Since hydrothermal aqueous phase (HAP) contains abundant nutrients and humic-like substances, it is developed as nitrogen (N) fertilizer to improve plant growth and soil quality. However, significant NH3 volatilization is a major drawback in dryland soil. To solve this problem, a compound fertilizer of HAP and urea was modified with various dosage (0.25% - 5.0%) of urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT). The NH3, N loss, and lettuce growth were evaluated in parallel soil column and pot experiments. Results showed that increasing NBPT dosage increased soil dissolved organic N (DON) and ON while decreased NH4-N, NH3, N loss, urease activity, and ureC. NBPT successfully inhibited ammonification. Increasing NBPT dosage increased NO3-N but decreased PAO and AOA. The utilization rate of metabolic substrate (NH4-N) was more important for forming NO3-N, as evidenced by the negative correlation of NO3-N and NH3. The DON from HAP included N-heterocyclic compounds, which are toxic for nitrifiers. The toxic DON also significantly decreased root dry weight by 22.31% when 5.0% NBPT was added. The optimal additive dosages were 0.5% and 2.0% in the column and pot experiments, respectively, which decreased NH3 and N loss by 45.38% and 32.08%. Further increasing NBPT dosage no longer decreased N loss but did harm to plant root. Therefore, this study demonstrated that an appropriate addition of NBPT to HAP fertilizer can effectively reduce ammonia volatilization and N loss. The innovative technique would promote the utilization of HAP resource within the context of sustainable dryland agriculture.

Carrier separation efficiency significantly impacts the photocatalyst performance for wastewater purification. However, there is no established theory to accurately guide carrier separation efficiency regulation. This study used machine learning to screen dopants to change the band gap of ZnIn2S4 (ZIS), thus precisely regulating the ZIS carrier separation efficiency. Nitrogen with 0.5 % of doping amount showed the best regulation effect. Metronidazole degradation kinetic rate with nitrogen doped ZIS (N/ZIS) was 1.47 times higher than that with ZIS. Real-time time-dependent density functional theory (rt-TDDFT) was employed to assess carrier separation at the orbital level. Experiments and rt-TDDFT confirmed that N/ZIS possessed better carrier separation efficiency than that of ZIS. An "in-situ" potential research strategy was established to determine carrier acceptors, which can compare the orbital potential of molecules and catalysts in the adsorption state. This approach revealed that O2 served as the photogenerated electron acceptor, while OH- functioned as the hole acceptor. H2O was not actively involved in carrier separation. O2 anti-bonding orbital activation effect by the catalysts was studied to unveil the influence mechanism of carrier separation efficiency on the photocatalyst activity. This study provides a new insight into carrier dynamics to design efficient photocatalysts.

Hydrothermal aqueous phase (HAP) contains abundant organics and nutrients, which have potential to partially replace chemical fertilizers for enhancing plant growth and soil quality. However, the underlying reasons for low available nitrogen (N) and high N loss in dryland soil remain unclear. A cultivation experiment was conducted using HAP or urea to supply 160 mg N kg -1 in dryland soil. The dynamic changes of soil organic matters (SOMs), pH, N forms, and N cycling genes were investigated. Results showed that SOMs from HAP stimulated urease activity and ureC , which enhanced ammonification in turn. The high -molecular -weight SOMs relatively increased during 5 -30 d and then biodegraded during 30 -90 d, which SUV 254 changed from 0.51 to 1.47 to 0.29 L -1 m -1 . This affected ureC that changed from 5.58 to 5.34 to 5.75 lg copies g - 1 . Relative to urea, addition HAP enhanced ON mineralization by 8.40 times during 30 -90 d due to higher ureC . It decreased NO 3 -N by 65.35% -77.32% but increased AOB and AOA by 0.25 and 0.90 lg copies g - 1 at 5 d and 90 d, respectively. It little affected nirK and increased nosZ by 0.41 lg copies g - 1 at 90 d. It increased N loss by 4.59 times. The soil pH for HAP was higher than that for urea after 11 d. The comprehensive effects of high SOMs and pH, including ammonification enhancement and nitrification activity inhibition, were the primary causes of high N loss. The core idea for developing high -efficiency HAP fertilizer is to moderately inhibit ammonification and promote nitrification.

