显下降的趋势,牙周袋内的致病菌Aa相对含量的百分比明显减少,说明两种方案具有相同的治疗效果.

Objective To explore the antibacterial activity of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on P. gingivalis and the inhibitory effects on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) production induced by P. gingivalis. Methods The antimicrobial effect of EGCG against planktonic cultures and biofilms of P. gingivalis was evaluated using microplate dilution assays. The microstructural changes in biofilms were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The inhibitory effect of EGCG on arginine gingipain (Rgp) and lysine gingipain (Kgp) activity of P. gingivalis was evaluated using synthetic chromogenic peptides and fluorogenic substrates. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and qRT-PCR analysis were used to assess MMP-1 and MMP-2 mRNA expression and secretion by human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) stimulated with P. gingivalis in the presence or absence of EGCG, respectively. Results The MIC and MBC of EGCG against P. gingivalis were 62.5 μg/mL and 500 μg/mL, respectively. EGCG can not only inhibit the biofilm formation of P. gingivalis but also has a scavenging effect on mature biofilms and can affect their viability. Additionally, 10 μg/mL and 50 μg/mL of EGCG inhibited the proteinase activities of Rgp and Kgp, respectively (P < 0.05). Finally, the mRNA expression and secretion of MMP-1 and MMP-2 by HGFs stimulated by P. gingivalis were significantly inhibited by 50 μg/mL of EGCG (P < 0.05). Conclusion EGCG exhibits antimicrobial effects against P. gingivalis and reduces the expression of MMPs by HGFs.

INTRODUCTION:Vital pulp treatment (VPT) maintains tooth vitality with certain dental materials by protecting pulp from noxious stimulation and promoting repair through enhancing cell proliferation/differentiation, migration, and inducing odontogenesis. As a non-psychotropic cannabis constituent, cannabidiol (CBD) possesses the properties of analgesic, anti-inflammation, and osteogenesis. Therefore, we hypothesize that CBD may induce the odonto/osteogenesis of human dental pulp cells (HDPCs), a critical feature using as effective pulp capping agent for VPT. MATERIALS AND METHODS:In this in vitro study, the cytotoxicity of CBD on HDPCs was determined by MTT assay. Scratch assay was performed to analyze HDPC migration. The biomineralization was examined by collagen synthesis and calcium nodule formation and related odonto/osteogenic and angiogenic genes. Cannabinoid receptor (CB) specificity was evaluated by Western blotting and Von Kossa staining using specific antagonists AM251 for cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and AM 630 targeted at cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2). In addition, the underlying molecular mechanism of CBD-induced biomineralization were investigated by examining CB-dependent MAPK signaling pathways. RESULTS:CBD demonstrated bi-phasic effects on HDPC viability in tested concentrations. We found CBD significantly promoted cell migration, enhanced collagen synthesis and mineralized deposits in HDPCs when treated by 1 μM CBD supplemented in the differentiation media. RT-PCR revealed CBD increased the expression of angiogenic and odontogenic genes, such as DSPP, DMP-1, OPN, ALP, Runx2, VEGFR1 and ICAM-1. These effects were via MAPK activation in a manner mainly mediated by CB2. CONCLUSION:The results from this study suggested that CBD can induce odonto/osteogenesis from HDPCs and has the potential to develop new therapeutics in VPT in dentistry.

INTRODUCTION:Cannabinoids possess anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and osteogenic effects in different cell types and tissues. The null hypothesis is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) might induce dental tissue repair and regeneration. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of THC on human dental pulp cell (HDPC) viability and biomineralization as well as the molecular mechanism of THC-induced odonto/osteogenic differentiation of HDPCs. METHODS:The toxicity of THC on HDPCs was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The odonto/osteogenic differentiation marker genes of HDPCs were assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction with or without THC treatment. HDPC biomineralization was examined by collagen synthesis and calcium nodule deposition. The molecular mechanism of THC on HDPCs was investigated by examining the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway via blocking cannabinoid receptor type 1 or 2 receptors. RESULTS:We found that THC had no inhibition of HDPC vitality in the testing concentration (0-100 μmol/L). THC showed biphasic effects on HDPC proliferation. At a low dose (<5 μmol/L), THC considerably increased HDPC cell division. HDPC proliferation reduced with higher THC concentrations (>5 μmol/L). The expression of odonto/osteogenic marker genes were up-regulated in the presence of cannabinoids. These were confirmed by increased collagen synthesis and mineralized calcium nodule formation in the cannabinoid group. The effect of THC-induced odonto/osteogenesis occurred via MAPK signaling. CONCLUSIONS:THC was biocompatible to HDPCs by promoting their mitogenic division in a biphasic pattern depending on the concentration. THC induced HDPC odonto/osteogenic differentiation through the activation of MAPK mediated by CB1 and CB2 receptors. Cannabinoids may play an important role in the HDPC regeneration process and potentially be used as a pulp-capping agent.

