苹果产业是烟台农业优势特色产业,也是果农增收、乡村振兴的支柱产业产业.烟台苹果150余年的发展历史,经历了青香蕉、红香蕉、小国光、普通红富士、烟富系列优系红富士以及目前的红黄绿多样化品种发展,每一代品种的更新,都需要优质的种苗为基础,我市果业科研机构和种苗企业,持续进行种苗繁育技术创新,带动了全市苹果种苗产业的发展,我市繁育的苹果种苗在全国种苗市场占有率达60％以上,成为我国最大的苹果种苗培育基地,获批农业农村部国家区域性苹果苗木繁育基地.本文系统分析了我市苹果种苗繁育发展历史、现状、育苗技术进展,以期为烟台苹果种苗产业可持续发展提供参考.

烟台地处胶东半岛,黄渤海之滨,山海叠映,气候宜人,山青水秀,可居可游.烟台苹果是烟台的靓丽名片,"中国苹果看山东,山东苹果看烟台".烟台苹果是"中国第一个苹果"发源地,有蓬莱的百年苹果古树王,还有"走遍天下,唯有栖霞"的肉脆、皮薄、汁多的红富士苹果,更有烟台福山绍瑞口盛产的、哺育了一代又一代烟台人的"青香蕉".烟台市牟平区观水镇具有"中国苹果第一镇"的美誉,招远市的齐山镇以盛产优质红富士苹果而享誉海内外,海阳市发城镇的王家山后"皇家红富士" 牌苹果声名远扬.随着烟台苹果十大品牌的'泉源'苹果首次成为宇航员配餐进入太空,烟台苹果的金字招牌被擦得更加明亮.

果树产业是烟台农业的传统优势产业,苹果、樱桃、梨、葡萄和桃等在全国具有极高的知名度,在促进农民增收、推动乡村产业振兴方面发挥了重要作用.烟台市年降水量672.5 mm,主要集中在6-9月,占年总降水量的70％,正处在苹果、梨、桃等果树的生长发育期,能充分满足果树生长发育对水份的需求,但这种气候条件也非常利于杂草的生长.在果园生产管理中,除草是一项非常重要且持续时间最长的工作,极大增加了果园管理成本,是烟台果业目前面临的重要难题.

'两主枝开心形'是一种新式苹果整形模式,可以解决现有的苹果规模化建园成本高、生产高质量苹果难度大、果园寿命短及投资回报率低等问题.它从整形入手,解决制约苹果高质量生产的难题,做到了树形、机械和人工的有机结合,降低了建园成本,提高了机械化利用率,人员工作效率高,节省劳动力,降低劳动强度和管理成本,光照利用率高,果园空间利用率高,苹果品质优,品质一致性好,大幅提高一级果成品率.可以规模化、标准化、水肥一体化、机械化管理,达到优产、丰产,并可长期收益( 50年以上),大幅度提高综合效益.

【Objective】Some yellow-green apple cultivars in China showed many shortcomings, such as more rust, heavy rust and poor fruit appearance quality, which affected the commodity value of fruit. The purpose of this experiment was to provide theoretical support for the relationship between yellow-green apple fruit rust and epidermis.【Methods】Six yellow-green cultivars of ‘Venus Gold ’’ Yanxiangyu’ ‘Saijin’ and ‘Mingyue’ were used as test materials. The epidermis was cut laterally and the difference between rusty and non-rusty parts was observed by microscope. 【Results】The parts with and without fruit rust of 6 cultivars were compared. The results showed that the texture of cuticle in the parts without fruit rust was uniform and the appearance of fruit was good. The cultivar of fruit rust is different: ‘Ruixue’ peel smooth appearance, high finish; the cuticle of ‘Venus Gold’ fruit rust occurred a large number of cracks, and the wax layer fell off seriously; ‘Huajin’ fruit rust parts of a small amount of wax layer off, fruit surface finish is not high; the wax layer of ‘Yanxiangyu’ fell off after fruit rust, the cork cuticle was still arranged closely and relatively flat, and the fruit was smooth. ‘Mingyue’ fruit rust part of the epidermal cells arranged irregularly, loosely and more gaps, fruit finish is also general; ‘Saijin’ fruit rust subcutaneous cells are still closely arranged, neat, fruit surface finish good. 【Conclusion】The fruit surface smoothness was closely related to the uniformity of cuticle. The epidermis of the fruit without fruit rust have a relatively complete cuticle, epidermis and subcutaneous tissue. When fruit rust occurs, the cuticle had different degrees of damage. With the deepening of the severity of fruit rust, the cuticle wax layer and cuticle fall off, and the epidermal cells appear. The cork tissue replace the original epidermis and form fruit rust.