The electro-Fenton oxidation process for the degradation of organic pollutants in recalcitrant wastewater has garnered significant attention and research efforts in the field of advanced water treatment. This is primarily due to its highly effective degradation capabilities and the advantages it offers, including the avoidance of unsafe transportation and storage of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). 2 O 2 ). However, challenges such as relatively high energy consumption, complex operational requirements, and limited operational stability continue to pose significant economic constraints on the widespread application of electro-Fenton technology in water purification. In this study, we employed a secondary hydrothermal method to construct a multi-layered CNT/MoS2/Fe3O4 2 /Fe 3 O 4 composite heterostructure in situ. Leveraging the synergistic effects of the introduced variable valence elements, Fe and Mo, and the interconnected multi-layered membrane structure, the CNT/MoS2/Fe3O4 2 /Fe 3 O 4 electro-Fenton membrane holds promise in a permeable filtration system. Under the conditions of a current density of 1.50 mA/cm2 2 and an electrolyte concentration of 0.50 mol/L, the CNT/MoS2/Fe3O4 2 /Fe 3 O 4 composite membrane exhibited a degradation efficiency of over 90.00% for 100.00 mg/L RhB within 10 minutes, and the degradation rate approached nearly 99.00% at 60 minutes. Furthermore, the degradation efficiency for various recalcitrant organic dye wastewaters, including phenol, methyl orange, and methylene blue, could be maintained at levels ranging from 80.00 % to 97.00%. Particularly, under optimized operating conditions, the specific energy consumption (EC) for the CNT/ MoS2/Fe3O4 2 /Fe 3 O 4 membrane process was measured at 0.60 +/- 0.01 +/- 0.01 kWh/m3, 3 , showcasing exceptionally low energy consumption characteristics. In conclusion, it is expected to contribute to the reduction of the overall consumption of heterogeneous electro-Fenton oxidation systems and enhance their operational efficiency. This innovative approach represents a significant advancement in the field, offering the potential to address the economic limitations associated with electro-Fenton technology in water quality purification.

Conventional disposable surgical masks have become an integral part of our daily lives, however, present a limited filtration efficiency, brief operative lifespan, and inability to degrade naturally, bringing a heavy burden to the environment. Moreover, these masks cannot efficaciously eliminate bacteria, potentially causing secondary and cross infections among users, thereby failing to curb the spread of infectious diseases. Herein, a fire- new, long-lifespan, biodegradable, self-disinfecting, and gas-sensing electronic-mask is nano-engineered with a Janus-structured all-natural fiber network (SA-CPN) constructed from animal-collagen and plant-fibers. SA-CPN demonstrates exceptional filtration performance (99.9%) for PM2.5 and maintains outstanding filtration efficiency after 10 test-cycles or 32 h in high-humidity conditions. SA-CPN exhibits robust antibacterial origins for extended periods, with antibacterial rates of 98.30%, 99.36%, and 98.11% against P aeruginosa, , S aureus, , and E coli, , respectively, and can effectively filter airborne bacterial aerosols. Moreover, SA-CPN achieves real-time detection of ammonia concentrations, effectively identifying ammonia levels in exhaled human breath and external environments, and monitoring the human respiratory rate, potentially identifying underlying health conditions. The directional water vapor transmission capability of SA-CPN improves comfort when wearing. Notably, SA-CPN can fully biodegrade within 5 h under enzyme action. The proposed multifunctional electronic mask, featuring biocompatibility, biodegradability, self-disinfection, and ammonia sensing capabilities, holds significant promise in personal medical protective equipment for health monitoring and disease prevention.

Herein, we innovatively crafted a novel CNT/MoS2/FeCo-LDH cathode membrane using a facile vacuum filtration method. Benefiting from the unique heterostructure between FeCo-LDH and MoS2, the prepared CNT/MoS2/FeCo-LDH cathode membranes catalyzed the production of high-concentration H2O2 (7.59mg/L) at a low current density of 1.50mA/cm2. The peak degradation efficiency of phenol (98.80%) was reached in only 60minutes. Under optimized operating conditions, the phenol removal rate of the CNT/MoS2/FeCo-LDH cathode membrane remained above 80.00% within a wide pH range (3.0-9.0), demonstrating excellent adaptability. The synergistic incorporation of Mo, Fe, and Co ions facilitated additional chemical reaction pathways for Fenton-like reactions, thereby significantly enhancing hydrogen peroxide production. Notably, our approach exhibited moderate total organic carbon degradation efficiency, even for the actual pretreatment of coking wastewater, presenting a promising strategy for addressing recalcitrant industrial wastewater.

