The Yiyuan jade from Luanchuan County, Henan Province (Central China), has been known since the Neolithic period and provides a scientific reference for tracing the provenance of jade artifacts from nearby Neolithic sites. In this study, the mineralogical characteristics and color genesis of the Yiyuan jade were investigated using petrography, XRD, SEM–EDS, FTIR, UV–Vis–NIR, and EPR spectroscopy. The jade occurs in four color varieties and is petrologically classified as serpentine–bearing dolomitic marble formed by Neoproterozoic gabbroic magma intrusion and subsequent low–temperature alteration. The color variations correspond to distinct mineral assemblages. White jade is dominated by calcite and dolomite; bluish–black jade by antigorite, clinochlore, and chamosite; bluish–white jade contains intermediate proportions of these phases; and green jade consists mainly of epidote and actinolite. The bluish color intensity shows a quantitative correlation with the green mineral content. Bluish–white appears when antigorite and clinochlore together account for 5%–40%, bluish–black when they exceed 40%, and bluish–gray when chamosite exceeds 10%. The bluish–black coloration is controlled by the dense fibrous interwoven microstructure of antigorite rather than by Fe or other elemental chromophores. These distinctive features serve as diagnostic criteria for identifying bluish–black jade materials from Neolithic sites in the Luanchuan region.

We apply the Micro-XRF, which can be used to in situ non-destructively study the element distribution of the skeleton and surrounding matrix in vertebrate fossils to scan the holotype and paratype of the Middle Triassicmarine reptile Mixosauruspanxianensis (similar to 244 Ma), visualizing the overall element distribution of the specimens. Additionally, the paratype's regions of interest are tested using a handheld X-ray fluorescence spectrometer as an adjunct. The research results show that the bone and matrix elements present a different distribution pattern. The skeleton clearly controls Ca, P, Sr and Y. The matrix where the fossil is preserved is rich in Ca, K, Fe, and Mn. In addition, Zn is variously-distributed in different fossil bone parts of the paratype specimen, where the Zn content is higher in the trunk region than in the skull. In terms of fossil morphology, the maps clearly resolve the fossil morphology. The right forelimb and gastralium of the paratype specimen, which are invisible in regular light, are particularly The distribution of Zn in different bone regions was altered by bone development, and the paratype specimen's centrums and ribs, where Zn is elevated, are likely to be in the stage of rapid ossification, indicating that the paratype specimen was subadult.

产自欧洲、北美洲和中国三叠纪的纯信龙次亚目,是连接鳍龙类"干群"和"冠群"的关键分子,也是探讨侏罗纪—白垩纪"冠群"蛇颈龙类起源和早期演化的关键环节类群.李氏云贵龙是中国华南地区发现的纯信龙次亚目中较原始的属种,也是目前发现保存最完好、数量最多的纯信龙类,但对其头骨骨骼形态学的认识依然存在不足.贵州兴义中三叠世拉丁期法郎组竹杆坡段中新发现的一件云贵龙完整头骨化石补充了云贵龙的骨骼学信息,如额骨未愈合、枕部存在开放空间等.经详细比较,新材料可能代表了目前发现的 5 件李氏云贵龙标本中体长最大的个体,推断额骨未愈合这一特征为云贵龙特有的鉴定特征,而非个体成年与否的判断依据.新材料显示,云贵龙的鳞状骨没有后内侧支,存在开放式枕部,同蛇颈龙类相似,指示了三叠纪纯信龙类同蛇颈龙类密切的亲缘关系.