采用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)技术,对在山东省烟台市采集的31份表现花叶症状的苹果幼叶进行了苹果坏死花叶病毒(Apple necrotic mosaic virus,ApNMV)和苹果花叶病毒(Apple mosaic virus,ApMV)检测.结果 表明,ApNMV的检出率为87.1％,ApMV未检出,表明ApNMV与烟台地区苹果花叶病高度相关.从'红将军'苹果和'长富2号'苹果花叶样品中分别克隆出2条ApNMV RNA3基因组序列,GenBank登录号分别为MN911185和MN911186,这2条分离物核苷酸序列长度分别为1783 nt和1785 nt.序列比对结果显示,2条分离物核苷酸序列相似性为91.71％,与已报道的ApNMV RNA3核苷酸序列一致性为89.88％～ 96.64％.系统进化分析显示,不同来源的ApNMV亲缘关系较近,分离物之间没有表现出寄主特异性和地域分布规律.研究结果为该病的防治、流行规律的判断以及致病机理研究提供了理论依据.

为了解'富士'苹果解袋后着色相关主要生理指标变化,测定'富士'苹果解袋后12 d内主要着色生理和表型指标,实验数据使用Excel 2016、SPSS 19等软件进行处理与分析.结果显示,生理及外观指标综合聚类可将'富士'苹果解袋后关键着色期分为2个阶段:着色变化剧烈期(前6 d,S1)和着色变化平缓期(后6 d,S2).'富士'苹果解袋至完全上色12 d内花青苷迅速积累,叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量逐渐下降,第6天后色素含量趋于稳定;果皮红色程度加深,颜色种类变少,色彩逐渐鲜明,色彩饱和度升高,于第6天后(S2时期)变化趋势减缓.对条红和片红2种色相'富士'苹果研究结果显示,前者主要色素、色泽以及着色指标均优于后者.由此得出,'富士'苹果解袋后至完全着色期可以分为着色变化剧烈期和着色变化平缓期两个时期,花青苷、叶绿素及类胡萝卜素是影响富士苹果着色的重要色素指标,条纹'富士'整体着色水平优于片红'富士'.

目前我国苹果栽培品种比较单一,红富士一枝独秀,全国红富士的栽培面积占比超过70％,烟台红富士的栽培面积占比更是达到了85.7％,其它品种种植面积相对较小,同质化严重,缺乏有特色的苹果品种.在不断选育新品种的同时,保留和传承一些古老且有特色的品种也是避免品种同质化的一种途径.小叶子(Xiaoyezi),别名短把子,上世纪50年代前在山东省烟台市福山区一带栽培面积较大,在辽宁、河北等地也有少量栽培.因叶片小而得名,性状与红玉相似.目前仅在山东省烟台市福山区绍瑞口村有少量栽培.因为风味独特,虽然个头不大(图1),但售价高,优质果每个能卖到10元以上.

为了解‘富士’苹果解袋后着色相关主要生理指标变化，测定‘富士’苹果解袋后 12 d 内主要着色生理和表型指标，实验数据使用 Excel 2016 、 SPSS 19 等软件进行处理与分析。结果显示，生理及外观指标综合聚类可将‘富士’苹果解袋后关键着色期分为 2 个阶段：着色变化剧烈期 ( 前 6 d, S1) 和着色变化平缓期 ( 后 6 d,S2) 。‘富士’苹果解袋至完全上色 12 d 内花青苷迅速积累，叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量逐渐下降，第 6 天后色素含量趋于稳定；果皮红色程度加深，颜色种类变少，色彩逐渐鲜明，色彩饱和度升高，于第 6 天后 (S2 时期 ) 变化趋势减缓。对条红和片红 2 种色相‘富士’苹果研究结果显示，前者主要色素、色泽以及着色指标均优于后者。由此得出， ‘富士’苹果解袋后至完全着色期可以分为着色变化剧烈期和着色变化平缓期两个时期，花青苷、叶绿素及类胡萝卜素是影响富士苹果着色的重要色素指标，条纹‘富士’整体着色水平优于片红‘富士’。

阐述了蓬莱130年以上树龄苹果古树的现况、溯源及考察论证过程,提出了加强宣传保护、优化和改善果园生态环境、保护树体、科学整形修剪、沃土养根、加强病虫防控、精准调控花果、设置围栏等一系列古树保护措施.

苹果是烟台的主要栽培水果,以红色品种为主,优良的黄色和绿色品种较为缺乏.为丰富烟台地区的苹果品种结构,增加黄绿色品种,本研究通过引种和杂交育种方式,筛选出15个黄色和绿色苹果品种,在烟台地区进行种植试验,并对品种的植物学性状、果实品质、物候期等进行了系统评价.结果表明:15个品种在植物学性状、果实品质和成熟期方面均存在差异,成熟期从7月中旬至11月上旬,每个品种有各自的特点,均可作为特色黄色和绿色苹果品种在烟台地区进行推广种植.

以阿克苏地区的十团果园10年生富士苹果树作为试材,调查富士苹果喷施硼、钙叶面肥“糖心”的发生率,分析了喷施叶面肥对苹果内在品质的影响,在幼果期、膨大期、成熟期进行喷施钙肥、硼肥处理.结果 表明:喷施硼肥、钙肥以及硼+钙肥均能抑制“糖心”的形成,3种处理抑制“糖心”效果表现为:硼肥＞钙肥＞硼+钙肥;喷施叶面肥可提高果实的可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、葡萄糖和山梨醇的含量,降低可滴定酸和蔗糖的含量;喷施硼肥显著提高了果实中矿质元素的含量.合理的喷施叶面肥可以提高阿克苏地区苹果的品质,降低“糖心”的出现比率.