目的 探讨Er:YAG激光处理早期窝沟龋并用Constic自粘接流动树脂进行预防性充填后的边缘封闭效果.方法 收集患有窝沟龋的前磨牙或磨牙60颗,随机分为4组(n=15).A、B组用传统涡轮手机备洞,C、D组用Er:YAG激光备洞;A、C组酸蚀并涂布粘结剂后,用F03流体树脂充填;B、D组用Constic自粘接流动树脂直接充填.4组牙经冷热循环后,染色,体式显微镜下拍照,测量渗入深度,并在扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)下观察充填体与牙体组织的间隙.结果 4组微渗漏程度为B组>A组>D组>C组,C组、D组的微渗漏分别低于A、B组(P<0.05),C组与其它3组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),A组与B、D组间无显著性差异(P>0.05).SEM观察4组充填体与牙体组织间隙宽度为B组>A组>D组>C组,除A、D组相比无统计学差异(P>0.05)外,其余各组两两相比均有统计学差异.结论 Consic自粘接流动树脂抗微渗漏效果较F03流体树脂差,Er:YAG激光备洞能提高Consic自粘接流动树脂预防性树脂充填边缘封闭性.

目的 分析铒激光处理在临床牙体修复效果的研究.方法 选择健康前磨牙80颗.随机分为四组,每组20颗.A组:手机备洞后树脂充填;B组:铒激光备洞后树脂充填;C、D组分别经过铒激光备洞和不同的预处理后充填,每组取10颗观察牙体间与充填体缝隙;其余样本观察微渗漏情况.结果 ①A组较其他三组微渗漏最高,有统计学意义(P＜0.05);B组与C、D组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).②充填体与牙体间缝隙:A组缝隙最大,与其余三组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),B组与C、D组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 铒激光备洞加激光蚀刻或酸蚀的微渗漏最小.

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate the effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) on the inflammatory process of periodontitis by evaluating bone loss and the expression of cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) and Src homology phosphotyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP‐2).Materials and MethodsEighty 6‐month‐old male SD rats were randomized into four groups (10 rats/group/per time point): (a) normal group, (b) ETS group, (c) ligature‐induced periodontitis group, and (d) ligature‐induced periodontitis + ETS group. After treatment with ligature and/or ETS for 8 and 12 weeks, the levels of alveolar bone resorption and the expressions of COX‐2 and SHP‐2 in periodontal tissue were analyzed using histology and immunohistochemistry.ResultsThe ligature‐induced periodontitis group displayed increased bone resorption and elevated expression of COX‐2 and SHP‐2 in periodontal tissues compared to the normal and ETS groups at 8 and 12 weeks. Furthermore, bone resorption and COX‐2 and SHP‐2 levels in the ligature‐induced periodontitis + ETS group were significantly increased compared to those in the normal and ligature‐induced periodontitis groups at both 8 and 12 weeks.ConclusionEnvironmental tobacco smoke increased alveolar bone loss in periodontitis with enhanced expression of COX‐2 and SHP‐2 in periodontal tissues. Further investigation is needed to explore the role of COX‐2 and SHP‐2 in ETS‐associated periodontitis.

IntroductionFurcation involvement (FI) in multi-rooted teeth is challenging for proper oral hygiene, clinical treatment, and leads to poor prognosis. Traditional treatment modalities often result in sacrificing periodontal bone. Multiple regenerative approaches have been attempted to treat furcation defects, but complete regeneration of the periodontal apparatus in grade III furcation has not been reported. Platelet rich fibrin (PRF) shows great potential in enhancing tissue regeneration, angiogenesis, and prevention of infection. This case report introduces a treatment combining allogenic bone grafts with PRF to treat mandibular grade III furcation lesions with a one-year follow-up.Case presentationTwo patients presented with grade III FIs of the mandibular first molars, with intrabony defects requiring guided tooth regeneration (GTR). PRF was collected from each patient to serve as biologics, by mixing with allogenic bone graft, and packed into the furcation and intrabony defects. The PRF membranes were also used for space maintenance. The twelve-month postoperative follow-up demonstrated quicker tissue healing, significant pocket reduction, clinical attachment gain, as well as radiographic bone fill in both cases.ConclusionSuccessful periodontal regeneration of grade III furcation defects can be achieved by using PRF in combination with bone allograft.