Characterized by various materials, types and patterns, ancient jade is a unique symbol of Chinese civilization. However, crucial information can be jeopardized by the sudden exposure during excavations, and abundant jade artefacts were stored without scientific identification in the archaeological context. Sanxingdui site was an essential center of a complex society in the Chengdu Plain in Bronze Age China. During the new excavation in Sanxingdui sacrificial area (pit K3–K8) since 2019, cabins have been used for better site conservation, providing ideal conditions for on-site study. Employing portable devices, on-site non-destructive analysis were conducted inside pit K8. The results of Raman and XRF show that the raw material is nephrite, indicating the consistency of jade material preference with the majority of Sanxingdui jade from pit K1–K2 and the majority of prehistoric jade as well. Evidence of mineral thermal phase transition from tremolite to diopside was found on the zao chisel and proved the existence of jade burning related to the sacrificial activities. The Fe content in the surrounding soil led to the red and orange colors on the jade surfaces and the neutral environment helped retaining of the original texture and natural luster of the nephrite. Based on the geometric morphometric database, the jade zhang forked blade was quantitatively recognized as the most typical zhang type only found in Sanxingdui. It is demonstrated that the non-destructive analysis is efficient to characterize the ancient jade and makes it possible to construct the database of all the jade artefacts on site, providing the basis of solving larger-scale archaeological problems that are not necessarily bounded by geographical regions or time periods.

Two major evolutionary events in the early history of Mesozoic marine reptiles have been recorded in the Triassic of China. The first event evidenced by the Early Triassic Chaohu Fauna was the emergence of new marine communities and their subsequent radiation in the Spathian Subage of the late Olenekian (Early Triassic). The earliest marine reptile fossil horizon was found to be 248.81 Ma in age, therefore about 3.35 myr after the end Permian mass extinction. The emergence time for the clade Ichthyosauromorpha has been suggested to be between 251.5 and 248.8 Ma. Moreover, the first occurrence of this clade is not thought to have been prior to the end-Permian mass extinction and this is therefore indicative of an exceptionally high evolutionary rate. Globally, twenty eight marine reptile species (six from Chaohu) have been recorded in an interval of just 2 myr in the Early Triassic, and these marine reptiles diversified and became the predators in the Mesozoic marine ecosystems that formed soon after the end-Permian mass extinction. The first event was followed by a transition from coastal to oceanic communities followed by selective disappearance of coastal species and emergence of oceanic species in the Ladinian of the Middle Triassic, as evidenced by the Xingyi Fauna. Here a 5.1 m thick fossiliferous unit yields 17 or more taxa of marine reptiles and can be subdivided into two separate assemblages. The lower assemblage is mainly composed of nearshore sauropterygians, close to that of the Anisian Panxian Fauna and with a strong palaeobiogeographic affinity to western Tethys. In the upper assemblage, the coastal pachypleurosaurian and nothosaurian sauropterygians disappear, to be replaced by the large ichthyosaurs and pistosaurs with a closer palaeobiogeographic affinity to Panthalassa. In this assemblage, there is an example of an ichthyosaur unequivocally feeding on another marine reptile. This is the oldest definitive record of a marine reptile acting as an apex predator. The transition from the lower assemblage to the upper one also records a turnover of Mesozoic marine reptiles from coastal to oceanic forms, and from a strong west Tethyan affinity to an assemblage showing a greater affinity with east Panthalassa by the late Middle Triassic.

