The global rise in obesity and hyperlipidemia highlights the urgent need for innovative dietary strategies to regulate lipid metabolism. Kombucha, a traditional tea-based fermented beverage, provides health benefits but has limited hypolipidemic activity. This study explored lactic acid bacteria (LAB) co-fermentation to enhance its lipid-lowering potential using four strains: Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LP3, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei LCG, Limosilactobacillus fermentum LF1, and Lactobacillus acidophilus AA2. In vitro assays showed a marked improvement in hypolipidemic activity, with a 55.2% increase in pancreatic lipase inhibition, and elevated bile salt binding capacities, 39.7% for glycocholate and 33.4% for taurocholate. In vivo studies in high-fat diet-fed mice demonstrated significant metabolic improvements, including reduced body weight gain, improved blood lipid profiles, and decreased liver weight. The LCG group showed the highest effects, reducing total cholesterol (TC) by 11.8%, triglyceride (TG) by 18.3%, and increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) by 48.5%. Cofermentation also enhanced the production of key short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), including propionic acid, butyric acid, and valeric acid, which are critical for lipid metabolism. Untargeted metabolomics analysis revealed that LAB co-fermentation elevated key hypolipidemic metabolites, such as medium-chain fatty acids, citric acid, flavonoids, and amino acids, which were enriched in pathways like fatty acid oxidation, tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) and flavonoid biosynthesis. These findings indicate that LAB co-fermentation enhances kombucha's direct hypolipidemic effects and SCFA-mediated mechanisms, offering a promising route for the development of precision nutrition solutions and sustainable future foods targeting hyperlipidemia and metabolic disorders.

Excessive discharge of ammonia nitrogen and phosphate is a major cause of eutrophication, threatening aquatic ecosystems and water security. Although various technologies exist for their individual removal, simultaneous elimination remains challenging due to their divergent chemical properties and removal pathways. In this study, we develop a polarity-reversing electrochemical system (PPR-EC/EO) that couples electro-oxidation (EO) and electrocoagulation (EC) within a single reactor by periodically alternating the anodic roles of dimensionally stable anodes (DSA) and Al/Fe electrodes-thus enabling coordinated oxidation and flocculation processes. This design offers multiple synergistic advantages: aluminum dissolution occurring in both EO and EC phases, enhanced floc separation via gas evolution during polarity switching, and intrinsic pH buffering across a broad operating range (pH 3-10) without chemical additives. The influence of key parameters (pH, current density, Cl- concentration, polarity reversal ratio) was systematically evaluated, and a random forest (RF) model was trained to predict removal performance. In combination with NSGA-II optimization, this approach successfully identified optimal conditions and achieved 87.71 % ammonia and 94.51 % phosphate removal from real aquaculture wastewater at a cost of similar to 0.8 USD/m(3). These results establish a customizable and scalable electrochemical platform for multi-pollutant removal, in which polarity reversal integrates complementary electrode functions while machine learning provides direct modeling of complex interactions and data-driven optimization. Taken together, this work not only offers a new strategy for advanced treatment of complex wastewater but also demonstrates practical potential for sustainable nutrient pollution control in real-world applications.

High-performance gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) are essential for electrochemical H2O2 production, yet conventional catalyst layers (CLs) suffer from PTFE-fused encapsulation and disordered pores that create mass-transport bottlenecks and suppress three-phase interface (TPI) formation. Here, we introduce a non-fused particulate-packed catalyst/binder interface and elucidate the mechanisms governing TPI formation through 3D reconstruction and mesoscale LBM analyses. Guided by these insights, we construct a hierarchical gradient CL with ordered porosity and tunable wettability contrast, and multiscale simulations together with in-situ breakthrough and microfluidic experiments confirm capillarity-driven electrolyte displacement and directional self-transport of H2O2, enabling stable Faradaic efficiencies >85% at 300 mA cm-2 for 300 h. We further develop a 400 cm2 four-unit self-breathing flow-through stack integrating thermal, fluidic, and electronic systems for continuous, oxygen-free, low-cost H2O2 generation. This work offers a fundamental design framework for advanced GDEs and demonstrates a milestone integrated self-breathing H2O2 electrosynthesis system with commercial viability.