OBJECTIVE:Medical and recreational cannabis use is increasing significantly, but its impacts on oral health remain unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the major active component in cannabis, on periodontal fibroblast cell adhesion and migration to explore its role in periodontal regeneration and wound healing.MATERIAL AND METHODS:The different distribution of cannabinoid receptors 1 (CB1) and 2 (CB2) was characterized in the mouse periodontium. Human periodontal fibroblast cell (HPLF) adhesion and migration was analysed by in vitro wound healing assay with and without THC. The focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signalling pathway was investigated to uncover the underlying cellular mechanism. The receptor dependency of cannabinoid effects was examined by using selective antagonists to block THC.RESULTS:Both CB1 and CB2 were expressed in periodontal tissues but with different expression patterns. Tetrahydrocannabinol promoted periodontal cell wound healing by inducing HPLF cell adhesion and migration. This was mediated by focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activation and its modulation of MAPK activities. The effect of cannabinoids on periodontal fibroblast cell adhesion and migration was mainly dependent on the CB2.CONCLUSION:These results suggested that cannabinoids may contribute to developing new therapeutics for periodontal regeneration and wound healing.

Host modulation therapy (HMT), as a treatment concept for periodontitis, aims to modulate the host immune responses during the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Various drugs have been evaluated as HMT, including subdose doxycycline (SDD), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), bisphosphonates, and cytokine receptors, to modify or modulate inflammatory mediators and associated signaling pathways in the immune-inflammatory response, as well as connective tissue breakdown and bone resorption. SDD, a member of the tetracycline drug family, has been reported to improve periodontal treatment outcomes by inhibiting periodontal breakdown through inhibiting MMPs. NSAIDs may suppress periodontal inflammation by reducing cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2) activity. Combined application of SSD and NSAIDs may achieve a better clinical outcome. Recent studies of HMT treatment have focused on the prevention of excessive inflammation by regulating mediators using endogenous lipid mediators. Local administration of bisphosphonates and histone deacetylase inhibitors can inhibit osteoclast activity and regulate bone tissue remodeling. Currently, SSD is approved by the FDA for periodontal treatment. Other drugs, such as COX-2 selective inhibitor, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, bisphosphonates, triclosan and iNOS inhibitors, have good application prospects in the prevention and treatment of periodontal disease, and the mechanism and side effects of these drugs remain to be further investigated.

Cannabis, also known as marijuana, is one of the most commonly used substances for medical and recreational purposes globally. With the trend of global legalization of medical use of cannabis and even the recreational use, the prevalence of recreational use of cannabis has increased markedly over the past few years. Correspondingly, the potential health concerns related to cannabis consumption have also increased. Therefore, it is necessary for oral healthcare providers to understand the effects of cannabis use on oral health. This review briefly summarizes the components of cannabis, biologic activities on tissues, and mechanisms of action in human cells and tissues. Oral tissue expression of cannabinoid receptors and the potential association of cannabis to oral diseases are also examined. The goals of this review are to (1) elaborate the basic biology and physiology of cannabis in human oral tissues, and (2) provide a better understanding the effects of its use and abuse on oral health. Due to insufficient information, more well-designed studies should be conducted. It is urgent to include cannabis usage into dental patient health records.

Objectives: Theaflavins, the main polyphenols in black tea, possesses a wide range of beneficial pharmacological properties. Porphyrornonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is a major aetiological agent associated with periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease affecting tooth-supporting tissues. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of theaflavins on pathogenic properties of P. gingivalis and on periodontitis by inhibiting matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) production induced by this oral pathogen.Methods: Microplate dilution assays were performed to determine the effect of theaflavins against planktonic culture and biofilm of P. gingivalis. The effect of theaflavins on gingipain and collagenase activities of P. gingivalis was evaluated using synthetic chromogenic peptides and fluorogenic substrate. Human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) were stimulated with P. gingivalis in the presence or absence of theaflavins, and then MMP-1, -2 secretion and their mRNA expression were assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time PCR analysis, respectively.Results: Theaflavins exhibited the antimicrobial effects against both planktonic culture and biofilm of P. gingivalis. Theaflavins also markedly inhibited the proteinase activities of P. gingivalis collagenase and gingipains in a dose-dependent manner. Lastly, theaflavins significantly inhibited the secretion and mRNA expression of MMP-1 and MMP-2 by HGFs stimulated with P. gingivalis.Conclusion: Theaflavins can affect the virulent properties of P. gingivalis and attenuate the MMP-mediated inflammatory response induced by this pathogen, which suggests that theaflavins may be potentially valuable supplementary therapeutic agent for prevention and treatment of P. gingivalis-associated periodontal diseases. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.