Sichuan Longxi nephrite is important in ancient Shu (ancient Sichuan) jade culture. In order to get the basic mineral, chemical and spectroscopic characteristics of Sichuan Longxi nephrite with different colors, exploring its significant implications for identifying the jade color and alteration color of nephrite unearthed in Sichuan, lithologic thin section analysis, laser Raman spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and mu-XRF scanning were conducted on Longxi nephrite samples with different colors. The systematic field geological survey and sample collection shows that the color bands of Longxi nephrite outcrop have clear boundaries of grey black-green-white-green-gray black. The Longxi nephrite mainly comprises tremolite, containing a small amount of muscovite, calcite, apatite and other accessory minerals. The light bands contain calcite veins, and the dark bands contain relatively more accessory minerals. The Longxi nephrite samples in different colors have almost the same Raman spectra of tremolite with Raman peaks at 174, 228, 376, 392, 674, 935, 1 027, 1 061 cm(-1) and the single peak of hydroxyl at 3 675 cm i in the range of 3 600 similar to 3 700 cm(-1). None, characteristic Raman peaks of actinolite or graphite, indicate that the dark color of Longxi nephriteis not from dark-color minerals. The XRF analysis reveals that the main chemical compositions of Longxi nephrite samples are SiO2 (55. 20%0 similar to 57. 94%), MgO (24. 10%similar to 25. 00%), CaO (12. 60%0 similar to 13. 80%), Al2O3 (0. 39% similar to 1. 77%), and iron oxide (0. 25%similar to 0. 42%). FeO is the main iron oxide tested by the Fe-VOL05 titration method, and there is no significant correlation between the Fe2+ content and the colors of Longxi nephrite. The mu-XRF scanning results indicate that Si and Mg are relatively high in black-deep gray Longxi nephrite, and the contents of V and Cr are relatively high in green-white Longxi nephrite. The contents of common coloring elements in jade, such as Fe, Mn and Cu, do not vary in different color bands of Longxi nephrite. It further proves that V and Cr lead to the green color in Longxi nephrite. The analysis of spectral characteristics and coloring mechanism based on nondestructive identification can be fully applied to the comparative raw material study of ancient jade arte facts, providing scientific data for provenance research on jade material and jade culture of ancient Shu culture.

兴义贵州龙化石原位保护馆是具有鲜明特色的自然类博物馆,是一种减少对大型珍贵化石的运移,尽可能保持化石原始的产出信息的尝试,在设计布局和展陈理念中突出了兴义动物群的特征,在后期运营中通过组建化石修复团队等措施进一步提升了化石的研究与展示价值.兴义贵州龙化石原位保护馆带动了当地旅游,惠及居民生活,具备可持续发展的条件,对于阐释生命演化关键问题、促进社区发展和对于申请世界地质公园具有一定借鉴意义,足以为后来者借鉴.

自然历史博物馆是起步较早、发展较迅速的博物馆类型之一.当前,各地高校文物与博物馆专业尚未设置自然历史博物馆课程,人才培养与行业发展需求不匹配.本文基于博物馆学和自然历史博物馆发展需求,厘清了自然历史和自然历史博物馆的概念和范畴,阐述了在文物与博物馆专业设置自然历史博物馆课程的意义.以北京大学博物馆专修科中自然类课程体系为借鉴,构建了文物与博物馆专业本科课程——自然历史博物馆概论的课程知识体系,力促文物与博物馆专业本科生能够在自然历史博物馆的相关工作中以科学之精神,彰显人文之情怀,以期打破科普内容同质化的发展瓶颈.

三星堆遗址是古蜀文化的代表,其中出土的"牙璋"与国内外其他区域"牙璋"的比较研究,对理解古蜀文化与其他文化的交流具有重要意义.目前,对"牙璋"的研究主要为定性描述,缺乏定量的、易于直观对比的标准.本文通过几何形态学方法,对三星堆一、二号器物坑出土的"牙璋"与其他地区的"牙璋"进行形态学数据的分析对比,进而探讨其形制特色及其与其他地区的文化互动.主成分分析结果表明:(1)一号坑A型(1A型)"牙璋"与三星堆出土玉戈相近,可能由戈演变而来;(2)二号坑A型(2A型)"牙璋"具有鲜明的形态学特征,是三星堆"牙璋"最典型的代表;(3)三星堆"牙璋"的鉏牙类型与"牙璋"分型没有明显的对应关系,;(4)"牙璋"没有特定形制.对"牙璋"尺寸的统计学分析也支持了上述观点.不同区域"牙璋"形态数据的聚类分析结果表明,以2A型"牙璋"为代表的三星堆式"牙璋"与中原式"牙璋"相独立,代表了古蜀文化中"牙璋"具有独特的发展路径;而东南沿海、越南地区的"牙璋"深受中原文化的直接影响,与古蜀地区不存在明显的互动.本研究为探讨"牙璋"的形态、对比和传播提供了一种思路,对于解决器物的形态学问题具有一定参考意义.