To address the issues of poor combustion stability and high NOx emissions in ammonia‑fueled catalytic combustion, this study proposes highly efficient LaMnO3 perovskite catalysts through A‑site and B‑site doping modification, aiming to enhance the catalytic activity and N2 selectivity. First, a WOA‑BP neural network model is established to predict the effects of different doping elements (A‑site: Sr, Ce, K, Ca; B‑site: Fe, Co, Cu, Al) on the catalytic performance, and is then synergistically integrated with the NSGA‑II multi‑objective genetic algorithm to efficiently explore the doping parameter space for co‑optimizing catalytic activity and N2 selectivity. The test results demonstrate that the optimal catalyst, La0.87Ce0.13Mn0.96Fe0.04O3, exhibits a T90 and N2 selectivity of 253.8°C and 48.9% respectively, representing a significant improvement over the unmodified catalyst. Further, characterization analyses reveal that Ce/Fe co‑doping effectively enhances the ammonia adsorption capacity of the catalyst due to the increased Mn4+ content and the concentration of surface‑adsorbed oxygen. In general, the study sheds light on a feasible design scheme of high‑performance catalysts, which contributes the high-efficiency and low-emission for renewable ammonia catalytic combustion.

This study aimed to optimize fermentation process and improve product quality by evaluating the effects of glutamic acid (Glu), proline (Pro), and lysine (Lys) supplementation on metabolic pathways and flavor development of soy sauce moromi. Soy sauce moromi was supplemented with Glu/Pro/Lys at 1

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are widely used for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer, but their efficacy in the neoadjuvant setting remains under investigation. The MUKDEN 06 trial (NCT05426486), a multicentre, randomised, phase 2b study, compared ARX788 (anti-HER2 ADC) plus pyrotinib (TKI) with the standard neoadjuvant regimen of docetaxel, carboplatin, trastuzumab, and pertuzumab (TCbHP) in female patients with early or locally advanced HER2-positive breast cancer. The primary endpoint was the pathological complete response (pCR, ypT0/is, ypN0) rate, analyzed in the intention-to-treat population. pCR was achieved in 70.6% (48/68) of patients receiving ARX788 plus pyrotinib, compared to 51.5% (35/68) in the TCbHP group, with a significant absolute difference of 19.1% (95% CI, 2.7-34.6; p = 0.023). No treatment-related deaths occurred. The most common grade 3-4 adverse events were diarrhea and hepatic dysfunction in the ARX788 plus pyrotinib group, and fatigue, nausea and anorexia in the TCbHP group. Interstitial lung disease (ILD)/pneumonitis and ocular events were observed with ARX788 plus pyrotinib, indicating a distinct safety profile. These findings offer clinical insights into the potential of dual HER2-targeted blockade with an ADC and TKI as an optional neoadjuvant strategy for patients with early or locally advanced HER2-positive breast cancer.

This study developed a rapid fermentation model for soy sauce using Daqu enzymatic hydrolysates and investigated the role of Pediococcus pentosaceus in modulating physicochemical properties and volatile compounds. Daqu hydrolysates from different enzymatic hydrolysis times were used as substrates. The results showed that P. pentosaceus PPF28-8 contributed significantly to acidification, increasing total acidity and amino acid nitrogen levels. Glucose supplementation promoted microbial growth, lactic acid production, and amino acid metabolism. Volatile compound analysis revealed a notable increase in aroma compounds, including alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones, enhancing the flavor profile. Machine learning methods, including partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and principal component analysis (PCA), were applied to compare the rapid fermentation model with the validation experiment. Consistent patterns emerged, confirming the model's predictive ability for P. pentosaceus PPF28-8's aroma production. These findings underscore the model's potential for precise control over fermentation dynamics and flavor enhancement, offering an efficient approach for optimizing soy sauce production while preserving flavor complexity.

