Allicin (ALC), a naturally occurring organosulfur compound derived from garlic (Allium sativum), exhibits potential neuroprotective properties. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and motor dysfunction. This study utilized bioinformatics and network pharmacology methods to predict the anti-PD mechanism of ALC and established in vivo and in vitro PD models using 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) for experimental verification. Network pharmacological analysis indicates that apoptosis regulation and the PKA/p-CREB/BDNF signaling pathway are closely related to the anti-PD effect of ALC, and protein kinase A (PKA) and dopamine transporter (DAT) are key molecular targets. The experimental results show that ALC administration can alleviate the cytotoxicity of SH-SY5Y induced by 6-OHDA and simultaneously improve the motor dysfunction and dopaminergic neuron loss in PD mice. In addition, ALC can also activate the PKA/p-CREB/BDNF signaling pathway and increase the DAT level in brain tissue, regulate the expression of BAX and Bcl-2, and reduce neuronal apoptosis. These results indicate that ALC can exert anti-PD effects by up-regulating the PKA/p-CREB/BDNF/DAT signaling pathway and inhibiting neuronal apoptosis, providing theoretical support for the application of ALC in PD.

Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient for humans and animals and is a powerful antioxidant that can promote reproductive and immune functions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplemental dietary selenium-enriched yeast (SeY) on egg quality, gut morphology and microflora in laying hens. In total, 100 HY-Line Brown laying hens (45-week old) were randomly allocated to two groups with 10 replicates and fed either a basal diet (without Se supplementation) or a basal diet containing 0.2 mg/kg Se in the form of SeY for 8 weeks. The Se supplementation did not have a significant effect on egg quality and intestinal morphology of laying hens. Based on the 16S rRNA sequencing, SeY dietary supplementation effectively modulated the cecal microbiota structure. An alpha diversity analysis demonstrated that birds fed 100 mg/kg SeY had a higher cecal bacterial diversity. SeY dietary addition elevated Erysipelotrichia (class), Lachnospiraceae (family), Erysipelotrichaceae (family) and Ruminococcus_torques_group (genus; p < .05). Analysis of microbial community-level phenotypes revealed that SeY supplementation decreased the microorganism abundance of facultatively anaerobic and potentially pathogenic phenotypes. Overall, SeY supplementation cannot significantly improve intestinal morphology; however, it modulated the composition of cecal microbiota toward a healthier gut.

The ERF subfamily, a significant part of the APETALA2/ethylene-responsive element-binding factor (AP2/ERF) transcription family, plays a crucial role in plant growth, development, and stress responses. Despite its importance, research on this gene family in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) is limited. This study identified and analyzed the sweet cherry ERF subfamily in terms of classification, physicochemical properties, structural characteristics, chromosome distribution, gene replication and collinearity, Cis-acting elements, and potential protein interactions. Preliminary investigations of transcription during fruit cracking and normal development were also conducted. Fifty ERFs (PatiERF1~50) were identified, distributed unevenly across eight chromosomes and classified into ten groups with nineteen conserved motifs. Collinearity analysis with other plant species revealed homology, with the highest number of ERF orthologous genes found in apple (Malus domestica L.). Cis-acting elements, particularly abscisic acid response factor, were abundant in PatiERF promoters. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis indicated the involvement of PatiERFs in sweet cherry fruit development and cracking, and nine and four significant candidates related to these processes were speculated, respectively. Furthermore, four other classes of transcription factors (TFs), namely MYB, GRAS, BHLH, and BZIP, as well as 23 structure genes, were predicted to have co-expression and interaction relationships with PatiERFs during fruit development. This suggests their potential synergistic regulation with ERFs in the cherry fruit development process. Our study represents the first comprehensive genome-wide analysis of the ERF subfamily in sweet cherry, laying a crucial foundation for a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms correlated with fruit growth, development, and cracking mediated by ERF genes.