三星堆文化具有鲜明的地域特征,为探索遗址出土的玉石器材质及其所反映的文化特征,本研究运用手持式X射线荧光分析仪和手持式拉曼分析仪,对四川广汉三星堆博物馆的364件玉石器进行了检测和分析.结果 显示:三星堆玉石器的玉料以闪石玉("软玉")为主,属于狭义的"玉石";其他玉料包括蛇纹石玉、玛瑙、大理岩、石英岩等,属于广义的"玉石";另有一定比例的砂岩、灰岩、板岩等"石质"材料.材质的组合和比例符合四川地区闪石玉的成矿原理,具备原料"就地取材"的条件.在主要器形中,玉凿的玉质显著好于玉璋和玉戈,体现了玉料选取与器形具有一定的相关性.此外,三星堆一号坑出土玉器的玉料和器形多样性均较二号坑低.

In order to investigate the influence of magnesium on the phase transitions and Raman vibrations of calcite under high-pressure conditions, and to explore the stable structure and physic-chemical properties of carbonates in the deep earth, experiments under high-pressure environment were carried out with natural calcite samples containing different magnesium concentrations by using diamond anvil cell and micro-Raman spectroscopy. Colorless transparent Iceland spar, pale yellow translucent calcite vein and white marble were selected as the research objects, results from ICP-AES analysis showed that the chemical compositions of contents of Iceland spar and calcite vein were CaCO3, whereas a Mg/(Mg+Ca) molar ratio of 0. 03 and a chemical composition of (Mg0.03Ca0.97)CO3 were determined for the marble. The calcite samples were crushed and fragments of about 50 similar to 100 X 50X 20 mu m were loaded into the HDAC. In-situ observations and laser Raman measurements were made while the samples were under different pressures. The Raman vibrational frequencies of Iceland spar and calcite vein as measured under ambient pressure were 156. 82, 283. 55, 713. 86 and 1 088. 19 cm(-1) for the T-1, T-2, v(4) and v(1)vibrations, respectively, whereasvalues of 158. 15, 284. 76, 715. 07 and 1 089. 20 cm(-1) were obtained for the marble sample, indicating that the Raman peak positions shifted to higher frequencies by at least 1 cm(-1) for the calcite containing 3 mol% MgCO3. Within the stability pressure range of calcite, no significant difference in the shifting rates of the Raman peak positions with pressure (partial derivative(v)/partial derivative(p)) was observed among different samples. Both Iceland spar and calcite vein transformed to CaCO3-II under 1. 5 GPa, and further to CaCO3-III and III b under 2. 0 GPa. Whereas for the marble containing 3 mold MgCO3, the phase transition pressures to CaCO3-II and to CaCO3-III were 2. 4 and 3. 7 GPa, respectively. Assuming that the influence of magnesium on the calcite phase transition pressures was linear, the shifting rates of the calcite to CaCO3-II and CaCO3- II to CaCO3-III / III b phase transition pressures with MgCO3 concentration were determined to be 0. 30 and 0. 57 GPa . mol%(-1), respectively. The shifting rates could be extrapolated to 16. 5 and 30. 5 GPa for samples containing 50 mol% MgCO3, which is in nice agreement with the transformation pressures from dolomite to dolomite-II and dolomite-III. By combining our results with those investigating the influence of MnCO3 on the phase transition pressures and Raman vibrations of calcite, it can be concluded that replacement of Ca2+ by smaller and lighter ions (e. g. , Mg2+ or Mr(2+)) will result in changes in the M2+-CO32- and C-O chemical bond length and bond strength, and thus, leads to significant increase in the calcite phase transition pressures and shifts of the Raman peak positions. Therefore, it is highly necessary to ascertain the influence of Mg, Mn and Fe on the calcite structure stability and Raman vibrational frequencies while discussing the phase transitions and Raman vibrations of carbonates under high pressure and high temperature conditions.

