Amphibian populations are declining globally due to climate change. However, the impacts on the geographic distribution of amphibians on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP), a global biodiversity hotspot with 112 species of amphibians that is sensitive to global climate change, remains unclear. In this study, MaxEnt and barycentre shift analyses were performed to reveal the impact of climate change on the potential future habitats of amphibians on the QTP using the BCC-CSM2-MR global climate model of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Projects Phase 6 (CMIP6) climate pattern with three shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP). In contrast to the widespread decline in the amphibian population, the future scenarios projected an increase in most amphibian habitats on the QTP, accompanied by migration to higher elevations or latitudes under three climatic projections (SSP 1–2.6, 3–7.0, and 5–8.5). Average annual precipitation was the most crucial environmental variable impacting the future distribution of amphibians. The findings indicate that amphibians would flourish under climate change on the QTP, which is of great significance for the protection of amphibians and biodiversity on the QTP.

Urtica laetevirens Maxim. is used extensively in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for its potent antioxidative properties. In this study, three antioxidants were purified from U. laetevirens. using HSCCC guided by online DPPH-HPLC analysis. Firstly, the online DPPH-HPLC analysis was performed to profile out the antioxidant active molecules in U. laetevirens. The ultrasonic-assisted extraction conditions were optimized by response surface methodology and the results showed the targeted antioxidant active molecules could be well enriched under the optimized extraction conditions. Then, the antioxidant active molecules were separated by high-speed countercurrent chromatography ethyl acetate/n-butanol/water (2:3:5, v/v/v) as the solvent system. Finally, the three targets including 16.8 mg of Isovitexin, 9.8 mg of Isoorientin, and 26.7 mg of Apigenin-6,8-di-C-β-d-glucopyranoside were obtained from 100 mg of sample. Their structures were identified by 1H NMR spectroscopy.

Cd pollution is a global environmental problem. However, the response mechanism of the alpine plant Pelagia under Cd stress remains unclear. Therefore, in this study, a native plant(Elymus nutans Griseb.) of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was used as the material to quantify plant height, leaf number, length of leaf, crown width, root number, biomass, Dry weight malondialdehyde (MDA), free proline, superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate enzyme (APX), catalase (CAT) and chlorophyll contents under different Cd concentrations. The results showed that the growth of Elymus nutans Griseb. was a phenomenon of “low concentration promotes growth, high concentration inhibited growth” under Cd treatment. It meant that 10 mg·L−1 Cd promoted the growth of leaf number, plant height, crown width and tiller number, while 40 mg·L−1 Cd inhibited the growth of root number and biomass of Elymus nutans Griseb. compare with the control. The MDA content, free proline content, SOD activity, APX activity and CAT activity of Elymus nutans Griseb. was increased with the increase of Cd treatment concentration to resist the oxidative damage caused by Cd to the body. At the same time, the accumulation of chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B and chlorophyll AB was decreased with the increase of Cd stress concentration. In addition, the carotenoid content did not change much between the control group and the treatment group, indicating that Cd treatment had little effect on it. The results could provide a reference for the mechanism of heavy metal resistance and the selection and improvement of Cd -resistant varieties of Elymus nutans Griseb.

从理性担当、科学实践、生态环保和健康生活4个维度构建高中生生物学社会责任行动评价量表(简易版),并通过数据分析软件对其信度和效度进行分析,结果表明,量表信度和效度较高,能够为科学测评高中生生物学社会责任素养的培养现状提供借鉴.

Cadmium (Cd) pollution is a global environmental problem. It is of great significance to find a kind of pasture that can grow normally in a cadmium environment, especially in the Tibetan Plateau. We studied the fruit germination and fruit growth of Elymus sinsubmuticus S.L. Chen and Elymus tangutorum (Nevski), native plants of the Tibetan Plateau, in different cadmium environments. The results showed that with increased cadmium stress, the fruit germination rate, final germination rate, fruit-vigor, average germination time, and germination-speed index for the two grass species gradually decreased, and the 50% germination time for the seed gradually increased. Root length, biomass, and the number of leaves decreased in both species. We quantified the fruit germination and growth of plants in the cadmium environment and found that E. sinosubmuticus S.L. Chen had better fruit germination and fruit growth, and it had the development potential of cadmium pollution control.

以2021年高考全国乙卷生物学试题作为研究对象,从核心素养的生命观念、科学思维、科学探究和社会责任4个维度出发,对试题的素养考查情况及试题范例进行分析,并从整体上梳理核心素养的考查比例,阐明核心素养的内在联系.以期帮助一线教师掌握高考试题的考查方向及考查理念,培养学生的生物学学科核心素养.