BACKGROUND:Most Phalaenopsis cultivars have almost no aroma, with a few exceptions. Phalaenopsis presents significant challenges in fragrance breeding due to its weak aroma and low fertility. It is therefore necessary to identify the aroma components and key regulatory genes in Phalaenopsis cultivars like 'Orange Beauty', 'Brother Sara Gold', 'Purple Martin', 'H026', 'SK16', 'SX098', and 'SH51', to improve the aroma of the common Phalaenopsis. RESULTS:Floral aroma components were tested on nine Phalaenopsis species, using smell identification and headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The result showed that alcohols, esters, and alkenes were the key specific components in the different species and cultivar aromas and the aroma intensity and component content of cultivars with different colors were different. The main components of the floral aromas in Phalaenopsis were alcohols (including eucalyptol, linalool, citronellol, and 1-hexanol), esters (including hexyl acetate, leaf acetate, and dibutyl phthalate), alkenes (including pinene and sabinene) and arenes (like fluorene). The transcriptome of flowers in the bud stage and bloom stage of P. 'SH51' was sequenced and 5999 differentially expressed genes were obtained. The contributions of the phenylpropionic acid/phenyl ring compound and the terpene compound to the aroma were greater. Sixteen genes related to phalaenopsis aroma were found. TC4M, PAL, CAD6, and HR were related to phenylpropanoid synthesis pathway. SLS, TS10, and P450 were related to the synthesis pathway of terpenes. TS10 and YUCCA 10 were involved in tryptophan metabolism. CONCLUSION:This is the first report on the floral aroma components and regulatory genes in Phalaenopsis. The proposed method and research data can provide technical support for Phalaenopsis breeding. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of tea polyphenols (TP) and probiotics (PB) on the production performance, biochemical indices, and gut health of laying hens. A total of 400 Hy-line Brown layers (45 weeks old) were randomly assigned to 8 diet groups for 8-week feeding trial. Compared with the control basal diet (CT), dietary high dosage of TP and PB (HTP-PB) increased egg mass (P < 0.05). Supplementation with HTP-PB improved the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and decreased the malonic dialdehyde (MDA) content (P < 0.05) without affecting the contents of immunoglobulins in the serum. The combination of HTP and PB supplementation promoted the secretion of estradiol (E2) and progesterone (PROG) compared with treatment with TP or PB alone (P < 0.05). The combined use of HTP and PB induced higher jejunal villus height (VH) than the CT group (P < 0.05). Dietary TP and PB could optimize the functional network of intestinal microflora and the interactions between the intestinal microflora and the host. Therefore, the combined use of the high dosage of TP and PB affected laying performance, improved antioxidant capacity, and promoted intestinal health, which may be associated with regulation of the intestinal microbiota.

Phalaenopsis is the most popular Spring Festival pot flower in China. In order to accurately regulate the flowering stage and excavate the key flowering gene in the production and cultivation of Phalaenopsis, this paper studied the effects of growth regulators GA3 and 6-BA on the flowering of Phalaenopsis Big Chilli, and the PhPIF4gene selected from transcriptome data was cloned, and its bioinformatics analysis and response to growth regulator GA3were studied. The results showed that PhPIF4 had a typical conserved domain of the bHLH＿SF super family（cl00081）homobox family. PhPIF4 of Big Chilli is closely related to Phalaenopsis equestris, followed by Cymbidium ensifolium,C, sinense and Dendrobium catenatum. The protein encoded by PhPIF4 was localized in non-chloroplast organelles.GA3 treatment increased stalk length and the maximum stalk length of the treatment group was 200 mg/L GA3. GA3could bring forward flowering 9–11 d. 6-BA significantly increased the number of flowers, and the treatment group with the most flowering amount was 300mg/L 6-BA, but 6-BA had no significant effect on flowering time and stalk length.When the two growth regulators were mixed to spray, the effect on flowering time and flowering time of Phalaenopsis was between the two. PhPIF4 was closely related to the development of flowering, and its expression gradually increased with the development of flowering. After spraying GA3, the expression of PhPIF4 in flower buds, leaves and roots increased, and the increase was the largest in flower bud stage, suggesting that the expression of PhPIF4 might be affected and regulated by GA3, and PhPIF4 might participate in the gibberellin flowering pathway. In this paper, the effects of GA3 and 6-BA on reproductive growth of Phalaenopsis were studied, and the expression of PhPIF4 in response to GA was investigated, which would lay a foundation for revealing the role of PhPIF4 in gibberellin regulation of growth and development regulatory network.

The AP2/ERF (APETALA2/Ethylene−Responsive element binding factor) family genes play crucial roles in plant growth and development, and responses to environmental factors; however, this family has not been characterized in Diospyros species. In Diospyros, the diploid Oily persimmon (D. oleifera, 2n = 2x = 30) has been released with complete genome assembly, which makes it possible for genome-wide gene family identification and exploration of molecular function in cultivated persimmon (D. kaki, 2n = 6x = 90). Here, we identified the AP2/ERF family in Oily persimmon for the first time and investigated its classification, main physicochemical properties, structural characteristic, chromosome distribution, gene replication and collinearity, cis-factor binding sites deduction, GO term annotation, and PPI interaction, as well as its expression profiles in different tissue and under the treatment of polyamines. A total of 157 AP2/ERF genes, including four subfamilies (AP2, RAV, Soloist, and ERF), were identified with distribution on all 15 chromosomes. DkAP2/ERF gene expression patterns were extensive and diverse. They were detected expression in every examined tissue, with the highest number of DkAP2/ERF genes expressed in the root. DkAP2/ERF gene expression analysis in adventitious root generation and elongation of polyamines showed their different responses to the action of polyamines, and more pairs of DkAP2/ERF genes with high correlation in gene expression were obtained. In addition, some DkAP2/ERF genes were detected remarkably correlated with genes related to polyamine synthesis and cell metabolism, including S-adenosyl-L-methionine Decarboxyla2 (SAMDC2), D-type cyclin1 (CYCD1), and D-type cyclin2 (CYCD2) genes,. indicating that DkAP2/ERF genes may play a synergistic role in adventitious root development This study was the first to analyze the AP2/ERF gene comprehensively in Diospyros on a genome−wide scale and will provide insights into the application of adventitious root formation in cultivated persimmon.