Probiotics are live microorganisms offering various health benefits to hosts, but exposure to adverse conditions can compromise their viability during gastrointestinal transit. Probiotics in the biofilm state have been proven as an alternative way to the probiotic survival challenge; however, knowledge of mixed-species biofilms by probiotics is limited. This study aimed to examine the ecological interactions between Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LP-52 and Limosilactobacillus fermentum LF-56 from a phenotypic and metabolomics perspective during their mixed-species biofilm development. In specific, we investigated how their interaction changes bacterial growth, biofilm-forming capacity, biofilm structure, biofilm metabolic activity, EPS production, and biofilm tolerance under gastrointestinal conditions. Moreover, a comprehensive metabolomics analysis was conducted to identify different metabolic profiles and elucidate the underlying mechanisms during the development of mixed-species biofilm. Results showed that their cooperative interaction significantly promoted the planktonic cell growth of L. fermentum LF-56 and L. plantarum LP-52 during their co-cultivation. The synergistic effect also markedly improved the biofilm formation, with increased cell counts in biofilms and higher metabolic activity when compared to each single-species biofilm. Confocal laser scanning microscopy imaging showed denser and more diverse structures of mixed-species biofilm with higher coverage and thickness. In addition, dual-species biofilms were best tolerated under simulated gastric and intestinal conditions. Untargeted metabolomics assay identified 852 differential metabolites, primarily associated with seven pathways: two pathways of nucleotide metabolism (purine metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism), two pathways of carbohydrate metabolism (TCA cycle, glycolysis), alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, riboflavin metabolism, and ABC transporters, which an enhanced energy metabolism, stress adaptation, and potential biofunctional benefits. With this respect, this investigation underscores the benefits of mixed probiotics biofilms and contributes to further application of probiotics in the food and biotechnology industry.

With increasingly severe cyanobacterial blooms, the overflow of off-flavor compounds represented by geosmin (GSM) and 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) is becoming a global water quality issue. The UV photo-electrochemical process is considered an environmentally friendly technology for GSM and 2-MIB degradation. In this study, a kinetics model using the pseudo-first-rate constants for the elimination of GSM and 2-MIB was developed in the UV photo-electrochemical process. The model can be applied successfully to predict the degradation of GSM and 2-MIB under different electrolyte concentrations, initial pH values of the solutions, and current densities. The GSM and 2-MIB degradation rates improved with increases in the electrolyte concentration. With an increase in the pH value from 5 to 11, the rate constants for the degradation of GSM and 2-MIB were reduced by 52.9% and 69.5%, respectively. The degradation of GSM and 2-MIB showed positive correlations with the current density in the kinetic model. Furthermore, the significant roles of HO• and Cl• were evaluated by scavenging experiments and kinetics modeling. HO• was the dominant radical for GSM degradation, and Cl• played a crucial role in 2-MIB elimination. The results demonstrate that the UV photo-electrochemical process could be an efficient way for the mineralization of off-flavor compounds.

In this work, pH-sensitive smart packaging films were designed using starch-polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as the matrix, incorporating anthocyanin and ε-polylysine hydrochloride (ε-PL) to achieve both freshness monitoring and preservation functionalities. All film formulations were prepared in triplicate, and subsequent characterizations of morphological structure, physicochemical properties, and functional bioactivities were conducted on three parallel samples per formulation. Modified films significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced performance relative to starch-PVA films, with hydrogen bonding interactions from anthocyanins and ε-PL boosting antioxidant and antimicrobial performance, along with improving tensile strength and barrier properties, and best performance was exhibited when anthocyanin-to-ε-PL ratio was at 1:2. For pork preservation tests, fresh pork samples were packaged with optimized films, with three independent packaging trials conducted. Prepared films prolonged pork shelf-life for at least two days by significantly (P < 0.05) delayed alterations in total viable counts (reduced by 0.93 and 0.40 Log CFU/g at 37 °C and 4 °C), pH values (reduced by 0.40), color of surface (L* and a* increased by 2.23 and 1.70, b* decreased by 2.29), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (0.32 mg/kg), total volatile basic nitrogen (3.58 mg/100 g), texture profiles (hardness and springiness reduced by 96.95 N and 1.23 mm, gumminess increased by 50.4 N), weightlessness rate (reduced by 1.40 %), and cook loss of pork (reduced by 2.08 %). Films were effective in monitoring pork deterioration through observable chromatic changes from pink to yellow. The results demonstrate the potential of developed films as dual-functional smart packaging systems for simultaneous meat freshness monitoring and shelf-life extension.