In this study, dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma and F/FeO catalyst were utilized to degrade chloramphenicol (CAP) in water. The operation conditions, catalyst properties and catalytic mechanisms were systematically studied, and the anti-bonding activation effect was highlighted as the key for the catalytic effect. The results show that CAP was 100% degraded by DBD and F/FeO after 8 min treatment under optimal operating conditions, and F/FeO catalyst increased the degradation efficiency of CAP by 34.1%. FeO transferred electrons into the & pi;* anti-bonding orbital of O3 and the & sigma;* anti-bonding orbitals of H2O2 and O2, leading to an anti-bonding activation effect and weakening their bonding. Additionally, F facilitated the electron transfer of FeO and changed the stable adsorption of O3 and H2O2 on FeO to dissociated adsorption on F/FeO. The -OH groups generated by the H2O2 dissociation could induce a non-Fenton catalytic pathway. The intensive electron transfer of F/FeO converted O2 into & BULL;O2  . The ant-bonding activation of O3, H2O2 and O2 on F/FeO facilitated the production of & BULL;OH. A degradation pathway for CAP was proposed based on the findings of experiments and simulation. The developmental toxicity of CAP was weakened after F/FeO/DBD treatment. This study proposes an efficient plasma catalyst for purifying antibiotic wastewater, and provides a new insight into the mechanism of the plasma/catalysis process.

Organic pollutants of olive mill wastewater (OMW) have caused various negative effect to water environments. It is imperative to develop an effective technology for eliminating organic pollutants in OMW. In this study, representative organic pollutants in OWM, ferulic acid (FA) and caffeic acid (CA), were removed from water by dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma and Mn/CoOOH/activated carbon fiber (ACF) catalyst. The treatment performance and catalytic mechanisms were studied. The results show that the combined system could effectively remove FA and CA. For example, FA and CA degradation efficiency was 81.6% and 94.2% in the 20 L of mixed wastewater with the 100 min treatment using DBD combined with Mn/CoOOH/ACF. Experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the electron transfer from the catalyst to antibonding orbits of O-3 and H2O2 caused the dissociated adsorption, promoting the transformation of O-3 and H2O2 to center dot O, singlet oxygen and center dot OH. Additionally, the doping of Mn in CoOOH benefited the electron transfer because Mn had a higher d-band center than Co in Mn/CoOOH, which was conducive to the interaction of O3 and H2O2 with the catalyst. The possible degradation pathways of FA and CA were proposed.

The low activity of photocatalysts is mainly due to inefficient charge separation and low production of the active species. To overcome this challenge, we constructed an S-scheme CdIn2S4/MnZnFe2O4 (CIS/MZFO) heterostructure, where the strong interface of the heterostructure leads to an upshift of the d-band center. CIS/MZFO shows higher charge transfer efficiency and oxygen adsorption/activation performance compared to CIS and MZFO separately, thereby increasing the production of center dot O-(2) over bar and h(+) active species. As a result, it demonstrats efficient photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride. The optimized CIS/MZFO heterostructure also shows good tolerance to various factors, such as inorganic ions, organic acids, pH and real water environments. The heterostructure also exhibits excellent magnetic recyclability and stability. Additionally, we propose a photocatalytic degradation pathway for tetracycline hydrochloride and evaluate the ecological toxicity that may arise from intermediates. This study provides an effective approach for the design of advanced photocatalysts.

Effective integrated methods for oil-water separation and water remediation have signifi-cance in both energy and environment fields. Materials with both superlyophobic and superlyophilic properties toward water and oil have aroused great attention due to their energy-saving and high-efficient advantages in oil-water separation. However, in order to fulfill the superlyophobicity, low surface tension fluorinated components are always being introduced. These constituents are environmentally harmful, which may lead to additional contamination during the separating process. Moreover, the heavy metal ions, which are water-soluble and highly toxic, are always contained in the oil-water mixtures created during industrial production. Therefore, material that is integrated by both capacities of oil-water separation and removal of heavy metal contamination would be of significance in both industrial applications and environmental sustainability. Herein, inspired by the composition and wettability of the shrimp shell, an eco-friendly chitosan-coated (CTS) cotton was developed. The treated cotton exhibits the superhydrophilic/underwater superoleophobic property and is capable of separating both immiscible oil-water mixtures and stabilized oil-in-water emulsions. More significantly, various harmful water-soluble heavy metal ions can also be effectively removed during the separation of emulsions. The developed CTS coated cotton demonstrates an attractive perspective toward oil-water separation and wastewater treatment in various applications.