Fungal diseases, drought, pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) and other biotic and abiotic stresses have seriously affected the quality and yield in wheat production. Identifying related genes/loci in released cultivars/lines can provide reference information and theoretical basis for wheat improvement. Yannong series wheat cultivars/lines have distinctive characteristics in wheat cultivars and play an important role in genetic improvement and production of Chinese wheat production system. To dissect their genetic basis of the stress-resistant traits, in this study, 23 representative Yannong series wheat cultivars/lines were tested by 58 molecular markers for 40 genes related to adaptability, disease resistance and stress tolerance to clarify the genetic composition of the key loci. The results showed that most of the tested wheat accessions carried dwarfing genes RhtB1b/RhtD1b/Rht8 and recessive vernalization genes vrn-A1/vrn-B1/vrn-D1/vrn-B3. It was also consistent with the phenotypic traits of tested Yannong series wheat which were dwarf and winter or semi winter wheat. In addition, the overall level of seedling powdery mildew resistance in 23 Yannong wheat cultivars/lines was moderate or inadequate. Eleven accessions carried none of the tested Pm genes and twelve accessions carried Pm2, Pm6, Pm42 and Pm52 singly or in combination. Then, 23 wheat cultivars/lines were also tested by 17 diagnostic markers for 14 Yr genes. The results showed that 16 wheat cultivars/lines were likely to carry one or more of tested Yr genes, whereas Yannong 15, Yannong 17, Yannong 23, Yannong 24, Yannong 377, Yannong 572 and Yannong 999 carried none of the tested Yr genes. Moreover, in our study, nine markers for four genes related to drought tolerance and PHS were used to evaluate the stress tolerance of the 23 wheat cultivars/lines. The results indicated that all 23 wheat cultivars/lines carried drought resistance genes Ta-Dreb1/TaCRT-D, indicating that they had the drought resistance to the extent. Except for Yannong 30, Yannong 377, Yannong 390, Yannong 745 and Yannong 1766, other wheat cultivars/lines carried one to three elite PHS-resistant alleles Vp-1Bc/Vp-1Bf/TaAFP-1Bb.

果树产业是烟台农业的传统优势产业,苹果、樱桃、梨、葡萄和桃等在全国具有极高的知名度,在促进农民增收、推动乡村产业振兴方面发挥了重要作用.烟台市年降水量672.5 mm,主要集中在6-9月,占年总降水量的70％,正处在苹果、梨、桃等果树的生长发育期,能充分满足果树生长发育对水份的需求,但这种气候条件也非常利于杂草的生长.在果园生产管理中,除草是一项非常重要且持续时间最长的工作,极大增加了果园管理成本,是烟台果业目前面临的重要难题.

烟台是我国大樱桃栽培的发源地和主要栽培区,2015-2020年烟台市大樱桃栽培面积稳定在2.27万hm2左右,烟台市各县市除长岛外均有栽培.大樱桃栽培品种构成上,早、中熟品种约占70％左右、晚熟品种占30％左右,其中面积最大的早熟品种红灯占20％左右,砧木仍以大青叶为主.烟台农科院大樱桃项目组先后到烟台的福山、海阳、蓬莱等大樱桃主产县果树推广部门、种植大户、种植专业合作社、苗木生产企业等进行调研与走访,发现烟台在大樱桃产业发展中存在一些问题需要解决:品种结构不合理,优质果率低;早春霜冻、裂果发生频繁,抵御灾害能力低;影响产业发展的瓶颈问题没能得到有效解决;重栽培轻采后,贮藏保鲜技术滞后;从业人员老龄化严重,新技术、新模式难以推广.面对这些瓶颈问题,提出了"十四五"产业发展对策,要构建优质苗木繁育技术体系;发展设施栽培;创建标准化示范基地;加强采后保鲜贮藏研究与应用;加强品牌建设,以期为烟台大樱桃产业高质量发展提供思路.