Street-barbecued foods, despite their popularity, produce carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), chrysene (Chr), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) due to incomplete charcoal combustion, direct food-fuel contact, and excessive heating. This study analyzed barbecued foods from high-traffic street vendors using high-performance liquid chromatography. Among five food categories (meat, vegetable, aquatic, starch, and soy products), eight foods exceeded China's BaP limit (5 mu g/kg) and twelve exceeded the EU limit (2 mu g/kg). The highest BaP and PAH4 levels were found in barbecued beef and pork belly, respectively. Chr levels were notably high due to open flame exposure. Health risk assessments indicated fourteen foods posed elevated carcinogenic risks. This study highlights the necessity of consumption control to mitigate these risks and provides evidence for improving street food safety and dietary security.

Sepsis is defined as “a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection”. Although the treatment of sepsis has evolved rapidly in the last few years, the morbidity and mortality of sepsis in clinical treatment are still climbing. Sirtuins (SIRTs) are a highly conserved family of histone deacetylation involved in energy metabolism. There are many mechanisms of sepsis-induced myocardial damage, and more and more evidence show that SIRTs play a vital role in the occurrence and development of sepsis-induced myocardial damage, including the regulation of sepsis inflammation, oxidative stress and metabolic signals. This review describes our understanding of the molecular mechanisms and pathophysiology of sepsis-induced myocardial damage, with a focus on disrupted SIRTs regulation. In addition, this review also describes the research status of related therapeutic drugs, so as to provide reference for the treatment of sepsis.

Abstract Triple‐positive breast cancer (TPBC) poorly responds to current standard neoadjuvant therapy (trastuzumab plus pertuzumab and chemotherapy). Our previous MUKDEN 01 study showed a promising total pathological complete response (tpCR) rate of 30.4% with neoadjuvant pyrotinib (pan‐human epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor) plus dalpiciclib (cyclin‐dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor) and letrozole, but the efficacy remains suboptimal. This pilot study (NCT05228951) explored adding trastuzumab to this triplet neoadjuvant regimen in patients with stage II–III TPBC. The primary endpoint was tpCR (ypT0/is, ypN0) rate. Between February 2022 and June 2022, 12 patients were enrolled, and seven (58%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 27.7%–84.8%) patients achieved tpCR. The rate of residual cancer burden (RCB) 0–I was 75% (95% CI, 46.8%–91.1%). The objective response rate (ORR) was 92% (95% CI, 64.6%–98.5%). Mean Ki‐67 level was significantly reduced from 45.0% (95% CI, 19.5%–70.5%) at baseline to 17.2% (95% CI, 0.7%–33.7%) after neoadjuvant therapy (p = 0.03). The most common grade 3 adverse events were diarrhea (four [33%]) and decreased neutrophil count (three [25%]). No grade 4 adverse events or treatment‐related deaths occurred. This four‐drug neoadjuvant regimen shows promising pathological response with an acceptable safety profile in patients with TPBC. A randomized controlled trial (NCT05638594) of this regimen is being conducted.