Process water (PW) obtained from hydrothermal carbonization of nitrogen-rich (N-rich) biowaste is proposed to be a renewable resource utilized as a liquid N fertilizer. However, its effects on soil microbial community, N transformation, and plant N uptake are unclear or controversial. In this study, fertilizers were prepared with different percentages of PW (poultry litter, 220 degrees C 1 or 8 h, PW-S or -L) and urea to supply 160 mg kg(-1) total N in a barren alkali soil. Results showed that the addition of PW relative to pure urea decreased organic N mineralization by low bio-accessibility, increased N loss by high soil pH, and decreased NO3--N by low nitrification substrate. It supported the lettuce in health but decreased plant N uptake by low NO3--N. It significantly increased the gram-positive bacteria that responded to resistant organic matter, changed the bacterial community to enhance decomposition, detoxification, ureolysis, and denitrification, and to decrease nitrification. Its inhibition effect on nitrification activity was stronger than that on nitrifiers growth. Different from PW-S, the addition of PW-L seriously and significantly decreased seed germination index and fungal biomass that responded to N retaining capacity, respectively. The best fertilizer was 50% urea +50% PW-S that supported the seed germination and seedling growth, and mildly affected microbial community.

The heterogeneous electro-Fenton (HEF) membrane has shown great potential for the treatment of refractory organic pollutants, but its degradation efficiency and applicability for addressing practical organic pollutant issues needs to be improved.

In this study, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microplastic was removed by dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma. The removal performance, mechanisms and products were studied. The results show that PVC removal efficiency reached to 85.9% at the optimal condition with 100 min treatment time. Discharge voltage and water content had significant influence on PVC removal efficiency. The removal mechanisms were studied by experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. e(aq)(-)& nbsp;was the most powerful reactive substance for PVC removal. (OH)-O-center dot and H-center dot played both positive and negative roles in PVC removal. (OH)-O-center dot and H-center dot can capture e(aq)(-), which was not beneficial for PVC removal, but they also reacted with PVC to carry out dehydrogenation and dechloridation reactions. Moreover, charge density difference unveiled that the electron transfer from PVC to (OH)-O-center dot and H-center dot to PVC. O-2(center dot-) played a negative role in PVC removal by consuming e(aq)(-). The possible degradation pathway of PVC was proposed, and -CH site of PVC was the most important reaction site.

Herein, chloramphenicol (CAP) antibiotic was degraded by water falling film dielectric barrier discharge (WFFDBD) and FeO catalyst. The treatment performance and catalytic mechanisms were studied by experiments and density functional theory (DFT) simulations. The results show that 69.5% of CAP was degraded by WFFDBD at 8 min, and the degradation efficiency increased to 97.7% by WFFDBD/FeO at the same treatment time. The formation of (OH)-O-center dot caused by the catalytic reactions was mainly responsible for the catalytic effect. The electron transfer from FeO to the antibonding orbits of O-3, H2O2 and dissolved oxygen was the key for the catalytic reactions, which promoted their decomposition and transformation. Dissolved oxygen was converted to O-2 center dot(-)& nbsp;that adsorbed on FeO by the electron transfer, which played an important role for the catalytic process. Oxygen vacancies raised the charge density of Fe and accelerated the electron transfer. Fe near the oxygen vacancies achieved the dissociated adsorption of H2O2 and O-3, and transformed dissolved oxygen to O-2(2-) due to the enhancement of the electron transfer.

In this study, caffeic acid (CA) was degraded by electrical discharge plasma combined with Mn doped CoOOH catalyst. Doping of Mn significantly improve the catalytic activity of CoOOH. CA degradation efficiency was 75.6% with dielectric barrier discharge treatment for 10 min, and it reached 97% using CoOOH as the catalyst at the same treatment time. CA was 100% degraded with only 8 min using Mn/ CoOOH as the catalyst. The introduction of Mn into the lattice of CoOOH induced the formation of oxygen vacancy, causing part of coordinate number of Co decreased from 6 to 5, and thus produces unsaturated Co to be the Lewis acid sites. Lewis acid sites (unsaturated Co) could coordinate with O-3 and H2O2 and break their chemical bonds to form O and -OH. Assisting in the conversion of O-3 to center dot OH was the main role of H2O2 in the catalytic process. The degradation products and pathway of CA were studied by three-dimensional fluorescence, liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer and density functional theory calculations. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Poplar hydrochar (RHC) was activated by thermal oxidation (TA-O) in air at 300 degrees C (O300) and in air + N-2 (0.5% O-2) at 500 and 700 degrees C (O500 and O700), respectively, and in N-2 at 300-700 degrees C (N300-N700) as control. Samples characterized by various methods were used to analyze their effect on tetracycline adsorption. The results showed that TA-O greatly increased adsorption capacity q(e), 100 (mg.g(-1), C-0 = 100 mg.L-1) from 6.29 for RHC to 33.32, 96.23 and 60.90 for O300, O500 and O700, respectively. The O300 increased carboxyl and aromaticity whereas little influenced on porosity. The O500, with the highest S-BET and S-micro, enhanced adsorption probably by micropore filling and pi-pi interactions. The O700 fused micropore into mesopore but decreased the S-BET, S-micro and q(e), 100. Thus, thermal oxidation at 500 degrees C and 0.5% O-2 is recommended for hydrochar activation to absorb tetracycline.