The late Ladinian (Middle Triassic) Xingyi Fauna from the Zhuganpo Member of the Falang Formation yields abundant and well-preserved marine reptiles. Bed-by-bed excavation at Wusha in Xingyi of Guizhou Province reveals two marine vertebrate assemblages in a fossiliferous horizons that span 5.1m in total thickness. The lower assemblage is marked by the near-shore sauropterygians, including the pachypleurosaur Keichousaurus, the nothosaurians Nothosaurus and Lariosaurus, with a strong paleobiogeographic affinity to western Tethys. The upper assemblage consists of oceanic ichthyosaurs and pistosaurs, including the large shastasaurid ichthyosaur Guizhouichthyosaurus, the euichthyosaur Qianichthyosaurus, pistosaurs Yunguisaurus and Wangosaurus, and the thalattosaur Xinpusaurus, with a closer paleobiogeographic affinity to North America. The coastal pachypleurosaur and nothosaurid sauropterygians disappeared in the upper assemblage, suggesting that they were replaced by an oceanic marine reptile community that emerged. The reptilian composition of the upper assemblage is similar to that of the Guanling Biota, which is of the Early Carnian (Late Triassic) in age and thus somewhat younger than the Xingyi Fauna. The ecological turnover of marine reptiles from near-shore to the open ocean community corresponds to the paleoenvironmental changes indicated by lithofacies analysis, δ13C and the global sea level changes.

鱼龙类(Ichthyosaurs)起源于早三叠世晚期,以往发现的鱼龙类已高度适应水生生活,其身体结构无任何能将其与可能的陆地祖先相联系的陆生适应特征.针对近年在安徽巢湖下三叠统奥伦尼克阶采集的柔腕短吻龙(Cartorhynchus)和含胚胎巢湖龙两件鱼龙类标本,通过对柔腕短吻龙的荐前椎数目(31节)、吻长与头骨长之比(0.35)、前肢长与荐前椎长之比(0.45)的研究以及与后期鱼龙类相关数据和骨骼形态学的对比,认为柔腕短吻龙结构更为原始,可两栖生活.结合对早三叠世含胚胎巢湖龙、侏罗纪含胚胎狭翼鱼龙幼体保存情况的对比分析,认为巢湖龙虽比柔腕短吻龙身体结构更进化,且完全适应水生生活,但其生殖行为仍然保持陆生爬行动物头位胎生的特征.鱼龙类在其陆地祖先逐渐演化至适应水生生活的过程中,结构的适应性特征(如肢体的鳍状化、吻部的增长等)和行为特征(如生产方式的变化)的变化不同步,前者的改变更早.

The timing of marine ecosystem recovery following the End Permian Mass Extinction (EPME) remains poorly constrained given the lack of radiometric ages. Here we develop a high-resolution carbonate carbon isotope (δ 13 C carb ) record for 3.20 million years of the Olenekian in South China that defines the astronomical time-scale for the critical interval of major evolutionary and oceanic events in the Spathian. δ 13 C carb documents eccentricity modulation of carbon cycling through the period and a strong obliquity signal. A shift in phasing between short and long eccentricity modulation, and amplification of obliquity, is nearly coincident with a 2% decrease in seawater δ 13 C DIC, the last of a longer-term stepped decrease through the Spathian. The mid-Spathian shift in seawater δ 13 C DIC to typical thermocline values is interpreted to record a major oceanic reorganization with global climate amelioration. Coincidence of the phasing shift with the first occurrence of marine reptiles (248.81 Ma), suggests that their invasion into the sea and the onset of a complex ecosystem were facilitated by restoration of deep ocean ventilation linked mechanistically to a change in the response of the oceanic carbon reservoir to astronomical forcing. Together these records place the first constraints on the duration of the post-extinction recovery to 3.35 myr.