As a large country of livestock and poultry breeding, China needs to timely solve the large amount of livestock and poultry manure produced every year. Composting technology, as the most widely used means of manure management,still has an influence on serious carbon and nitrogen loss, and environmental pollution. Based on the comprehensive reading of dozens of domestic and foreign literatures, this paper analyzed seven factors affecting carbon and nitrogen storage in the process of livestock manure composting, including pH value, ventilation, surface coverage, carbon nitrogen ratio, moisture,temperature, especially the types and mechanism of composting additives. It can reduce the loss of carbon and nitrogen in the composting process and environmental pollution, and improve the quality of composting through the regulation of various composting factors.

为了解无芒披碱草(Elymus sinosubmuticus S.L.Chen)、麦薲草(Elymus tangutorum(Nevski)Hand.-Mazz.)和同德老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus L.)三种高寒牧草种子的耐镉性,设置0、5、10、20、40mg·L-1镉胁迫液浓度探究它们的发芽和生长情况.结果表明:镉胁迫对无芒披碱草和同德老芒麦种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、株高、叶长与根长均具抑制作用,而麦薲草部分指标表现为"先促后抑",在5mg·L-1镉处理下,麦薲草种子发芽率、发芽指数株高和根长具促进作用.通过隶属函数指数法计算,三种牧草镉耐大小为无芒披碱草＞同德老芒麦＞麦薲草,无芒披碱草可优选作为镉污染土地种植材料.

为了调查青海湖流域野生药用植物资源现状,通过样地调查、样线调查、走访调查和文献查阅等方法对青海湖流域野生药用植物种类进行调查分析.结果表明:青海湖流域共有野生药用植物110种,隶属31科79属,其中单种科和单种属最多,分别占总科属的53.13％和71.79％;该区植物区系分布以北温带为主;生活型以多年生草本居多,占总种数的69.09％;药用部位以全草类、根茎类为主;药效以清热解毒功能居多.因此,青海湖流域野生药用植物资源较为丰富,该调查结果为青海湖流域药用植物资源的保护和开发利用提供依据.

以云南省丽江市羊肚菌子实体为原料,采用碱提酸沉法提取羊肚菌蛋白质,探究料液比、水浴时间和NaOH溶液浓度对羊肚菌蛋白质得率的影响,优化羊肚菌蛋白质的提取工艺.结果表明,影响蛋白质提取率的主次因素为NaOH浓度＞水浴时间＞料液比;蛋白质提取的最佳工艺条件为水浴时间2.5h,料液比1:50,氢氧化钠浓度0.06mol/L,此条件下蛋白质提取率为63.51％.本研究为羊肚菌蛋白质的提取及开发利用提供参考依据.

青藏高原地处第三极,被誉为"亚洲水塔",是我国重要的生态屏障.通过文献计量法(中国知网)筛选到15篇青藏高原相关重金属风险研究论文,分析发现近年来在人类与自然的影响下,青藏高原逐渐出现了重金属生态污染风险.通过综述近年来青藏地区重金属生态污染风险研究现状,并提出以下展望:1)青藏地区从东部向西部污染风险逐渐降低,人类活动为主要的影响因素,需进一步制定相关规范以减少重金属进入环境;2)进一步研究青藏高原重金属污染源问题,为减少重金属污染"源头治理"提供依据;3)今后需加大生物—物理—化学治理联用技术研发,在兼顾生态保护中实现重金属污染高效治理.

极小种群植物是濒临灭绝的野生植物,需要重点关注与保护.该文从种群和个体2个层面展开综述,总结了近年来关于极小种群保护模式的研究进展,并提出以下建议:120种极小种群植物中,仍有部分植物未有相关报道,应加大相关研究;进一步加强极小种群植物致危遗传机制研究;因地制宜开展极小种群植物保护工作.

目的:为合理利用和保护青海门源回族自治县仙米林场的野生植物资源.方法:通过野外调查法和文献查阅法对该区野生植物种类、生活型组成、区系分布、应用价值进行了调查与分析.结果:该区域野生植物共51科182属290种,其中木本植物48种,草本植物242种;区系分布涉及北温带、东亚、温带亚洲等15个类型,其中北温带占主要优势;涉及药用、油料、园林栽培等多种用途.结论:对该区域野生植物多样性保护具有重要意义,同时对野生植物资源可持续开发利用具有重要参考价值.