The limitation of waste incineration technology is that the secondary pollution it caused will bring harm to human beings and environment. As lead in flue gas is one of the pollution sources,the study of non carbon based adsorbent arises concern in this field. Since the moisture rate of waste is high in China,fixed bed reactor was used to investigate the lead chloride adsorption properties of kaolin,zeolite,calcium oxide and silica in the atmosphere with and without moisture. Then the adsorption behavior of kaolin was further discussed. The results showed that kaolin has the highest adsorption capacity,followed by calcium oxide,zeolite and silicon dioxide in pure oxygen without moisture. Both chemical composition and structure determine the adsorption efficiency. In the atmosphere of oxygen and moisture,the capacity of kaolin is improved significantly. Moisture has great effects on kaolin,but has little effects on the other three adsorbents. The X-ray diffraction(XRD) results of kaolin showed that the adsorption products in two kinds of atmosphere were both PbAl2Si2O8. By comparing the scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrometer(SEM-EDS) results of kaolin,it was found thatthe whole surface of the kaolin after adsorption is in a molten state at the atmosphere of oxygen and moisture,which is in sharp contrast to the surface of kaolin in another atmosphere. The role moisture plays in the adsorption of kaolin could be explained as follows:① moisture can participate in the adsorption reaction;② moisture promotes the melting of kaolin,which makes adsorption easier. When the temperature at 700—900℃,higher temperature is beneficial to kaolin adsorption,the efficiency ranges from 20％ to 40％ in oxygen atmosphere without moisture,and ranges from 70％ to 85％ in oxygen atmosphere with moisture.

研究了表面活性剂羧甲基纤维素钠(carboxyl methyl cellulose,CMC)对土壤中石油污染物的增溶作用.通过批实验,对比研究了CMC和十二烷基苯磺酸钠SDBS 2种表面活性剂的增溶效果,探究了CMC浓度、pH、盐度及回用次数对土壤中石油烃增溶效果的影响.研究结果表明,当CMC浓度为0.5％,增溶时间为24 h时,对TPHs浓度为17 695 mg·kg-的污染土样,TPHs洗脱率高达60％以上.碱性环境有利于石油烃的洗脱,酸性体系会抑制石油烃的洗脱;增溶作用随盐度的增大而显著增大.在利用CMC对污染土壤进行增溶洗脱时,对于TPHs高浓度污染土壤,可以选择将其洗脱液回用1次或者2次;对于TPHs较低浓度污染土壤,可以选择将其洗脱液回用于较高浓度的污染土壤.

为进一步改善聚丙烯腈纤维的吸湿性能,根据聚丙烯腈纤维的溶解特性,采用溶解涂覆法制备丝素蛋白改性聚丙烯腈纤维.研究了温度、丝素蛋白质量分数、浸渍时间对改性纤维回潮率和上染率的影响.通过扫描电镜、红外光谱仪、X射线衍射仪对改性前后的纤维进行测试和表征.结果表明:改性后纤维回潮率明显提高,最高可达4.0％左右;改性纤维对酸性染料的上染率也提升到35.1％左右;随着温度、丝素蛋白质量分数、浸渍时间的增加,改性纤维回潮率和上染率都呈先增加后不变的趋势;纤维经涂覆改性后表面变粗糙,有丝素蛋白沉积,但纤维大分子结构没有发生改变.

以广东省茂名市油页岩灰渣为原料,用碱法制备聚氯化铝（PAC）,考察了酸溶条件对产品的铝浸出率与盐基度的影响。结果表明,以油页岩灰渣制备聚氯化铝的最佳酸溶条件为:酸的质量分数为12%,酸量比n（HCl）∶n（Al2O3）=10,酸溶温度为110℃,酸溶时间为3 h。此条件下,铝浸出率为62.92%,聚合氯化铝的盐基度为82.25%。