Contrary to the fast radiation of most metazoans after the end-Permian mass extinction, it is believed that early marine reptiles evolved slowly during the same time interval. However, emerging discoveries of Early Triassic marine reptiles are questioning this traditional view. Here we present an aberrant basal ichthyosauriform with a hitherto unknown body design that suggests a fast radiation of early marine reptiles. The new species is larger than coeval marine reptiles and has an extremely small head and a long tail without a fluke. Its heavily-built body bears flattened and overlapping gastral elements reminiscent of hupehsuchians. A phylogenetic analysis places the new species at the base of ichthyosauriforms, as the sister taxon of Cartorhynchus with which it shares a short snout with rostrally extended nasals. It now appears that ichthyosauriforms evolved rapidly within the first one million years of their evolution, in the Spathian (Early Triassic), and their true diversity has yet to be fully uncovered. Early ichthyosauromorphs quickly became extinct near the Early-Middle Triassic boundary, during the last large environmental perturbation after the end-Permian extinction involving redox fluctuations, sea level changes and volcanism. Marine reptile faunas shifted from ichthyosauromorph-dominated to sauropterygian-dominated composition after the perturbation.

早三叠世奥伦尼克期含鱼化石碳酸盐岩结核在许多地区的海相地层中都有发现,如非洲东部的马达加斯加、欧洲北极圈内的斯匹兹卑尔根群岛以及北美加拿大西部的不列颠哥伦比亚等.在我国安徽巢湖、江苏南京龙潭、句容等地的下三叠统奥伦尼克阶斯密斯亚阶(Smithian)顶部泥岩中也发育有大量含鱼化石的钙质碳酸盐岩结核,俗称“鱼瘤”,其中的鱼化石保存完整且精美.安徽巢湖的“鱼瘤层”位于斯密斯亚阶-斯帕斯亚阶(Smithian-Spathian,简称S-S)界线之下,围岩为灰色薄层泥质灰岩与灰黑色含瘤泥页岩互层,指示当时沉积期水体安静,相对缺氧,处于还原环境.对“鱼瘤层”的成因分析表明,在酸性的海水中有机体在缺氧条件下分解可形成局部的碱性环境,使碳酸盐围绕有机体沉积形成结核.因此,“鱼瘤层”的存在指示当时的海水为缺氧的沉积环境.研究区“鱼瘤层”对应碳同位素值(δ13C)为升高趋势,并由负值变为正值,且“鱼瘤层”的存在也可作为识别S-S界线的参考标志之一.基于现有碳氧同位素、孢粉学证据和菊石地理分布及生物多样性的研究,斯密斯期末期全球气候环境发生变化,海水表面温度较高,酸化且缺氧,引发一次小规模生物绝灭事件.“鱼瘤层”的形成、碳同位素正向漂移以及菊石纬度分异度的变化都是斯密斯亚期-斯帕斯亚期之交全球海洋环境事件(S-S事件)的不同表现形式.

The Early Triassic Chaohusaurus fauna was found at No.598-630 layers at the top of the Middle Member-the bottom of the Upper Member of the Nanlinghu Formation in Majiashan section of Cha-ohu area,Anhui Province.Based on the microfacies characteristics and the carbon and oxygen isotope a-nalysis,the sedimentary environment of the fossil beds where the Chaohusaurus fauna had occurred was studied.4microfacies types were recognized from the studied layers,which contained the red-grey thick nodular limestone with spicules-bivalves,the gray bioclastic-argillaceous micrite limestone,the gray lam-inated argillaceous micrite limestone,and the light gray micrite limestone,respectively.It was indicated that the sedimentary environment of the fossil beds was from the foot of the outer ramp-abyssal basin to the outer ramp.The values of the δ13C and δ18O are generally low in the whole of fossil beds.Combined with the above characteristics,it might be inferred that the Chaohusaurus fauna was living in the outer ramp zone with low-energy,less numbers and types of the biocoenose,and high seawater temperature.

On the basis of detailed morphological description and anatomy comparison of two specimens of Keichousaurus hui,the diagnostic characters of Keichousaurus hui have been reconfirmed: small upper temporal fenestra,large orbits,thickened proximal end of ribs and extremely broad ulnae;and more morphological information of Keichousaurus hui is added.The sexual dimorphism of three adults and the ontogenetic stage of a juvenile have been identified through the measurement of different bones.Furthermore,from the paleogeographic information and observation of the embryos,it's inferred that the reproduction mode is most likely viviparous,but the possibility of ovoviviparity cannot be totally ruled out.