Phlebopus portentosus is an edible and medicinal mushroom with a delicious taste and high nutritional value. The oligosaccharides derived from P. portentosus may be the material basis for its biological activity. The degradation of polysaccharide and the maintenance of its activity after degradation are key steps in related research. This study applied an acid degradation method to prepare P. portentosus refined polysaccharide (PPRP) with a smaller molecular weight, and the optimal hydrolysis conditions determined were a temperature of 80 °C, an acid concentration of 2 mol/L, and a hydrolysis time of 2 h. The polysaccharide structure and immune activity were then further investigated. The results showed that the PPRP comprised two fractions with approximate weights of 61,600 Da and 5500 Da. The monosaccharide composition of PPRP was mannose, rhamnose, glucose, and galactose, with a molar ratio of 1.00: 22.24: 2.93: 1.03. The major functional groups included O-H, C-H, C-O, and C-O-C. The glycosidic bond types were mainly α- and β-glycosidic bonds. Cell experiments demonstrated that PPRP could significantly increase the proliferation of macrophages and enhance the cytotoxicity of NK cells. Moreover, PPRP also significantly promoted the proliferation of B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes, especially at a concentration of 200 μg/mL. This study furnishes scientific evidence underlining the significant potential of PPRP in immune activity, thereby serving as a material basis and scientific bedrock for further investigations into the mechanism of P. portentosus oligosaccharide activity.

Biofilm formation is usually affected by many environmental factors including divalent cations. The purpose of the current work was to analyze how calcium (Ca2+) affects the biofilm formation of dairy Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates by investigating their growth, swarming motility, biofilm-forming capacity, EPS production, and biofilm structures. Moreover, the regulation mechanism of Ca2+ involved in its biofilm formation was explored through RNA-sequencing analysis. This work revealed that supplementation of 5, 10, 15, and 20 mM Ca2+ significantly reduced the swarming motility of P. fluorescens strains (P.F2, P.F4, and P.F17), but the biofilm-forming ability and polysaccharide production were increased after the supplementation of 5 and 10 mM Ca2+. By the supplementation of Ca2+, complex structures with more cell clusters glued together in P. fluorescens P.F4 biofilms were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, and increased biomass and coverage of P. fluorescens P.F4 biofilms were observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. In addition, RNA-sequencing results showed that P. fluorescens P.F4 showed a transcriptional response to the supplementation of 10 mM Ca2+, and a total of 137 genes were significantly expressed. The differential genes were represented in 4 upregulated KEGG pathways (nonribosomal peptide structures, quorum sensing, biosynthesis of siderophore group nonribosomal peptides, and phenylalanine metabolism), and 4 downregulated KEGG pathways (flagellar assembly, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, nitrotoluene degradation, and cationic antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) resistance). The results indicate that Ca2+ might serve as an enhancer to substantially trigger the biofilm formation of dairy P. fluorescens isolates in the dairy industry.

This study explores the impact of innovative food processing on food-derived bioactive components through integrating lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in kombucha fermentation. The study showcased how this technique, involving four LAB strains, drastically transformed the beverage’s chemical composition, favoring its flavor properties and microbial diversity. LAB integration significantly lessened total and acetic acid content, enhancing kombucha’s flavor, especially with the effective strain Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. LAB’s presence fostered the production of alcohols and esters further enhancing the kombucha’s flavor. Post-72-hour quality shifts detected through Principal Component Analysis were potentially attributed to the LAB’s role in generating volatile compounds. High-throughput sequencing denoted Zygosaccharomyces, Pichia, Komagataeibacter, and Gluconacetobacter as leading microbial genera, with Pichia correlating strongly with flavor compounds. The study also unveiled six key volatile compounds and their metabolic pathways. Thus, this pilot investigation presents essential insights for future strategies to enhance kombucha flavor, also shedding light on the health-promoting foods sector.