为了解植物生长调节剂对蝴蝶兰(Phalaenopsis)成花的作用,对'大辣椒'和'富乐夕阳'2个品种成花过程中的内源激素含量变化和生长调节剂的影响进行了研究.结果表明,蝴蝶兰花芽分化进程包括花序原基分化、小花原基分化、花萼分化、花瓣分化和合蕊柱(雄蕊和心皮)与唇瓣分化等时期.在花序原基分化期,高水平的ABA和IAA抑制营养生长,成花后水平下降,花发育结束后,水平再次升高;GA3和ZR可促进细胞分化与分裂.外施GA3可提前花期,显著增加花梗长度;外施6-BA可显著提高'富乐夕阳'的双梗率.因此,在蝴蝶兰花期可适当喷施生长调节剂,调控花期和花量.

烟农系列小麦是以烟台市农业科学研究院育成的高产品种'蚰包'为亲本育成的21个优异小麦种质,含有较多的优良性状和优异基因.基于该系列种质育成的审(认)定小麦品种达374个,遍布山东、山西、陕西、四川、江苏、安徽、河南、河北、甘肃、湖北、青海、北京、天津、新疆、宁夏、内蒙古等省(市、自治区),为全国的小麦育种作出了突出贡献.为了明确该系列种质的育种价值,以更加科学地进行亲本选配和研究,提高小麦育种效率,本研究采用亲缘系数法对这21个烟农系列小麦种质的育种贡献值进行了分析.结果表明,有7个种质育成的品种数达到10个及以上,其中,'鲁麦14'鲁麦13'烟农19'育成品种数分别为163、67、50个,育种贡献值分别达60.313、25.188、24.750;'鲁麦21'烟农15'育成品种数分别为22、21个,育种贡献值分别为13.375、9.500;'烟辐188'烟1934'育成品种数均为10个,育种贡献值分别为4.000、1.875.本研究结果可为今后合理利用烟农系列小麦种质选育优良小麦品种提供指导.

The 'Fuji' line includes many varieties with a similar genetic background and consistent inducement factors with epigenetic occurrence, thus it may be considered an ideal candidate for epigenetic research. In this study, 91 bud mutations of 'Fuji' apple were used as the test materials. Using the genetic variation within 'Fuji' as the control, the characteristics of epigenetic variation at different levels in both varieties and mutant groups were examined. The results showed that: (1) the global genomic DNA methylation level of the 91 bud mutants of 'Fuji' ranged from 29.120%-45.084%, with an average of 35.910%. Internal cytosine methylation was the main DNA methylation pattern. Regarding the variation of methylation patterns of 'Fuji' mutants, the vast majority of loci maintained the original methylation pattern existed in 'Fuji'. CHG methylation variation was the main type of variation; (2) the variation in methylation patterns between the mutant groups was greater than that of methylation levels. Among these patterns, the variation in CHG methylation patterns (including CHG hypermethylation and CHG demethylation) was expected to be dominant. The observed variation in methylation levels was more important in the Color mutant group; however, the variation in methylation patterns was more obvious in both the early maturation and Spur mutant groups. Moreover, the range of variation in the Early-maturation group was much wider than that in the Spur mutant group; (3) epigenetic diversity and genetic diversity were both low between the mutant groups. In the 'Fuji' mutant groups, there was few correlation between genetic and epigenetic variation, and epigenetic differentiation resulted in more loci with moderate or greater differentiation; (4) the purifying selection seemed to play a major role in the differentiation of different groups of 'Fuji' mutants (65.618%), but epigenetic diversity selection still occurred at nearly 35% of loci. Sixteen epigenetic outlier loci were detected.

以鼠茅草和黑麦草为试材,在山东省烟台地区苹果园研究了播种时期、播种量、播种深度、尿素用量及二者混种对草量、草高、分蘖数、覆盖度等指标的影响.结果 表明:烟台地区适宜人工生草种植时间为10月上旬至10月底;鼠茅草适宜播种深度为1 ～2cm,黑麦草为1～3cm;鼠茅草适宜播种量为每667 m21.0～ 1.5 kg,黑麦草为3.0～4.0 kg;鼠茅草不适宜施尿素;黑麦草尿素适宜用量每667 m220～25 kg;鼠茅草和黑麦草适宜混种.

[目的]明确药肥混用对苹果红蜘蛛的防治效果.[方法]于2017-2018年在山东烟台进行了不同浓度鸡粪沼液浓缩液与哒螨灵减量混用对苹果红蜘蛛的田间防效试验.[结果]鸡粪沼液浓缩液300～500倍与哒螨灵混用,在药剂减少10％～20％的情况下,桶混制剂对苹果红蜘蛛的防效与哒螨灵常规剂量相当或稍低.[结论]在使用哒螨灵防治苹果红蜘蛛时,建议鸡粪沼液浓缩液稀释300～500倍,与哒螨灵减量10％混用.