农业废弃物的有效利用对于改善生态环境、推进农业绿色发展具有促进作用.通过对青海省海东市秸秆、农用地膜、农药包装废弃物和畜禽粪污的利用情况进行调查,分析海东市农业废弃物资源化利用进程中存在的问题,并提出以下策略:1)加大宣传力度,树立全民保护意识;2)建立健全相关法规政策,加大扶持力度;3)加大对资源化利用技术和人才的投入.

通过线路调查、文献查阅、民间访谈等方法调查了青海省峡群国家森林公园的常见药用植物.结果表明,该区常见药用植物有128种,分属41科95属,科属分布中,以单种科最多,占总科比65％.生活型以草本植物为主(占比72.62％),入药部位以全草入药占多数(占比72.62％);按药效分,以清热(32.43％)、解表(31.53％)、化湿(27.02％)三类占多数.该区还分布有冬虫夏草、柴胡、羌活、大黄等价值较大的药用植物.调查结果可为今后该区野生药用植物资源的保护与可持续开发利用提供参考.

土地沙漠化是青海湖流域重要的生态问题之一,明晰区域内不同沙化阶段植物群落的演化特征,有助于为该区沙漠化防治工作有效开展提供科学依据.本研究通过野外样方调查并应用方差分析、主成分分析和相关性分析,厘清该区潜在、轻度、中度、重度和极重度沙化阶段植物组成特征与变化规律.结果表明,随沙化程度加剧,植物优势种从矮生嵩草、草地早熟禾和垂穗披碱草演替为青海固沙草、驼绒藜和沙蒿,生活型从中生向旱生演替;植物盖度、高度、地上生物量和多度依次降低;物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数与Pielou指数均为先升后降,轻度沙化阶段最高,符合"中度干扰假说".沙化过程对多样性指数影响为Shannon-Wiener指数>物种丰富度>Simpson指数>Pielou指数,除Pielou指数外,其余多样性指数与植被特征相关性显著.研究结果可为青海湖流域沙化防治及群落多样性研究提供参考.

采用访问、随机路线和文献查阅的方法,调查到青海峡群寺森林公园193种野生维管植物.结果表明,该区野生维管植物中草本植物(69.43％)占多数,菊科植物科属分布(17.10％)具优势,经济类药用植物资源占主导地位(65.80％),且该区野生维管植物以北温带分布类型为主(47.58％);有6种省级以上重点保护野生植物.调查结果可为青海峡群寺森林公园植物资源综合利用提供一定参考.

为摸清青海省平安区野生林木种质资源状况,合理保护和利用管理优良林木种质资源,通过实地样方调查和查阅相关资料对该区野生木本植物种类、科属种分布、生活型分布、新物种记录和濒危物种进行了调查分析.结果显示:该区共有野生木本植物20科39属95种;单种科和少种科共占总种数的75％;单种属和少种属占总属数的92.91％;生活型分布中小乔木占76.84％,占比最大.总结分析该区林木种质资源分布特点及物种结构,为平安区野生林木资源有效保护和合理利用提供科学依据.

The study of niche and interspecific relationships is one of the classical ecological theories. We set up four desertification gradients. The “Levins” and “Pianka” method were used to calculate the species’ niche breadth and niche overlap. Interspecies associations were analyzed by the ratio of variance (VR), Chi-square test, association coefficient (AC) and Ochiai index (OI). The results showed that in grasslands with different degrees of desertification, Stellera chromosome (3.90), Thermopsis lanceolate (3.52) and Aster almanacs (3.99) had larger niche widths, which were wide-area species of plant communities in the desertification area. The ecological niches of the same species in different habitats or different species in the same habitat were multi-dimensional. Niche differentiation measured by niche overlap can occur at any community succession stage. Niche width and niche overlap were not always consistent with environmental changes. Moreover, there was no linear relationship between them. The interspecific connection coefficient fluctuated greatly with the environment. The results can provide a reference for the study of plant community competition mechanism and desertification control in desertification land of the study area. We still do not know the mechanism of how the plants were preserved and how the retained plants adapted to the new environment during the desertification process. We can further study these questions in the next step.

重金属在环境中易迁移、难降解,它通过食物链作用对人体产生巨大危害,是重金属污染领域研究热点.本文综述了重金属胁迫下植物的生理响应机制的研究,主要包括细胞壁交联作用、原生质缓解作用(包括有机酸、金属硫蛋白等分子结合作用)、液泡区隔作用和氧化应激反应等.结合目前研究进展,提出以下展望:(1)加大富集重金属植物和在复杂环境下的重金属富集能力与机制研究;(2)进一步深入研究植物重金属调控基因,并尝试上调该种基因,扩大植物对重金属的富集能力;(3)扩大多种重金属耐性和超富集植物的筛选,为植物修复技术在实际应用提供基础.