Recent studies have underscored the unique biological activities of oligosaccharides derived from edible-medicinal mushrooms, highlighting their superiority over polysaccharides due to their simpler structures and increased bioavailability. Investigating the structure-activity relationship of oligosaccharides could help overcome the technical challenges associated with the intricate structural analysis of polysaccharides. Despite numerous studies on oligosaccharide compounds, our understanding of oligosaccharides from edible-medicinal mushrooms remains limited. This review aims to outline current trends in oligosaccharide research and clarify the health-promoting characteristics of oligosaccharides derived from edible-medicinal mushrooms. It offers a comprehensive analysis of the glycan chain structures and biological activities of oligosaccharides and advocates for the establishment of an oligosaccharide compound library specific to edible-medicinal mushrooms. This approach might expedite the high-throughput screening of active oligosaccharides, thus stimulating the development of related health foods and products, and facilitating industrial advancement.

The shale gas resources of the marine-continental transitional facies in Section 2 of the eastern margin of Ordos Basin are rich, but they have thin single-layer thickness, strong heterogeneity, and rapid lateral changes. This paper uses the three-dimensional seismic data of the shale gas test area in the Daji W well area as a basis. Based on the high-precision seismic data obtained from interpretative target processing, this paper redivides the mud shale in this area into three categories through the analysis of shale logging sensitive curves and seismic response characteristics. Prediction techniques for geological dessert evaluation parameters such as shale thickness, organic carbon content, and gas content of high-quality shale were formed. Through comprehensive evaluation of geological sweet spots, favorable areas are selected, effectively guiding the deployment and optimization adjustment of horizontal wells. The results of drilling of horizontal wells match well with predictions, with a high rate of encounter in sweet spots, providing a reliable basis for efficient exploration and development of shale gas in the marine-continental transitional facies on the eastern margin of the Ordos Basin.

Hyperuricemia, a normal disease from the excessive consumption of purine-rich foods or uric acid metabolic disorder, is closely connected with a high risk of cardiovascular events, hypertension, obesity, renal injury, diabetes, and other metabolic diseases. Gut microbes serve an irreplaceable role in regulating human health including the management of hyperuricemia. Fermentation has been used to improve the digestibility and nutritional qualities of raw materials in animals and plants. Probiotics and bioactive ingredients from certain fermented foods are potential candidates to regulate gut microbiota, lower serum uric acid and alleviate hyperuricemia. This article offers insightful knowledge of a possible link between hyperuricemia and gut microbes, and elucidates the potential mechanisms by which hyperuricemia may be alleviated by targeting the human gut. Finally, we suppose the potential roles of probiotics and bioactive components from fermented foods in preventing hyperuricemia or related diseases targeting gut microbiota.

This study addresses the alterations in nutrients [calcium, iron, and vitamins C and E (VC and VE, respectively)] and cordycepin content, alongside its sensory appeal in Cordyceps militaris, subjected to five distinct cooking methods: boiling, steaming, roasting, microwaving, and deep-frying. A comparative analysis showed the notable decline in nutrient content across most cooking methods excluding deep-frying. In notable contrast, the content of VE was substantially amplified during deep-frying, thereby emphasizing its value in preserving nutrients. However, an exception was noted wherein VE content remained essentially unchanged in the microwaved samples. Notably, the cordycepin content in boiled C. militaris reduced significantly, contrastingly, an elevation in this content was recorded for steamed, microwaved, or deep-fried samples, with roasting producing a stable content comparable to raw samples. The principal component analysis further discerned the iron, VC, and cordycepin as primary influencers on raw and roasted C. militaris, signifying superior retention during roasting, whereas deep-fried samples were predominantly affected by the calcium and VE content. Observation on nutrient losses revealed that boiling, steaming, and microwaving were less efficacious, compared with roasting and deep-frying. Sensory evaluations inductively favored steaming as synonymous with the finest culinary attribute, whereas deep-frying ranked least favorably on the sensory scale. Consequently, the present study offers refined dietary advice for the consumption of C. militaris catered to specific demographic groups, deepening understanding of the effects of various culinary practices on its overall nutrient profile and organoleptic properties.