阿克苏地区具有适宜苹果生产的气候条件,已成为新疆重要的苹果产区.本文阐述了阿克苏苹果生产现状及主要优势,分析了生产中存在的问题,旨在为促进阿克苏苹果产业快速发展提供参考.

艾山红是从富士苹果品种岩富10中选育出来的条纹红芽变新品种.该品种果实长圆形,果形指数0.87,平均单果质量274.8 g,着鲜红色条纹,肉质细脆,风味酸甜,果实硬度9.8 kg/cm2,可溶性固形物含量15.2％;鲜食品质好,适合在烟台地区推广种植.本文介绍了艾山红的品种选育过程、品种特性及栽培要点,以促进该品种的推广.

The 'Fuji' line includes many varieties with a similar genetic background and consistent inducement factors with epigenetic occurrence, thus it may be considered an ideal candidate for epigenetic research. In this study, 91 bud mutations of 'Fuji' apple were used as the test materials. Using the genetic variation within 'Fuji' as the control, the characteristics of epigenetic variation at different levels in both varieties and mutant groups were examined. The results showed that: (1) the global genomic DNA methylation level of the 91 bud mutants of 'Fuji' ranged from 29.120%-45.084%, with an average of 35.910%. Internal cytosine methylation was the main DNA methylation pattern. Regarding the variation of methylation patterns of 'Fuji' mutants, the vast majority of loci maintained the original methylation pattern existed in 'Fuji'. CHG methylation variation was the main type of variation; (2) the variation in methylation patterns between the mutant groups was greater than that of methylation levels. Among these patterns, the variation in CHG methylation patterns (including CHG hypermethylation and CHG demethylation) was expected to be dominant. The observed variation in methylation levels was more important in the Color mutant group; however, the variation in methylation patterns was more obvious in both the early maturation and Spur mutant groups. Moreover, the range of variation in the Early-maturation group was much wider than that in the Spur mutant group; (3) epigenetic diversity and genetic diversity were both low between the mutant groups. In the 'Fuji' mutant groups, there was few correlation between genetic and epigenetic variation, and epigenetic differentiation resulted in more loci with moderate or greater differentiation; (4) the purifying selection seemed to play a major role in the differentiation of different groups of 'Fuji' mutants (65.618%), but epigenetic diversity selection still occurred at nearly 35% of loci. Sixteen epigenetic outlier loci were detected.

嫩枝扦插以生长期带叶半木质新稍作为繁殖材料,主要用于苹果砧木、樱桃砧木、温椁等果树砧木苗的繁殖.嫩枝扦插的成活率受扦插时期、基质、环境温湿度、插穗的状况、生根素种类及浓度等多种因素的复合影响. 1 扦插时期及对温湿度要求 根据枝条木质化程度,5～9月间均可进行.易生根的品种,利用大棚或小拱棚覆盖保温插床进行培育;否则需借助弥雾装置、温湿度自控装置及各种植物生长调节剂促进生根.棚内环境温度控制在25～30℃,最高不超过35℃,主要通过遮阴棚、喷雾等措施控温.空气相对湿度80％～90％,土壤相对持水量80％左右.

以'烟砧2号''烟砧5号''烟砧6号''B9''M9'和平邑甜茶1年生枝条为试材,通过低温处理后,测定了6种苹果砧木在低温胁迫下的相对电导率,脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白和丙二醛含量,SOD、POD和CAT活性,以及恢复室温后的枝条萌芽率.用Logistic方程拟合求出的各供试砧木低温半致死温度(LT50)与主成分分析结果都表明,6种砧木的抗寒性由强到弱依次为:'烟砧6号''烟砧5号''B9''烟砧2号'、平邑甜茶、'M9'.

为研究双矮栽培模式下套袋、不套袋管理对短枝富士苹果品质的影响,以嫁接在M9T337矮化自根砧上的4个短枝富士品种为试材,检测不同栽培条件下的果实品质和香气物质成分.结果 表明,套袋果实的可溶性固形物含量和总糖含量均低于不套袋果实;苹果酸和琥珀酸是苹果中的主要酸组分,不同的短枝富士品种表现出不同的差异;4个短枝型富士品种的主要香气成分均为酯类,占总香气成分的77.71％～96.49％,是典型的酯香型苹果品种;'烟富6'、'沂源红'、'宫崎短枝'3个品种,套袋和不套袋管理情况下主要香气成分均是乙酸己酯;'龙富短枝'品种套袋果实的主要香气成分为乙酸已酯,而不套袋果实的主要香气成分为2-甲基丁酸己酯.

2020年5月17～27日,山东省出现多次大范围冰雹,部分苹果产区遭受不同程度的雹灾.我们于5月18～28日调查了受雹灾影响严重的产区并对雹灾危害程度进行分级,以确定雹灾的发生程度和对产业造成的影响,提出了应对雹灾的措施和建议.